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  • Articles  (2,765)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (2,765)
  • 1990-1994  (2,765)
  • Medicine  (2,765)
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  • Articles  (2,765)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical characterization of malignant lymphoma in northern pike, Esox lucius L., from Estonian Baltic waters (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Twenty malignant lymphomas of northern pike, Esox lucius L., from the Baltic coast of Estonia were investigated immunohistochemically using rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibodies against lysozyme (LYS), alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and S-100 protein. Based on the strongly positive reactions to LYS, ACT and S-100 found in a great number of histiocytes, two of these tumours were classified as histocytic diffuse malignant lymphomas. Furthermore, the weaker positive reaction to these antibodies detected in some of the histocytes in 10 other cases of diffuse malignant lymphoma indicates their histocytoid-lymphocytic origin. In addition, the lack of reaction to all antibodies used found in the remaining eight tumours, as well as their general morphological structure, allowed their diagnosis as lymphocytic diffuse malignant lymphomas. Thus, the immunohistochemical reactions to LYS, ACT and S-100 served as a tool for precisely distinguishing between the different types of lymphomas as well as for better understanding their origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00254.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aeromonas salmonicida infection in wrasse (Labridae), used as cleaner fish, on an Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farm (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Typical Aeromonas salmonicida with similar biochemical characteristics to A. salmonicida from Atlantic salmon, was isolated from wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.) and Centrolabrus exoletus (L.), stocked as cleaner fish with these salmon. Although no external clinical signs were apparent, localized bacterial microcolonies were observed in muscle, gills, intestine, kidney and myocardial tissue. Mortalities attributed to A. salmonicida comprised 55% (n = 32) of total mortalities. No carriers of A. salmonicida were found in wild wrasse following stress testing. Although salmon post-smolts died when challenged with 1 × 105 ml-1 of a virulent strain, there were no mortalities in challenged wrasse. An oral route of infection is suggested rather than water-borne transfer as wrasse browsed on salmon mortalities. Wrasse were treated for A. salmonicida infection by injection with antibiotic and were also vaccinated, and in the latter case, elevation of antibody levels was noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00208.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hepatic lipoidosis and fatty infiltration of organs in a captive African stonefish, Synanceja verrucosa Bloch & Schneider (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00210.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An immunohistochemical diagnostic test for rickettsial disease (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00213.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of cloned cDNA probes for diagnosis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus infections (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A dot-blot hybridization test has been developed for the detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in infected fish. For this purpose, cloning of the dsRNA of the West Buxton strain of IPNV was carried out. Two cDNA clones (WB and A4) were characterized for use as diagnostic probes and corresponded to IPNV genome segments A and B. respectively. Clone WB1, with an insert of 812 base pairs, showed an 87 and 77% nuclcotidc sequence homology with the corresponding sequences of Jasper and N1 strains, respectively. Clone A4, with an insert size of 596bp, presented a nuclcotidc sequence homology of 90 and 80% with the corresponding sequences of the Jasper and Sp strains, respectively. Both probes were able to detect 15 ng of purified dsRNA, and were highly efficient in detecting the RNA of American IPNV strains. However, the A4 probe was less effective than WB1 in hybridizing to RNA from European and Spanish strains of IPNV. Both probes detected IPNV RNA in cells 4–8h post-infection with the homologous West Buxton strain, 8–12h post-infection with other American strains and 24h post-infection with the European strains of IPNV. The method was less sensitive in detecting IPNV RNA directly in infected fish tissues. However, the present authors obtained a 100% effectiveness to detect viral RNA in cells inoculated with fish tissues confirmed by conventional diagnostic methods as being infected with IPNV. Therefore, the hybridization test is appropriate if combined with conventional diagnostic procedures, e.g. applying the dot blot hybridization test on tissue cultures 12–24 h after inoculation with infected fish tissue homogenates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00341.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase from Aeromonas salmonicida: activation by serine protease (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Extracellular hacmolytic activities of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida to salmon red blood cells were shown to be due to different forms of the membrane-active enzyme glyccrophospholipidrcholcstcrol acyltransferase (GCAT). About 10% of the total haemolytic activity was due to a high molecular mass complex of LPS and GCAT (mol. mass 〉1000kDa), containing 35–50% neutral sugars and 1.5–2.0% protein. Some haemolytic activity (30–40% of total), corresponding to 50–70kDa by gel filtration, also contained GCAT-activity and may represent aggregated forms of GCAT. However, about 50% or more of the haemolytie activity was due to a protein of 26kDa free GCAT. Rabbit antibodies to GCAT neutralized the hacmolytic activity of both GCAT and GCAT-LPS. A transposon-produccd serinc protease negative mutant of the same A. salmonicida strain showed reduced haemolytic activity. The mutant produced a 38-kDa GCAT proform of low hacmolytic activity. The proform was processed by autogenous scrinc protease to a highly hacmolytic 26-kDa molecule with pl 6.3, similar to GCAT of the parent strain. The weakly haemolytic GCAT-LPS analogue of the mutant strain did not contain detectable amounts of the 26-kDa molecule and was not activated by proteases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00342.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection against carp erythrodermatitis following bath or subcutaneous exposure to sublethal numbers of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A bath challenge system was used to infect carp. Cyprinus carpio L., with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova, the causative agent of carp cruthrodermatitis. Bath-challenged fish became infected with the bacterium exihibitinng typical signs of the disease, Carp that were sublethally bath exposed became infected and exhibited some skin lesions, but after one week, these quickly healed and the animals fully recovered from the infection, Naive fish that had not been previously exposed to the bacterium had mortalities of 100% when infected by the subcutaneous route and 40–60% by the bath route of infection. Carp that received sublethal infections were able to withstand subsequent lethal infection and recover regardless of the route of infection. Sublethally bath-exposed carp were protected from subsequently lethal challenges of A. salmonicida subsp. nova for at least 5 months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00346.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cultivation of Trypanosoma danilewskyi (Laveran & Mesnil, 1904) in serum-free medium and assessment of the course of infection in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Purification and in vitro cultivation techniques were developed for the fish haemoflagellate, Trypanosoma danilewskyi. The parasites were isolated and purified from the peripheral blood of experimentally infected goldfish, using a combination of Ficolt-paque gradient centrifugation to remove fish red blood cells and in vitro incubation to remove the remaining fish leucocytes. A serum-free culture medium for T. danilewskyi supported both short- and long-term cultivation of the haemoflagellates. The serum-free medium is a mixture of reagents available commercially: Leibovitz's L-15 medium, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and Hank's balanced salt solution. The doubling time was calculated to be 44.4 × 7.8h. Typically, a two- to five-fold increase in the number of cultured parasites was observed on day 7 after subculture with 1 × 106 and 5 × 105 trypanosomes ml−1, respectively. When administered to fish, the in vitro-derived parasites caused an infection and pathology whose characteristics were similar to those observed following infection with trypanosomes obtained from infected goldfish. The freshly isolated and in vitro-grown parasites were successfully cryoprescrvcd in the culture medium containing 10% glycerine at −80°C for at least 3 months. Although the viability of the parasite decreased by 40–50% after thawing, cryoprcserved parasites retained the ability to infect goldfish.Correspondence: Dr M. Belosevic, Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, CW-312 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2E9.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00344.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of pathological changes due to deficiency of vitamin C, vitamin E and combinations of vitamins C and E in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Young rainbow trout were fed diets containing different combinations of ascorbyl-monophosphatc (vitamin C) and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E) for 31 weeks. The fish fed a diet deficient in both vitamins exhibited a high mortality and were anaemic after 8–12 weeks. Histopathological examination revealed a severe muscular dystrophy and splenic haemosiderosis. Fish fed a diet deficient in vitamin C but high in vitamin E developed the typical signs of vitamin C deficiency after 16–20 weeks, including reduced growth rate, haemorrhages and gill alterations as well as severe deformations and fractures of the vertebral column. A diet deficient in vitamin E but high in vitamin C led to splenic haemosiderosis after 20 weeks. At the end of the experiment, this group showed significantly decreased haematocrit, haemoglobin content and red blood cell numbers and increased spontaneous erythrocytc haemolysis. In a second experiment, older fish of the same origin were fed diets containing high or low levels of ascorbyl-monophosphatc and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, respectively, for 23 weeks. The results were qualitatively the same as in the first experiment, but the onset of mortality in fish fed the diet deficient in both vitamins occurred later (weeks 18–23) and deformations of the vertebral column were absent. Haematocrit, haemoglobin content and red blood cell numbers were significantly decreased in the group fed the diet deficient in both vitamins and crythrocyte haemolysis was increased in both groups receiving a vitamin E free diet, the diet deficient in both vitamins having a more pronounced effect. The results of these two experiments indicate that there is an interrelation between vitamins C and E in rainbow trout. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00343.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A histopathological disease survey of cultured shrimp in North East Sumatera, Indonesia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A disease survey was conducted in North East Sumatera, Indonesia, during June and July 1991. The objeet was to obtain information regarding the diseases present in shrimp culture faeilities. Shrimp were sampled for histopathological examination and details of the farm management and environment were recorded. The stocks sampled included some reported to be suffering from disease problems and some reported to be in good health. Samples were taken from 24 pond farms, five hatcheries and a broodstock fisherman. All farms and hatcheries cultured Penaeus monodon Fabricius, one farm also cultured Penaeus merguiensis de Mann, and two cultured Metapenaeus spp. Several wild caught P. monodon female broodstoek and some wild rice shrimp (Acetes spp.) were also sampled. The disease conditions detected in P. monodon were monodon baculovirus (MBV), hepatopancreatic parvo-likc virus (HPV), septic hcpatopancreatic necrosis (SHN), bacterial septicaemia (BS), haernocytie enteritis (HE), lymphoid organ pathology (LOP), external fouling organisms (EFO), and a single unconfirmed case of infectious hypodcrmal and haemopoietic necrosis (IHHN). The Acetes spp. from one site had a microsporidean infection in the striated muscle of the abdomen. EFO was the most common disease condition, and was identified in 16 farms and three hatcheries. MBV was detected in 14 farms, three hatcheries and in one broodstoek. SHN was found in 13 farms with one case of concurrent BS and LOP was found in eight farms. HE was found in four farms and HPV was identified in shrimp with MBV on two farms and as the only disease in one broodstoek. The significance and implications of these findings for the developing industry in Indonesia arc discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00345.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE F SUBTYPES OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT FACTOR B (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Factor B of human complement is encoded within the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and is polymorphic, with up to 30 alleles defined by electrophoretic mobility. One of the most common alleles, BF*F, is subdivided into the FA and FB subtypes, which differ at the gene level by non-synonymous base substitutions in the seventh codon. We have found at this position a new restriction site polymorphism, as a Bsl I site absent from the FB allele. Using this restriction polymorphism, we have developed a method for BF F subtype determination, based on amplification by polymerase chain reaction of the 5’ end of the BF gene, and digestion with Bsl I. This new method has been applied to a panel of 29 selected BF F individuals. A single strand DNA conformation analysis of the same region of the gene allowed us to confirm the above DNA-based BF F subtyping. During this study, two BF*F1 alleles showed discrepancies between protein and DNA typing, which were confirmed by our sequencing data. These were identical, in the 5’ region, to BF*S and BF*FB genes, respectively. In a comparison with two protein subtyping methods, identical results were found for only one third of the selected samples. The conflicting results may arise, in part, from previously undescribed molecular heterogeneity within BF F subtypes, or from the presence of a null allele. Our new method allows RF*F subtyping to be used with confidence in the definition of disease-associated MHC haplotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00214.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA-DQA1 AND DQB 1 ALLELE AND GENOTYPE CONTRIBUTION TO IDDM SUSCEPTIBILITY IN AN ETHNICALLY MIXED POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles have been determined in 42 families with one IDDM proband and 64 healthy controls, by oligotyping (PCR-SSO) using primers and probes from the XI International Histocompatibility Workshop. A positive DRB1 *03 and DRB1 *04 association with the disease was observed, whereas DRB 1*11 and DRB 1 *07 showed negative association but 19% of patients carried DRB1 alleles different to DRB 1 *03 or *04. When single alleles were considered, DQA1 *03 showed the strongest association with susceptibility to the disease (RR = 8.2, Pc = 0.00001) but this association was outgrown by 2 and 3 allele combinations, with genotype DRB 1 *04-DQA 1 *03-DQB1*0302/DRB1*03- DQA 1*0501- DQB 1*0201 showing the strongest association (RR = 28, Pc = 0.002). Application of the relative predispositional effect (RPE) method to our data, revealed a further susceptibility risk provided by the DRB1*13-DQA1*0102-DQB 1*0604 haplotype once DR3 and DR4 haplotypes were removed. When DQA1-DQB1 genotypes were analysed for presence of Arg 52 (DQ α) and absence of Asp 57 (DQ β), genotypes SS/SS were found significantly increased in diabetics. Interestingly, one of the strongest associations with the disease was observed with the DQA 1*03-DQB 1*0201 combination encoded mainly by genes in trans (RR = 11.7 Pc = 0.00004). These observations and their comparison with DR-DQ haplotypes in more homogeneous ethnic groups support the stronger influence of the DQ molecule rather than the individual DR or DQ alleles in the susceptibility to IDDM. They also emphasize the need for detailed HLA haplotype studies in non-Caucasian and ethnically mixed populations to gain further insight into the nature of genetic and environmental factors contribution to autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00213.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TNF Nco-I RFLP IS NOT AN INDEPENDENT RISK FACTOR IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The human TNF genes are located within the MHC class-III region on chromosome 6. The presence or absence of an Nco-I restriction site in the 5’ non-coding sequence of the TNFβ gene defines two alleles (TNFB*1 and TNFB*2). The segregation of these alleles has been associated with levels of TNFα or TNFβ production in systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE), insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and in healthy control individuals.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by high levels of TNFα within the synovial fluid and to address the question of whether this could be brought about by a genetic predisposition to high TNF production by RA individuals, we examined the distribution of this Nco-I polymorphism in 98 healthy volunteers and 123 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. No difference was observed between the normal and RA groups with respect to haplotype segregation or allelic frequency. Furthermore, no difference was observed between DR4+ or DR4- individuals in the control or RA groups.These data demonstrate that the high level of TNFα seen in the joints of RA patients is unlikely to be due to a genetic predisposition of these patients to high TNFα production, as defined by the TNF Nco-I restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00219.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOMENCLATURE FOR FACTORS OF THE HLA SYSTEM, 1994 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00222.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INDICATIONS OF AN AUTOIMMUNE COMPONENT IN LP(a) ASSOCIATED DISORDERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The exceptionally strong independent association found between Lp(a) lipoprotein [Lp(a)] levels and atherosclerotic disorders indicate that Lp(a) is a factor of considerable importance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The association between Lp(a) and diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and renal diseases suggest that Lp(a) may be involved in immunological mechanisms.Lp(a) has a great tendency to aggregate and bind to glucosaminoglycans, fibrin and fibronectin and is preferentially retained in the extracellular matrix during development of atherosclerosis and is in vitro phagocytosed by macrophages, probably as small aggregates. It was previously found that the Lp(a) level is significantly related to the HLA class II genotype in male patients with early coronary artery disease. In this paper additional results of interleukin determinations in relation to HLA type and Lp(a) levels are presented and discussed. It is suggested that an autoimmune process, perhaps triggered by a concomitant intracellular infection may occur, especially in patients with inherited high Lp(a) levels in combination with certain inherited HLA class II genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00201.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DPB1 LOCUS PCR-RFLP TYPING OF THE FOURTH ASIA-OCEANIA HISTOCOMPATIBILITY WORKSHOP CELL PANEL REVEALS A NOVEL DPB1 ALLELE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: DPB1 locus typing of the 155 cell 4AOHW panel was performed using a PCR-RFLP method. Ambiguity of allele assignment was resolved by amplification using sequence-specific primers. Of the 150 cells for which typings were achieved, three exhibited unusual restriction enzyme fragment patterns, suggesting the possibility of novel DPB1 alleles. Sequence analysis revealed one allele present in the currently reported 46, one novel allele (4AOHW/107) not present among the 46, and one from a non-human primate which is being investigated. Twenty-six (26) of the 34 10IHW cells have been studied previously by cDNA RFLP, and strong haplotypic associations have been demonstrated between DPA1 and DPB1 locus alleles. It is proposed that exploitation of intron polymorphisms marking haplotypes will be an integral part of future DPB 1 typing as a ‘first-pass’ stratification process to minimize the requirement for sequence-based methods to definitively assign DPB 1 alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00205.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00210.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DR7-Dw17 AND DR7-DwDB1 HAPLOTYPES CONTAIN DIFFERENT ALLELES OF THE HLA-DRB7 PSEUDOGENE (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00209.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCRIMINATION OF HUMAN HLA-DRB1 ALLELES BY PCR-SSCP (SINGLE-STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM) METHOD (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) method has been adopted for discrimination of human HLA-DRB1 alleles. This method enabled the detection of DN A polymorphisms including point mutations at a variety of positions in the DN A fragments of the HLA-DRB1 gene. A total of 27 HLA-DRB1 alleles from 172 healthy donors were analysed using a combination of PCR-SSCP with group-specific amplifications. Application of a small amount of amplified and denatured DNA to non-denaturing electrophoresis followed by silver staining resulted in distinct banding patterns. Samples possessing a single allele in each amplification group showed two-band patterns which correspond to the sense and antisense strands, while heterozygotes in the same group or a mixture of two single-type samples showed four-band patterns. All of the analysed alleles were discriminated in each DRB1 group. The method described here may be somewhat complicated for routine typing of HLA-DRB1 alleles. However, it is useful in the screening of ‘new’ alleles as well as the donor-recipient molecular matching of HLA class II genes for various purposes, e.g. selection of bone marrow transplant donors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00170.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETERMINATION OF DRB ALLELES USING PCR AMPLIFICATION AND ALLELE-SPECIFIC PRIMERS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA class-II allelic diversity is commonly defined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with sequence-specific oligotyping (PCR-SSO) or the combination of PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods (PCR-RFLP). Nevertheless, the identification of the DRB polymorphism by PCR-SSO is a time-consuming procedure and the PCR-RFLP is cumbersome. A rapid technique which allows a precise and extensive HLA-DRB typing is required, particularly in order to study the role of class-II matching in organ transplantation. A DRB typing method based on the detection and length of PCR products amplified using combination of allele specific primers has been developed. Thirty-four DRB alleles (29 DRB1, 4DRB3, 1DRB4) can be detected using 29 primers distributed into 19 amplification mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00175.x
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    DRB, DQA, DQB AND DPB NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES OF SANGUINUS OEDIPUS B95-8 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We present eight new nucleotide sequences derived from the second exons of class II genes within the major histocompatibility complex of Sanguinus oedipus (cotton-top tamarin). These comprise two DRB alleles (Saoe-DRB3*0504, -DRB*w1203), two DQA1 alleles (Saoe-DQA1*2501, -DQA1*2502), two DQB1 alleles (Saoe-DQB1*2201, -DQB1*2301), one DQB2 allele (Saoe-DQB2*0101) and one DPB1 allele (Saoe-DPB1*0101).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00177.x
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    ANNOUNCEMENTS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00178.x
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  • 23
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    British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00193.x
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  • 24
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    FREQUENCY OF HLA-DPB1 ALLELES IN A SPANISH POPULATION: THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SUSCEPTIBILITY (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DPB1 allele frequencies in 181 unrelated control individuals and 70 rheumatoid factor-positive RA patients from Seville (Spain) were determined using oligonucleotide typing methods. All frequencies shown concern the percentage of individuals positive for a certain allele. HLA-DPB1*0401 was the most common DPB1 allele in the healthy individuals, possessed by 65.7% of them. In addition to HLA-DPB1 *0401, only the following alleles were found in normal subjects at frequencies greater than 10%: DPB1*0101 (15.5%), DPB1*0201 (12.2%), DPB1*0301 (16.6), and DPB1*0402 (29.3%). When HLA-DPB1 allelic frequencies were compared between seropositive RA patients and controls, a negative association for DPB1*0301 and DPB1*0401 was found in RA patients, although it failed to reach statistical significance after correction for the number of comparisons made. The other DPB1 alleles exhibited almost identical frequencies in both groups. However, when only DR4+ patients and controls were considered, the decrease in the frequency of the DPB1*0301 and DPB1*0401 alleles lacked statistical significance. On the other hand, when DR4- RA patients and controls were compared, the frequency of DPB1*0301 was found decreased significantly again, even more than in the whole group of patients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00180.x
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  • 25
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    A WILD-TYPE μs C-TERMINAL GENE IS EXPRESSED IN BLOOM'S SYNDROME CELLS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Selective IgM deficiency is found commonly in patients with Bloom's syndrome (BS). Serum IgM concentrations were low though serum IgG and IgA concentrations were normal in both patients with BS included in the study. In a previous study the authors showed that selective IgM deficiency in BS is due to an abnormality in the maturation of surface IgM-bearing cells into IgM-secreting cells and a failure of secreted μ (μ s) mRNA synthesis. The membrane-bound μ (μ m) and μ s mRNA are produced from transcripts of a single immunoglobulin μ gene by alternative RNA processing pathways. The control of μ s mRN A synthesis depends on the addition of poly(A) to μ s C-terminal segment. The study described here demonstrated that there was no mutation or deletion in the sequence including μ s C-terminal coding sequence, the RNA splice site (GG/TAAAC) at the 5’ end of μ s C-terminal segment, and the AATAAA poly(A) signal sequence, and second GT-rich element immediately down-stream of the cleavage site in both patients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00184.x
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  • 26
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    GENE FREQUENCY AND LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF HLA-DRB1*04 HAPLOTYPES IN A SOUTH WALES POPULATION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: HLA-DRB1*04 allele frequencies have been determined in 184 HLA-DR4-positive unrelated blood donors from the South Wales area, using group-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes, PCR amplification with sequence-specific primers, and PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.Eight of the fifteen known HLA-DR4 sequences were detected in this study. Linkage disequilibrium analysis of HLA-DRB1 *04 and HLA-B, -DR and -DQ alleles revealed distinct haplotypic associations for all the major alleles detected in this population, including the novel linkage of HLA-B55 with DRB1*0407.These results are relevant to the role of HLA-DRB 1*04 haplotypes in determining allogeneic histocompatibility and disease susceptibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00172.x
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  • 27
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    A CLASS I cDNA FROM SPAFAS LINE-11 CHICKENS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 21 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A chicken MHC class I (B-F) cDNA from SPAFAS line 11 embryonic liver tissue was isolated and characterized by nucleotide sequencing. Comparing this sequence with previously described B-FcDNAs highlights clustered nucleotide substitutions in exon 3, encoding amino acids located on the a-helical region of the α2 domain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1994.tb00176.x
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  • 28
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    Growth of the fish-pathogenic fungus, Ichthyophonus hoferi, measured by conductimetry and microscopy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The influence of pH and glucose on growth of the fish pathogenic fungus Ichthyophonus hoferi was measured by indirect conductimetry and microscopy. Using indirect conductimetry, distinct resistance curves were produced within 3 days at 15 †C, Conductimetric changes were enhanced when the media were supplemented with glucose. Low pH (3–4) was essential to ensure continuous growth of the fungus, which could be further facilitated by supplementation with glucose. At pH 7, growth occurred when the fungus had been pre-cultured at low pH. Growth of the fungus ceased after three successive transfers at pH 7 and this explains why earlier attempts to subculture have failed. Only vegetative stages of I. hoferi were observed; i.e. no conidia. At pH 7, growth was mainly observed as spherical bodies of varying size, with large numbers of nuclei, and thick-walled spherical multinucleate bodies. Hyphal growth was abundant at low pH. The alternating pH simulates the natural conditions experienced by the fungus on transfer from the stomach (low pH) to the muscle (neutral pH) and reproducible sub-culturing is obtained when mimicking this pH cycle or when a low pH is maintained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00207.x
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  • 29
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    Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) bloom associated pathology in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in Loch Leven, Scotland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00211.x
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  • 30
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    Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., develop infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) after inoculation with in vitro infected leucocytes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00212.x
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  • 31
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    Haemorrhagic areas in the mouth of farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. An epizootic in juvenile turbol reared on a farm located in The Ria de Vigo, Galicia, Northwest Spain, is described. The diseased turbot did not display unusual swimming behavior; the external signs of the disease were abdominal distension and haemorrbagic areas in the mouth. Internal examination of the fist showed an accumulation of reddish fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Microbiological analysis of the diseased fish revealed the presence, in pure culture in all the organs and lesions examined, of a bacterium which was characterized biochemically asVibrio splendidus biotype I. The virulence tests showed that theV. splendidus biotype I isolate was pathogenic for rainbow trout (LD50: 2.2 × 104) and also for turbot (LD50: 1.2 × 104). The treatment of the fish using flumequine incorporated into the feed was effective in offsetting the mortality rate.
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  • 32
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    Book reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Books Reviewed in this Articles:- Bacterial Diseases of Fish. Edited by Valerie Inglis, Ronald J. Roberts and Niall R. Bromage
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00214.x
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  • 33
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    Light and electron microscope observations on extrasporogonic and sporogonic stages of a myxosporean parasite of the genus Sphaerospora Thelohan, 1892 from Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L., in Scotland (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Juvenile Atlantic salmon from a number of freshwater hatcheries in Scotland were found to be infected by a myxosporean parasite of the genus Sphaerospora. Fish first became infected in June by extrasporogonic stages which could be found in the blood and kidney interstitium. These consisted of a primary cell containing one to over one hundred secondary cells. Some secondary cells contained one or two tertiary cells. Sporogony was disporous and occurred later in the kidney tubules. The development of both extrasporogonic and sporogonic stages was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00218.x
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  • 34
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    Elevated serum levels of alpha foetoprotein (AFP)-like immunoreactivity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Alpha foetoprotein (AFP)-like immunoreactivity was detected by double immunodiffusion in thesera of adult rainbow trout, Oncorhyachus mykiss (Walbaum) with histologically confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma experimentally induced in microinjection of embryos with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Partial characterization indicated that this AFP-like immunoreactivity gave immunologic cross-reaction of partial identity with human AFP. had alpha1 electrophorctic mobility, and an estimated molecular weight of 72kDa. Elevated serum AFP-like immunoreactivity levels were also measured by RIA in seven out of eight adult rainbow trout with hepatocellular carcinoma, and in three out of 17 AFB1-exposed trout without demonstrable grosws or microscopic evidence for hepatocellular neoplasms. No serum AFP-like immunoreactivity was detected or measured in normal healthy age matched DMSO-control rainbow trout. These data are consistent with the following conelusions: (1) AFP-like immunoreactivity detected and measured in the sera of rainbow trout with hepaloecllular careinoma is an analogue to human AFP; and (2) the elevated serum AFP levels measured in adult rainbow trout wilh hepatocellular careinoma resrmble those found in humans with this same malignancy. These data further suggest that serum AFP measurements might be useful to confirm the appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental fish carcinogen-assay systems, and to detect hepatocellular neoplasia in high-risk wild fish populations exposed to carcinogenie pollutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00217.x
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    Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: field evaluation of efficacy against furunculosis in Norway (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The efficacy of florfenicol in the control of natural outbreaks of furunculosis in Atlantic sallmon, Salmo salar L. was evaluated on five Norwegian farms during the summer of 1992. A total of 115 245 first- or second-generation fish received florfenicol with feed at a dose rate of 10mgkg 1body weight daily for 10 consecutive days. Comparisons were made with similar pens of fish medicated with the preferred treatment for eaeh location. In the 10 days following introduction of therapy, all treatments were associated with a rapid decline in mortality caused by infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Florfenicol-medicated salmon had a lower specific mortality than those given oxolinie acid, flumequine or a trimethoprim and sulphadiazine eombination. No adverse reactions to treatment with florfenicol were observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00219.x
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    Epidemiology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): findings based on virus isolation, antigen capture ELISA and serology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The epidemiology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection was studied in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Estimates of mortality during five outbreaks on a commercial farm from 1986 to 1992 ranged from 0033 to 0.2% per day and total mortality did not exceed 3–4% in any outbreak. Affected fish were 0+ and less than 125 mm forklength. Clinical signs were non-specific, and laboratory examination was required to confirm the diagnosis. At the height of the outbreak in 1992, EHNV was demonstrated by virus isolation and antigen capture ELISA in 89% of clinically affected fish and 51% of dead fish, while the prevalence of infection in apparently healthy in-contact fish was 4%. Two and 4 months later the virus was not detected in a group of apparently healthy fish that had been affected earlier. Antibodies specific for EHNV were not found in rainbow trout from the infected farm; however, strong humoral responses were detected by ELISA in two immunized fish, indicating that the virus was immunogenic. These data suggested that EHNV was poorly infective but highly virulent in rainbow trout. Clinical EHNV infection was positively correlated with high rearing density and a low rate of water exchange, and therefore, with presumed poor water quality. Water temperature, which ranged from 11 to 17°C during outbreaks, did not appear to determine the incidence of clinical infection. EHNV infection in farmed rainbow trout was preceded by infection in free-living redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in the water catchment, but it was uncertain whether this represented the source of infection for rainbow trout.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00216.x
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    Vibrio anguillarum serovars associated with vibriosis in fish (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A total of 517 Vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from discased fish together with 14 V. anguillarum serogroup O2 and V. ordalii type strains were serotyped using the European scrotyping system. Marked species differences were recorded. In isolates from salmonids serovar O1 (70.2%) and O2 (20.2%) were dominantwhilst a minor proportion belonged to other serogroups or were non-typeable. Figures for turbot were similar to those from salmonids. In 32 isolates from sea bass, sea bream and mullet, most strains belonged to serogroup O1. while one was O2a. one O7, and the rest non-typeable In cod serovar O2 was dominant while only a minor proportion belonged to other serogroups or were non-typeable. The ecl isolates belonged equally to serovars O2 and O3. All O2 strain were subtyped with absorbed O2a and O2b antisera. O2a was dominant in all fish species. but in cod. the relative number of O2b isolates was considerably higher than in other fish species. The applicability of the European serotyping system is discussed and compared with other serotyping systems.
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    Influence of dietary carbohydrate on blood chemistry, immunity and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The influence of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) on blood chemistry, immunity and disease resistance was studied in two experiments with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Moist diets with increasing amounts of digestible CHO ranging from 0 to 30% (dry weight) were used. In the first experiment with adult (0.5 kg) fish, blood haemoglobin concentration was negatively correlated with increasing dietary CHO level, while serum glucose and protein did not differ between the groups. Serum cortisol increased linearly in fish fed from 5 to 30% CHO. Serum haemolytic activity was negatively correlated with dietary levels of CHO. Humoral immune responses elicited after vaccination by intraperitoneal injection or by dip immersion with Vibrio salmonicida showed no differences according to diet 10 and 17 weeks post-vaccination. Mortality after challenge with live Aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal injection was lowest in fish fed 10% CHO. In the second experiment with juvenile Atlantic salmon (3g), there were minor differences in body and organ weights. Plasma glucose, protein and cholesterol were elevated in fish fed the highest CHO levels. Fish exposed to immersion challenge with different water concentrations of Vibrio anguillarum showed no statistical differences in mortality. The studies indicate that varying dietary levels of CHO affected immunity and resistance to bacterial infections to a minor extent in Atlantic salmon at low water temperatures during freshwater and seawater stages.
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    Observation of infectious salmon anaemia virus in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00224.x
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    A detection method for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) based on reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A rapid, sensitive and highly specific detection method for infectious pancreatic neerosis virus (IPNV), based on reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed. The specificity of the assay is provided by the oligonucleotide primers selected from the IPNV major capsid polypeptide VP2 gene. For each primer combination only one major product is obtained when amplifieation is performed using IPNV double-stranded RNA from two different viral strains, Sp and VR-299, as the initial template. No products were detected when genomie nueleic acids other than IPNV RNA were used as RT-PCR templates. The specificity of the amplification products were confirmed by Southern hybridization using a specific cDNA probe. To assess the sensitivity of the method, dilutions of purified IPNV dsRNA total genome were amplified and quantities of as little as 1 pg of purified dsRNA were detected when the amplification product was visualized by silver-stained polyacrylamidc gel electrophoresis. This technique detected IPNV directly in infected coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), tissues and fish egg samples, avoiding viral propagation in cell culture. The results show that this RT-PCR amplification method is useful for the direct tissue detection of IPNV.
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    Fast identification of species and strains of Vibrio by amplification of polymorphic DNA (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00225.x
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    Investigations into the transmission of Haemogregarina bigemina Laveran & Mesnil, 1901 (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) between intertidal fishes in Portugal (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. During two summers in Portugal, intertidal fishes were captured with anaesthetic at four sites along the Portuguese Atlantic West Coast. They were examined for the blood parasite Haemogregarina bigemina, for other haematozoa, and for haematophagous eetoparasitcs. Haemogregarina bigemina was found only in biennies, Lipophrys pholis (L.) and Coryphoblennius galerita (L.), and infections in these fish were similar. No other haematozoa were detected. Ectoparasites found attached to biennies included haematophagous praniza larvae of the isopod Gnathia maxillaris and a single leech. Gametocytes like those of fish haemogregarines were found in the anterior hindgut of 25% of pranizae and one contained gametoeytes and stages resembling early oocysts. The leech showed none of these stages. It is concluded that gnathiid pranizae should be considered as possible vectors of H. bigemina in Portugal.
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    The detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in asymptomatic carrier fish by an integrated cell-culture and ELISA technique (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The need to accurately, reliably and economically screen large populations of brood salmon for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) prompted a fresh approach to the use of ELISA and cell cultures. The result is an integrated procedure that recognizes the limitations of each method while building upon the strength of both in the way that they are brought together, ELISA tests can never be sensitive enough to detect the very low virus levels typical of carrier fish, but are able to detect virus in infected cell cultures, both specifically and objectively. Cell cultures provide the means to detect very low virus levels, but without specificity and only through subjective observation. Without a suitable ELISA, the need to keep cell monolayers in a condition in which viral effects can be observed imposes strict demands on inoculation and culture procedures. In contrast, the new procedure described in this paper provides a simpler culture method in which the inoculum is retained throughout a single, uninterrupted 14-day culture cycle. This culture duration allowed maximum opportunity for viral replication in healthy cells, even though the monolayers became disorganized. However, the cultures were tested in the standardized ELISA, eliminating the need for microscopic observation and virus neutralization tests. Thorough validation studies confirmed the system's adequacy in practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00203.x
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    Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and depletion studies of sarafloxacin in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two multiple-dose pharmacokinetic and depletion studies with sarafloxacin hydrochloride in feed pellets were conducted with Atlantic salmon at 12.1 ± 1.1 †C and 9.3 ± 1.5†C, respectively. The dose regimens used were 10mg sarafloxacin kg-1 biomass for 10 days, and 20mg sarafloxacin kg-1 biomass for 5 days. In the 10-day study, the highest average concentrations of sarafloxacin in plasma, muscle and liver were 0.14, 0.39 and 0.88μgg(ml)-1, respectively. In the 5-day study, the highest average concentrations in plasma, muscle, liver and skin were 0.40, 0.61, 1.56 and 0.19μg(ml)-1, respectively. A comparison between the individual plasma concentrations and the corresponding tissue concentrations revealed significantly higher concentrations in tissue than in plasma during the depletion phase. A similar comparison made in the therapeutic phase from 3 days after first medication to one day after the last medication revealed significantly higher concentrations in liver and muscle than in plasma, and significantly lower concentrations in skin than in plasma. On withdrawal of the drug, sarafloxacin concentrations in plasma and the different tissues declined rapidly, Sarafloxacin was not detected in any plasma sample taken 6 days or more after the end of medication. The corresponding figures for muscle, skin and liver tissues were 14, 20 and 22 days, respectively. The half-lives of sarafloxacin varied in the different tissues included in the studies. The half-life was shortest in plasma, and increased in ascending order in muscle, liver and skin.
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  • 45
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    Immunodiagnosis of virulent strains of Aeromonas hydrophila associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) using a monoclonal antibody (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) was used to produce monoclonal antibodies that identified virulent strains of A. hydrophila. Antibodies from a clone, designated as F26P5C8, were found to identify the A. hydrophila serotype I isolates associated with EUS fish, and which were found to be virulent after subsequent inoculation studies. Immunodiagnosis of a large number of A. hydrophila from Australia and Japan showed some additional isolates to be identified by F26P5C8, but the status of their virulence is presently unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 46
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    Pharmacological treatments against Ichthyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Various antiparasitic drugs belonging to several pharmacological groups were tested by bath administration for in vivo activity against a natural infestation of rainbow trout. Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by he flagellate protozoan Ichthyobodo necator. Fish were also monitored for signs of drug toxicity. Complete elimination of infestation in all fish was achieved only by bithionol (25 mgl-1 for 3h on two consecutive days). Ketoconazole, toltrazuril, amprolium, sulphaquinoxaline, quinacrine, N-metylglucamine, chloroquine, 1,3-di-6-quinolylurea, diminazene aceturate and paromomycin were not effective. Diminazene aceturate (100 mgl-1, 3h) was the only drug which was clearly toxic. The comparison of the response of symptomatic and asymptomatic infested fish to a formaldehyde bath indicates that poor health caused by I. necator may greatly increase the susceptibility of fish to the toxic effects of a drug or chemical.
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  • 47
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    Assessment of genetic diversity among Aeromonas salmonicida isolates by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00350.x
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  • 48
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    An immuno-histochemical technique used to demonstrate the transition form of a squamous cell carcinoma in a mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00349.x
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  • 49
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    Relationship between fish growth rate and progression of artificially induced erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Studies were conducted to clarify the relationship between growth rate and disease progression of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) in artificially infected coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum). In the diseased state, the haematocrit values decreased and the number of erythrocytes with inclusions was higher in faster growing fish. Rapid growth was accompanied by an abundance of immature erythrocytes, which had the greatest incidence of inclusion bodies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00347.x
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  • 50
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    Antigenic analysis of Norwegian aquatic birnavirus isolates using monoclonal antibodies—with special reference to fish species, age and health status (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used in an immunodot assay to investigate the antigenic relationship of a representative selection of aquatic biroaviruses isolated in Norway from different species of both carrier and diseased fish. All the 81 isolates shared a serogroup A-speeifie epitopc, and 67 of them had a reaction pattern identical to the Sp-type strain. Of the other 14 isolates, nine resembled the Sp-type strain, two resembled both the Sp- and He-type strains, two were closest to the Ab-type strain and one resembled the Te-type strain. Sp-related strains were predominant from all nine host groups, including from both Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., with infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and healthy. Atlantic salmon. The N1 strain reacted identically to the Sp-type strain.
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  • 51
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    Intestinal absorption of immunomodulatory laminaran and derivatives in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Radiolabelled (125I, 3H) immunomodulatory laminaran (isolated from Laminaria hyperborea), a β(1,6)-branched β(1,3)-D-glucan and different radiolabelled sulphated analogues of laminaran were administered peranally to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Intestinal absorption and tissue distribution were examined by means of radioactive tracer techniques. The intestinal uptake was highest with native laminaran and laminaran with a low degree of sulphatation, while highly sulphated laminarans were poorly absorbed. The tissue distribution analysis revealed high amounts of radiolabelled compound in the liver, and anterior and posterior kidney, whereas the spleen contained low amounts. Peak serum and organ concentrations were reached about 30 min after administration. The results were confirmed by autoradiography of tissue sections from salmon after peranal administration of radiolabelled laminaran. Finally, the peranal administration of fluorescence labelled laminaran revealed epithelial supranuclear fluorescent vacuoles containing laminaran. It is concluded that native laminaran and slightly sulphated laminaran are absorbed from the posterior intestine and that they are distributed to tissues rich in immunocompetent cells. Thus, these compounds may have potential as immunomodulatory feed additives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00256.x
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  • 52
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    Brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and cryptobiosis: a potential salmonid reservoir host for Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Laboratory-raised Cryptobia-susceptible brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), were vaccinated intraperitoneally with a live Cryptobia salmositica vaccine (250000 parasites per fish), and 4 weeks later were challenged with the pathogen (250000 parasites per fish). Unvaccinated and infected brook charr had high parasitaemias but no clinical signs of disease, while unvaccinated and infected rainbow trout had anaemia and general oedema. Vaccinated and challenged fish had very low parasitaemias compared to unvaccinated and infected brook charr and rainbow trout. Complement fixing antibodies were detected in vaccinated and challenged fish 2 weeks after challenge. Unvaccinated and infected brook charr had consistently higher litres of complement fixing antibody than unvaccinated and infected rainbow trout. Parasitaemias were lower in all fish in which titres of complement fixing antibody were high. In a second experiment, brook charr inoculated intraperitoneally or intramuscularly with 100000 C. salmositica per fish had high parasitaemias but no anaemia or other clinical signs. The results show that susceptible brook charr do not suffer from cryptobiosis and may serve as reservoir hosts for C. salmositica in areas where the disease is prevalent. Vaccination to reduce the parasitaemia when fish become infected may be a control strategy in these areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00255.x
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    Development of a cell line from primary cultures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), gills (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Collagenase was used to prepare primary cell cultures from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), gills. Although difficult to subcultivate, one primary culture led to the development of a cell line, RTgill-W1. RTgill-W1 grew in the basal medium, L-15, supplemented with foetal bovine serum at between 5 and 10%, but not in L-15 alone. The cells have been passaged approximately 50 times over a 4-year period. At confluency, the cell shape was predominantly polygonal or epithelial-like. RTgill-Wl cultures were demonstrated by DNA staining with H33258 and by growth on agar to be contaminated with mycoplasma, but this contaminant was eradicated by treatment with mycoplasma removal agent (MRA) and BM cyclin.
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  • 54
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    Systematic granulomas caused by a rickettsia-like organism in Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism was observed in diseased Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan. Most affected fish were pale and lethargic with haemorrhages and ulcers on the skin. The most significant gross pathological changes were varying degrees of ascites, and enlargement of the spleen, kidney and liver. Marked white nodules (as ring-shaped foci), varying in size, were found in these organs. A Gram-negative, rickettsia-like organism (RLO) frequently appeared as inclusions or within host cell intra-cytoplasmic vacuoles. Fibrin thrombi, perivascular necrosis, chronic inflammatory cells with hypertrophy and RLO-laden cells were characteristic of the disease. White nodules induced in experimental fish were similar to naturally infected cases and RLOs were reisolated in tissue culture using a CHSE-214 cell line. This provides evidence that the systemic granulomas in Nile tilapia were caused by RLOs.
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  • 55
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    Ultrastructural studies on intestinal response of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to the pseudophyllidean tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The pathological effects of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi on the gut of experimentally infected carp, Cyprinus carpio L., have been studied. Light and electron microscopical observations revealed that damage to the host gut was not restricted to the area engulfed by the bothria, and loss of gut microvilli and the separation and shedding of enterocytes occurred against the site of attachment. Lymphocytes, macrophages and eosinophils accumulated in the wall of the infected gut and migrated into the lumen where they adhered to the parasite tegument. The role of parasite-derived and host-produced factors in leucocyte migration and attachment to the worm are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00260.x
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  • 56
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    Integumental damage caused by Dolops ranarum (Stuhlmann, 1891) (Crustacea: Branchiura) to Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), with reference to normal histology and wound-inflicting structures (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The African catfish, C. gariepinus (Burchell), a candidate species for aquaculture in southern Africa, is frequently infested by the branchiuran ectoparasite Dolops ranarum. Normal integument, as well as damage caused by this parasite, is described by means of scanning electron microscopy and histology. Wound healing and the attachment and feeding mechanism of the parasite is described.
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  • 57
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    Histopathology caused by Caligus epidemicus Hewitt (Copepoda: Caligidae) on captive Acanthopagrus australis (Günther) (Pisces: Sparidae) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Highest densities of copepodids (≤5.3 cm -2), chalimus (≤8.5 cm -2) and redundant filaments (≤6.7 cm-2) of Caligus epidemicus were found on the anterodorsal and anteroventral flanks, head and pectoral fins of Acanthopagrus australis (Günther). Copepodids eroded the epidermis and usually attached their frontal filament to the basement membrane on the inter-ray region of fins, as well as the fin rays or scales. Chalimus stages were associated with a healed epidermis and little tissue response. The most extensive tissue response was associated with the redundant frontal filament, and was characterized by infiltrating macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and epidermal and fibroblast proliferation. No significant pathology could be attributed to either pre-adult or adult copepods.
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    Infectivity of internal tissues of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., experimentally infected with the aetiological agent of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Infectivity of internal organs and cells of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied at various times after infection with the aetiological agent of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA). Experimentally infected salmon smolts developed anaemia just prior to the onset of ISA-mortality. ISA-infectivity of preparations made from liver, kidney, spleen, plasma, red blood cells (RBC) and head kidney leucocytes was determined by inoculating Atlantic salmon parr with the respective preparations. ISA-mortality was observed after inoculation of salmon parr with preparations of kidney and liver, and to a minor degree, with spleen and a fraction of head kidney leucocytes (WBC1) collected 7 days post-infection. At 11 days post-infection, the infectivity of these preparations increased and ISA-infectivity was also observed with a second fraction of head kidney leucocytes (WBC2), red blood cells (RBC) and blood plasma. At this time, the ISA-infectivity of kidney was not significantly higher (P 〉 0.05) than that of liver but was significantly higher than all other preparations as judged by Cox-regression analysis. At days 14 and 18 post-infection, the infectivity of kidney was significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) than that of liver, but not at 21 and 25 days post-infection. Generally, the ISA-infectivity of kidney was higher than spleen, head kidney leucocytes (WBC1 and WBC2), RBC and plasma, although the difference was not significant at all time points. For example, at day 25 post-infection, the infectivity of kidney was only significantly higher than that of spleen and plasma. On a per gram basis, head kidney leucocytes proved to contain higher amounts of infectious matter than RBC. ISA-infective leucocytes present in the kidney tissue may have contributed to a major part of the infectivity recognized in the kidney preparations. Thus, head kidney leucocytes and other kidney leucocytes also may be considered to be among the most important target cells of the aetiological agent of ISA.
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    Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus plaque size depends on the larger RNA segment and is not linked to virulence (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00264.x
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    Winter ulcers of the skin in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: pathogenesis and possible aetiology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00265.x
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    Identification of the angelfish, Pomacanthus semicirculatus aquareovirus as a member of aquareovirus genogroup A using RNA-RNA blot hybridization (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00266.x
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    Infection of the yellow head baculo-like virus (YBV) in two species of penaeid shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) and Penaeus vannamei (Boone) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Yellow head baculo-like virus infection and disease were demonstrated experimentally in the two main species of penaeid shrimp cultured in Hawaii and the Western hemisphere. Viral infection was induced by intramuscular inoculation of a 10% suspension of cephalothorax tissue filtrate prepared from two tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, infected with yellow head disease, into sub-adult (3–10g) P. stylirostris (Stimpson) and P. vannamei (Boone). Signs of disease appeared as early as 2 days post infection (p.i.), and in most cases mortality reached 100% within 5–7 days p.i. Histopathological examination of the infected animals revealed extensive cellular necrosis in ectodermal and some mesenchymal tissues. Electron microscopical examination of thin sections of the gill and hepatopancreas from the infected shrimp revealed non-occluded rod-shaped baculo-like virus particles measuring 130–197 & 45–58 nm which were primarily localized within the cytoplasm of infected cells. The virus particles were contained within cytoplasmic vacuoles, and occurred singly or in small groups of two or more particles.
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    Persistent nodular lesions of bacterial origin on the gills of gasterosteid fish inhabiting an estuarine bay in Nova Scotia, Canada (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00267.x
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    Ultrastructural observations on the cellular response of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to eggs of the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Trematoda: Sanguinicolidae) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The cellular response, within the kidney of experimentally infected carp to the presence of eggs of the blood fluke Sanguinicola inermis has been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Initially, 0–1-wcck-old eggs were surrounded by host eosinophils which degranulated and broke down adjaeent to the egg shell. Infiltration by neutrophils and monocytes occurred around 1–2-week-old eggs. Eggs at 2–3 weeks of age began to become encapsulated, although the first signs of structural damage appeared when the eggs were 5–6 weeks of age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00240.x
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    Pathology of attachment and vascular damage associated with larval stages of Dissonus manteri Kabata, 1966 (Copepoda: Dissonidae) on the gills of coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus (Lacépède) (Serranidae) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Tissue responses in Plectropomus leopardus gills infested with Dissonus manteri copepodid and ehalimus larvae were almost entirely proliferative, with little or no cellular infiltration. The pathological changes were related to attachment, feeding and parasite size, and comprised progressive mechanical erosion, epithelial hyperplasia and fibrosis. When present, infiltrating cells were associated with initial attachment by the copepodid and with the frontal filament basal plate. Approximately 2.4% of the respiratory area was lost as a result of direct vascular damage. Disruption of branchial blood flow resulted from the burrowing and feeding activities of the larvae and compression of adjacent vessels as the parasite increased in size. Chalimus stages were attached by a frontal filament which consisted of a stem with a terminal anchor, and a basal plate in contact with the cartilaginous filament ray. Following chalimus release, the branchial tissue appeared to repair rapidly. No frontal filament remains were found.
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    Prevalence and pathogenicity of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) associated with feral lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A study was undertaken in 1987 to determine the prevalence of infectious panercatic necrosis virus (1PNV) infection in the lake trout population of Cornwall Lake. Alberta, Canada, and its pathogenicity to cultivable salmonid fish. Virological examination indicated that 44.4% of the adult lake trout in the lake, which is situated in a remote northern region of Alberta, were infected with the virus, mainly in the pyloric caeca and intestine. Virus was not detected in kidney, leucocytes, liver or gonads. In experimental immersion infection of brook trout fry, the virus caused a cumulative mortality of up to 74% in 30 days, beginning at 10 days post-infection. Pyloric caeca, intestine and to some extent gills were found to be early sites of viral replication. The virus was less pathogenic to rainbow trout causing a cumulative mortality of 10% and the survivors were IPNV carriers for at least 3 months. The virus did not cause mortality in young lake trout, the natural host, but the infected fish carried the virus during the experimental period of 30 days.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00242.x
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    Epitope analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) isolated from lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum), by monoclonal antibodies (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against infeetious panercretic mecrosis virus (IPNV) associated with lake trout.salvelinus namaycush (Walwaum). (LT-IPNV) in Cornwall Lake Alberta, for LT-IPNV epietope analysis and comparison with other Canadian IPNV isolates. All the MAbs reacted with IPNV VP2 polypeptide in western blot and 10 MAbs were neutralizing. Both conformation and sequence dependent epitopes were found to be present on the IPNV VP, protein. The antibodies reeognized different epitopes on VP, protein in reeiproeal bloeking ELISA. Twelve MAbs reeognized common epitopes present on LT-IPNV and IPNV from Aretic char. Salvelinus alpinus (L.), (AC-IPNV) in binding and neutralization assays. Three MAbs reacted only with LT-IPNV indicating that it has distinct epitopes, and thus clerly differentiaing it from AC-IPNV isolated from the adjacent Northwest Trritories.Only two MAbs bound to Ja and BCI-IPNV isolate and none of the MAbs neutralized these two IPNV isolates. LT-IPNV was found to be distinct isolate, more colosly related to AC-IPNV and Canda -2 than to Ja-IPNV from alberta or other isolates in Canda. Additionally, the panel of MAbs could differnciate all the propsed Canadian IPNV scrotypes, namely C1. C2. C3 and Ja.
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    Fin erosion in a feral population of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The prevalence of acute and healed fin erosion in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), from the Waikato River, New Zealand, peaked in the vicinity of a pulp and paper mill which utilized a kraft pulping process in association with chlorine bleaching, and decreased down the effluent gradient. About 49% of goldfish sampled from the Kopakorahi Stream. which is part of the effluent treatment system (site 1), displayed pathological signs of fin erosion, whereas about 9% of control fish from a reference site located upstream of the official effluent discharge point were similarly affected. Fin erosion was less prevalent in male than in female goldfish, and occurred with different frequencies on different fins, the pectoral (56%) and caudal fins (33%) being most affected. Both the pectoral and caudal fins also had significantly higher proportions of healed erosion rather than acute erosion. The prevalence of acute and healed fin erosion increased significantly with increasing fish length (age). Physical deformities, predominantly in the form of eroded or otherwise malformed opercula, were found in nearly 5% of fish caught at site 1, but were not observed at the reference site. Changes in processing and bleaching technology at the pulp and paper mill in question have since been carried out, and long-term studies arc planned to monitor any subsequent improvements in fish health.
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    Histopathological and ecological aspects of Henneguya and Myxobolus (Myxosporea) infections in Acanthopagrus australis (Günther) (Pisces: Sparidae) from Moreton Bay, Australia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Sporulated plasmodia of Henneguya sp. infected the gill filaments, interhemibranch septum, gut and other microhabitats of Acanthopagrus australis in Moreton Bay, southern Queensland, whereas Myxobolus sp. infected only the gut. There was usually no inflammatory response, but some plasmodia in the gill filaments were associated with a granulomatous, predominantly lymphoid, response that was not determined by either parasite maturity, or sex and size of fish or season. There was a microhabitat shift in branchial Henneguya infection from predominantly gill filament in juvenile bream to gill septum in older fish. The highest prevalences of Henneguya were in the southern part of Moreton Bay, but trends in seasonal infection and prevalences in relation to size and sex of fish were similar in the western and southern parts of the bay. This suggested a widespread distribution of the putative annelid alternate host in Moreton Bay, with highest densities in the southern part. Myxobolus infection was most prevalent in young male fish at the winter spawning grounds on eastern surf bars.
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    Tumours in the gonads of the bagrid catfish, Mystus macropterus (Bleeker) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00248.x
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    Histopathology of the intestine of Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther) infected with metacercariae of Oligogonotylus manteri Watson, 1976 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00247.x
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  • 72
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    Comparison of rhabdoviruses associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) with respect to their structural proteins, cytopathology and serology (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Seven rhabdoviruses isolated from fish suffering from epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) were compared in terms of their morphology, cytopathogenicity, antigenic relatedness and structural polypeptide composition. All strains exhibited a bullet-shaped morphology, but the T9204 isolate was found to be longer and more variable in length than the other strains. Sixteen fish cell lines investigated showed some variation in susceptibility to each isolate, but the cytopathic changes induced by T9204 in SSN-2, RSN, GCP, ONP, FHM, AS and MUL lines were significantly different from the other isolates. Polyclonal antisera raised against the BPV, 20E and SL11 strains neutralized six isolates (BPV, 02, 19, 20E, A4 and SL11), but not T9204. Conversely, anti-T9204 serum only neutralized homologous virus. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that BPV, 02, 19, 20E, A4 and SL11 had virtually identical protein profiles, whereas T9204 differed both in the number of protein bands and in their migration pattern. Western blots of these gels identified the proteins specific to T9204 that reacted with anti-T9204 serum. Therefore, the isolates represent two distinct species of fish rhabdoviruses, but as yet, no causal relationship with EUS, or any other disease condition, has been established.
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    Incidence of Yersinia ruckeri in two farms in Galicia (NW Spain) during a one-year period (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00249.x
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    Improved methodology for isolation of the Aphanomyces fungal pathogen of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in Asian fish (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00250.x
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    Extracellular survival of Piscirickettsia salmonis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00251.x
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    In vitro responsiveness of subpopulations of leucocytes from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to Aeromonas salmonicida (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00252.x
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    Serological studies of the rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS) and its relationship to three other fish rhabdoviruses (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The serological relationship of rhabdovirus of penaeid shrimp (RPS) to three fish rhabdoviruses was determined by plaque-reduction and neutralization kinetics techniques using polyclonal antiserum against RPS. Although RPS was found to be serologically related to Rhabdovirus carpio (RC), a Vesiculovirus type, the two viruses were clearly distinguishable from one another, RPS was unrelated to two other fish rhabdoviruses of the Lyssavirus type, infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Under single cycle growth conditions, immunofluorescence studies showed the appearance of RPS viral antigens as early as 3h post-infection (pi). The degree of fluorescence and the number of fluorescing cells progressively increased until 24 h pi when more than 90% of the cells showed viral antigens.
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    Growth inhibition of the salmon pathogen Vibrio ordalii by a siderophore produced by Vibrio anguillarum strain VL4355 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Thirty strains of V. anguillarum were tested for the production of inhibitory substances against closely-related bacteria using the deferred antagonism test. Only one strain, Vibrio anguillarum VL4355, inhibited strains of V. ordalii and this effect was blocked by the addition of iron salts to the culture medium. Siderophore production was investigated for this strain. Results from bioassays suggested that strain VL4355 produced a siderophore related to anguibactin, the plasmid-encoded phenolate siderophore produced by V. anguillarum strain 775. However, when plasmid DNA was compared for strains 775 and VL4355 the BamHI-generated restriction profiles were different, although hybridization experiments indicated some homology. Using the chrome-azurol sulphate assay to measure siderophore production, strain VL4355 yielded significantly higher values than other V. anguillarum strains. Amberlite XAD-2 was used to produce concentrated siderophore preparations from strains VL4355 and 775. Both preparations were inhibitory to the growth of strains of V. ordalii, but not V. anguillarum, as were solutions of the iron chelator ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). The difference in sensitivity to iron-limiting conditions for V. ordalii and V. anguillarum, coupled with the inability of V. ordalii to utilize ferric-anguibactin, could reflect different mechanisms of iron uptake for these two organisms.
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    Jaundice disease in the farmed catfish hybrid, Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther) ×C. gariepinus (Burchell), in Thailand (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In recent years, jaundice disease in farmed hybrid catfish in Thailand has caused high levels of mortalities. Affected fish are lethargic and anorexic and show yellow pigmentation of the skin and gills. Internally, the spleen, kidney and gall bladder are enlarged, and the spleen, kidney, liver and body fat are a pale yellow colour. Most fish contain a yellow ascitic fluid in their abdomen. Histological examination of tissues from diseased fish revealed heavy deposits of haemosiderin and ceroid in the spleen, kidney and liver. Haematological measurements showed that haematocrit values, RBC count, haemoglobin concentration, MCH and MCHC were significantly decreased in affected fish while MCV, total bilirubin and direct reacting bilirubin were significantly increased. The results indicate that the fish are suffering from a haemolytic anaemia associated with lipoid liver degeneration. The disease is thought to be due to the feeding of rancid chicken viscera.
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    Book Reviews (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Books Reviewed in this Article: Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease in Farmed and Wild Fish. 2nd edn. By Brian Austin & Dawn A. Austin. Aquaculture for Veterinarians — Fish Husbandry and Medicine. Edited by Lydia Brown.
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    The route of entry and progression of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a sequential immunohistochemical study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fry were experimentally infected with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) Round Butte 1983 (Type 1). Fry were sampled daily, before and during the epizootic. Fish tissues were tested for infectious virus by tissue culture assay and for IHNV nucleocapsid protein by alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry (APIH). The progression of virus through the tissues was followed by APIH until the fourteenth day. Viral infection progressed from two major sites: from the gills into the circulatory system; and from the oral region into the gastrointestinal tract and then into the circulatory system. Once in the blood, virus was disseminated to virtually every organ. Progression of IHNV within and between organs is discussed.
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    Survival of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in the marine environment (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The fate of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in the marine environment was examined by culture, epifluorcscence microscopy, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (1FAT), direct viable counts (= Kogure technique) and the assessment of respiratory activity by the reduction of tetrazolium compounds to coloured formazans. In laboratory- based systems containing sediment, water, algae and invertebrates, cells of A. salmonicida were observed microscopically after plate counts on tryptone soya agar declined to zero. Survival was maximal at a salinity of 25%o, and in wood and sediment, notably mud, rather than the water column.
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    Amoxycillin resistance in Scottish isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Eighty isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, recovered from separate outbreaks of furunculosis in farmed and wild salmon in Scotland during 1988 and 1989, were examined for susceptibility to the β-lactam antibiotic amoxycillin. Susceptibility was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All of the A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates investigated were susceptible to amoxycillin, with MICs of 0.30–1.50mg1-1. All of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes isolates tested were resistant to amoxycillin, with MICs in excess of 500mgl-1. The A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced a β-lactamase enzyme with a pI of approximately 8.0. The enzyme was inducible and its production was unaffected by plasmid curing with ethidium bromide, suggesting that resistance was chromosomal rather than plasmid mediated.
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    Protective effect of sodium alginates against bacterial infection in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A hot-water extract of Undaria pinnatifida was found to contain polysaccharide(s) which showed immunostimulating activity in fish. In order to identify the effective component(s), the hot-water extract was fractionated and acid-soluble (Fraction I) and acid-insoluble (Fraction II) polysaccharides were evaluated for their potential to enhance protection against Edwardsiella tarda infection in common carp. Intraperitoneal injection of Fraction II in carp 6 and 3 days prior to challenge with E. tarda resulted in a significantly greater survival rate than that of control fish at doses of 10–30mgkg-1. On the other hand, Fraction I was not effective at any dose. Chemical and physicochemical analyses revealed that Fraction II was sodium alginate with a high degree of purity, with a molecular weight of 45000 and an M/G ratio of 0.8. Some commercial alginates were similarly evaluated for their efficacy. Alginates from Macrocystis pyrifera (MW, 146000-264000; M/G ratio, 0.9–1.0) significantly increased survival rate, but alginates from Lessonia nigrescens (MW, 177000–290000; M/G ratio, 1.3) had little effect. There are indications that the efficacy (protective effect) of alginates has some relationship to their M/G ratios.
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    An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies against the pathogenic haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, and protection against cryptobiosis in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), inoculated with a live vaccine (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using dried blood on filter paper, was developed for the detection of antibodies against the haemoflagellate Cryptobia salmositica in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Each fish (average weight about 5g) in three experimental groups was either inoculated with 20000 attenuated live C. salmositica vaccine, or inoculated with 2000 or 20000 pathogenic parasites per fish. The vaccine was effective in protecting juvenile trout 4 weeks after vaccination and antibody titers were higher in vaccinated and challenged fish than in unvaccinated and infected ones. Specific antibodies were detected one week post-infection (w.p.i.) with the pathogen and declined to low levels at 6 w.p.i. The high-dose group (20000 per fish) had antibody titres comparable to those of the vaccinated and challenged fish.
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    Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida: correlation of protein patterns, antibiotic resistance, exoprotease activity, haemolysis and pathological lesions produced in vivo (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A collection of 130 strains of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated from diseased salmonids in Denmark, Norway, North America and Scotland has been characterized with regard to protein patterns, antibiotic resistance and exoprotease activity. Whole cell and outer membrane protein profiling could distinguish three different profiles in A. salmonicida. Eight outer membrane proteins were demonstrated (49, 40, 38, 37, 33, 31, 30 and 29 kDa). One protein profile was deficient in a 38 kDa outer membrane protein and instead contained an outer membrane protein of 37 kDa which was not detectable among the other protein profiles. Strains with the 37 kDa outer membrane protein showed multiple low-level antibiotic resistance towards cephalothin, penicillin, chloramp-henicol, tetracycline and quinolones. In addition, these strains were exoprotease deficient. Strains with the 37 kDa protein were unable to degrade cattle and trout serum proteins and displayed a delayed degradation of casein. Haemolysis on cattle blood agar plates was similarly delayed. In vivo examination of extracellular products from a normal protein profile strain and one with the 37 kDa outer membrane protein demonstrated major differences in pathological effects in rainbow trout. The strain possessing the 37 kDa outer membrane protein produced almost no pathological effects while the normal protein profile strain produced typical furuncles.
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    Antigenic analysis of reference strains and Norwegian field strains of aquatic birnaviruses by the use of six monoclonal antibodies produced against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus N1 strain (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) N1 strain were used in a dot-blot assay to examine reference strains of the nine proposed serotypes and a representative selection of 81 Norwegian aquatic birnavirus isolates. These isolates had earlier been serotyped by use of a panel of 11 MAbs produced against other strains of IPNV. Correlations between the reaction patterns of the two panels of MAbs were found. All reference strains and field isolates shared two epitopes, one on VP2 and one on VP3. Seventy-seven of the field isolates reacted identically with the N1 strain (positive with all six MAbs). The Sp type strain was positive with five of the MAbs and was different from all the field strains. The other reference strains (WB, VR299, Ab, Ja, Te, He, C1, C2 and C3) were positive with two to four of the MAbs. Together with previously published data, these findings indicate that most Norwegian isolates are closely related to, or identical with, the N1 strain and belong to the Sp serotype. No correlation between the health status of Atlantic salmon and antigenicity of the isolates was found. Testing of the reference strains in ELISA revealed some discrepancies with the dot-blot results.
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    Cross immunity in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against two immobilization serotypes of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00238.x
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    Utilization of haem compounds by Aeromonas salmonicida (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ability of A-layer-positi ve (A+) and A-layer-negative (A−) strains of Aeromonas salmonicida to utilize haem sources of iron under conditions of iron-restriction was evaluated. In a plate bioassay, only A+ strains of A. salmonicida were able to utilize haem from a variety of sources including haem, haemin, myoglobin, haemoglobin, haemoglobin- haptoglobin and haem-albumin complexes. Trypsin-digestion of whole cells abolished haem- binding, indicating that binding was cell-surface associated, involving a protein binding site or receptor. Competitive binding studies indicated that all haem compounds were bound by a common receptor, which was not iron-regulated and was associated with the presence of the 49-kDa A-layer protein. The ability of both typical A+ (siderophore-positive) and atypical A+ (siderophore-negative) strains to utilize haem indicated that the mechanism of haem utilization was not siderophore-mediated and that A. salmonicida possesses both siderophore-dependent and siderophore-independent mechanisms to overcome iron-restricted conditions encountered in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00232.x
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  • 90
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    Evidence for relatedness of Japanese isolates of birnaviruses from marine fish to IPNV (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00239.x
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  • 91
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    Investigation of outbreaks of a novel disease, ‘Sleepy Grouper Disease’, affecting the brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina Forskal (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A novel disease affecting the brown-spotted grouper, Epinephelus tauvina Forskal, described here as Sleepy Grouper Disease1 (SGD), resulted in significant economic losses in some Singaporean marine net-cage farms from April to August 1992. Investigations suggested that the aetiological agent was a virus, probably introduced with imported groupers. The virus was provisionally identified as an iridovirus on morphological evidence. The disease caused extreme lethargy in affected fish with few visible external signs. Mortalities either occurred gradually over the week from onset of clinical signs, or over a shorter period and in large numbers if fish were stressed. Consistent tissue changes were seen by light microscopy in the spleen, heart and kidney of affected fish. Electron microscopy showed viral particles associated with damage to cell organelles. In an experimental infection, apparently healthy fish cohabiting with an infected fish developed similar lesions and died. The significance of SGD in grouper culture is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00237.x
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  • 92
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    The development of live vaccines for furunculosis lacking the A-layer and O-antigen of Aeromonas salmonicida (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Mutants of Aeromonas salmonicida strains lacking either the A-protein, O-antigen or both of these major surface antigens were tested in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), for their suitability as live vaccines (LV). All of these mutants were shown to be attenuated, as fish receiving ∼5 × 107 of the respective strains showed no clinical signs of furunculosis. Immersion vaccination of fish in 5 × 107 cfu ml-1 of these strains with an identical immersion dose 14 days later resulted in significant protection by all strains from challenge with a heterologous virulent strain of A. salmonicida 5 weeks later. The levels of protection conferred were all greater than or equal to that provided by an injected bacterin using the same vaccination schedule. With one exception, all LV strains that still possessed a functional O-antigen provided protective indices (PI) four- to seven-fold greater than the PI for the fish injected with bacterin. When antibody responses of vaccinated fish were compared, it was found that only vaccination by bacterin gave rise to a measurable agglutinating litre. Western immunoblots using the immune fish sera failed to reveal any major differences in antigen recognition in fish that received any of the vaccines tested. These data suggest that the immune response generated by the use of live vaccine strains is different from that generated by a bacterin, and that these useful mutations may be incorporated into existing furunculosis LVs for further attenuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00215.x
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  • 93
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    The sialic acid-containing lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella djakarta and Salmonella isaszeg (serogroup O: 48): Chemical characterization and reactivity with a sialic acid-binding lectin from Cepaea hortensis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Salmonella djakarta and Salmonella isaszeg, as well as of a spontaneous R-mutant of S. djakarta were investigated as to their content in neuraminic acid (Neu) and its individual linkage. The two Salmonella serovars both belong to the O:48 serogroup of Salmonella, but to two different subgroups. LPS of both S-forms contained high amounts of Neu, although in different quantities, whereas the R-form was completely devoid of it. Methylation analysis indicated that Neu is exclusively terminally linked in S. djakarta whereas both terminal and 4-linked Neu were recognized in S. isaszeg. Although terminally linked, a sialidase from Arthrobacter ureafaciens was unable to split Neu even after prolonged incubation from both S-type LPSs. When LPS was first treated by mild alkali, however, the total amount of Neu from S. djakarta LPS and about 50% from that of LPS of S. isaszeg could be removed. In contrast, alkali-treated LPS, but also the non-treated one, proved to be effective inhibitors for a sialic acid-binding lectin from Cepaea hortensis. The resistance of terminal Neu towards sialidase may be due to the presence of an O-acetyl group which would be removed during the methylation analysis but would, especially when linked to C-4, not interfere with the reactivity of the lectin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00493.x
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  • 94
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    Binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) to Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty-nine bacterial strains representing five species known to interact with human plasminogen were tested for the ability to bind the two major human plasminogen activators, t-PA and urokinase. The bacterial species tested included Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus equisimilis and human group G streptococci. All N. meningitidis and 11 of 14 H. influenzae strains displayed substantial binding of t-PA with values in the range of 20–46%. On the contrary, none of the streptococcal strains bound significant amounts of tPA. With urokinase no binding could be found for any of the bacterial species tested. Scatchard analysis with a selected H. influenzae strain (HI23354) demonstrated 10 000 receptors per bacterium for t-PA with a Kd value of about 20 nmol l−1. The corresponding values with a selected N. meningitidis strain (Mo 52) was 8500 receptors per bacterium and 70 nmol l−1. t-PA binding could be reduced about 40% by the addition of 10 nmol l−1 of the lysine analogue ϵ-aminocaproic acd (EACA) whereas no inhibitory effect could be demonstrated with arginine. Addition of 2 μmol l−1 of plasminogen which is enough to occupy all bacterial sites for plasminogen did not interfere with the t-PA binding, suggesting that the receptors for t-PA and plasminogen are distinct. Using very high plasminogen concentrations however, t-PA binding could be reduced by about 50% possibly due to an interaction between t-PA and plasminogen in the fluid phase. Our results demonstrate the occurrence of a previously unknown type of bacterial receptor that is capable of specifically binding t-PA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00488.x
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  • 95
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    Molecular epidemiology of Legionella pneumophilia serogroup 1 by ribotyping with a non-radioactive probe and PCR fingerprinting (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization with acetylaminofluorene-labelled 16 + 23 S rRNA from Escherichia coli was used to detect DNA polymorphism among Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates. Isolates from unrelated patients showed at least four different rRNA restriction patterns, whereas those from related patients showed a single pattern. Amplification of genomic regions with an arbitrary primer by polymerase chain reaction was used to further analyze the isolates. Related isolates showed closely related patterns while unrelated isolates displayed six distinct patterns. We could differentiate the majority of unrelated isolates with the combination of the patterns obtained with the ribotyping and the PCR fingerprinting, while strains from the same outbreak remained highly related. The ribotyping and the PCR fingerprinting are proposed as useful and easy to perform epidemiological markers of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00469.x
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  • 96
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    Protection of mice against Clostridium chauvoei infection by anti-idiotype antibody to a monoclonal antibody to flagella (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Polyclonal rabbit anti-idiotypic antibody (anti-Id) against the protective monoclonal antibody specific to the flagella of Clostridium chauvoei was produced, purified, and characterized. Anti-Id inhibited the binding of its related monoclonal antibody to the flagellar antigen, suggesting that the anti-Id bore an internal image of the flagellar antigen. When mice were immunized with anti-Id intraperitoneally, the survival rate increased significantly, compared with mice immunized with normal rabbit IgG (P 〈 0.01), and specific anti-flagellar antibodies were induced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00441.x
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  • 97
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    Immunological properties and ganglioside recognitions by Campylobacter jejuni-enterotoxin and cholera toxin (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The immunological properties of Campylobacter jejuni enterotoxin (CJT) and cholera toxin (CT) were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting analysis with antiserum against each toxin. Antibody against CJT recognized the 68, 54 and 43 kDa polypeptides of CJT and the 11 kDa subunit of CT, whereas antibody against CT recognized the 68 and 54 kDa polypeptides of CJT and 11 kDa subunit of CT. The immunological reactions between the heterogenous combinations of toxins and the antibodies were weaker than those between the homogenous systems. Thus, different antigenicity was found in CJT and CT at the subunit level, although they possessed cross-reactive epitope(s). The binding of CJT and CT to gangliosides was also examined. CJT and CT bound to GM1 ganglioside preferentially than to other ganglioside species. However, CJT did not bind to GD1b in spite of the fact that CT preferred GD1b. This suggests that both toxins recognize different receptors on the surface of the target cell. This study is the first demonstration of the different properties between CJT and CT in immunological character and ganglioside recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00444.x
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  • 98
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    Differential release of tumor necrosis factor-α from murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with virulent and avirulent species of mycobacteria (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H37Ra, M. bovis BCG and M. smegmatis to induce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by cultured murine peritoneal macrophages is inversely related to their virulence. The avirulent species of mycobacteria which were unable to persist in macrophages were capable of inducing significant levels of TNF-α compared to that formed in cultures infected with the virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv. This difference was also associated with an inherent toxicity by live H37Rv for macrophage cultures. Heat-killed H37Rv was non-toxic and induced significant levels of TNF-α; in contrast, live and heat-killed suspensions of avirulent mycobacteria had an equivalent ability to trigger TNF-α secretion. The TNF-α response was dose-dependent, related directly to the percentage of infected cells, and peaked 6–12 h post-infection. An early and vigorous TNF-α response appears to be a marker of macrophage resistance, while the downregulation of this response seems associated with macrophage toxicity and unrestricted mycobacterial growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00447.x
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  • 99
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    Guinea pigs prepared with various bacteria and their components to induce a necrotic reaction provoked with muramyldipeptide (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Guinea pigs were given a preparatory injection of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a water-in-mineral oil emulsion. A provocative injection of muramyldipeptide given 3–8 weeks later into the footpads, caused severe inflammation, with hemorrhage and necrosis. In this study, we determined the features of the preparatory injection required to prepare the necrotic reaction. Most mycobacteria-related and Gram-negative bacteria were capable of preparing guinea pigs for the necrotic reaction upon provoactive injection with muramyldipeptide, whereas Gram-positive bacteria did not. Boivin- and Morrison-type lipopolysaccharides, which have a high content of bacterial protein, induced the susceptibility, whereas Westphal-type lipopolysaccharide, which has a low level of the protein, did not. Moreover, the latter adjuvant-active lipopolysaccharide and muramyldipeptide together with ovalbumin also exerted the activity. The development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the protein antigen seemed to be important for inducing the necrotic reaction. Mice, rats, rabbits and monkeys were injected in the same way as the guinea pigs. The necrotic reaction occurred in the flanks of the monkeys, but not in the other animals. A similar necrotic reaction also occurred in the flanks of guinea pigs given live BCG cells in phosphate-buffed saline as well as the heat-killed M. tuberculosis in water-in-mineral oil emulsion upon provoactive injection with muramyldipeptide. These findings suggested that the induction is associated with the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to the protein antigen administered in the preparatory injection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00364.x
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  • 100
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    Author index volume 9 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1994.tb00369.x
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