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  • nitrogen  (227)
  • Springer  (227)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 1990-1994  (227)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sound speed measurements on gas mixtures of natural gas components using a cylindrical resonator (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 11 (1990), S. 897-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: binary mixtures ; carbon dioxide ; cylindrical resonator ; electrostatic transducers ; ethane ; gas ; isotherm ; methane ; mixtures ; multicomponent ; mixtures ; natural gas ; nitrogen ; propane ; sound speed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A description of a fixed-path length acoustic resonator which uses electrostatic transducers for sound generation and detection is given. Also, a summary of the measurements on 13 binary and 4 multicomponent gas mixtures of natural gas components is given. Data were obtained at pressures to 10 MPa for five isotherms at 25 K increments from 250 to 350 K. The binary mixtures are primarily methane-rich, with either ethane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or propane as the second constituent. The multicomponent mixture compositions represent four naturally occurring natural gas mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503582
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of aboveground big woody organs in a foothill dipterocarp forest, West Sumatra, Indonesia (1990)
    Springer
    Ecological research 5 (1990), S. 111-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Big woody materials ; Decomposition rate ; Foothill diperocarp forest ; nitrogen ; turnover time
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of aboveground big woody organs over 10 cm diameter was studied at a mature foothill dipterocarp forest in West Sumatra. The biomass of big woody organs was estimated to be 519 m3 ha−1 or 408 metric ton ha−1 by means of a pipe model theory. The diameter distribution showed a convex curve and the mode was found at a diameter of about 20 cm. The standing mass of big dead woody litter on the forest floor was 116 m3 ha−1, which accounted for 22% by voume or 9.5% by weight of the biomass of living organs respectively. Thedbh observation with two 1-ha plots for 4 yr and 5 yr respectively revealed that the average net production rate was 9.5 ton ha−1 yr−1. The death rate (7.9 ton ha−1 yr−1) accounted for 83% of the net production rate and was nearly equivalent to the decay rate (7.5 ha−1 yr−1) of dead wood on the forest floor. The balance between the death and decay rates was confirmed for each diameter class. Average turnover periods for big woody organs and dead woody litter were estimated to be 43 and 8.1 yr, respectively. Standing masses of live anddead woody materials accumulated in the study forest were approximately equal to those obtained in a mature tropical lowland rainforest, whereas the flow rates were lower, being only 70% of the corresponding values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02348467
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil nutrient dynamics in response to irrigation of a Panamanian tropical moist forest (1992)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 19 (1992), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; soil fertility ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We measured concentrations of soil nutrients (0–15 and 30–35 cm depths) before and after the dry season in control and dry-season irrigated plots of mature tropical moist forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI) in central Panama to determine how soil moisture affects availability of plant nutrients. Dry-season irrigation (January through April in 1986, 1987, and 1988) enhanced gravimetric soil water contents to wet-season levels (ca. 400 g kg−1 but did not cause leaching beyond 0.8 m depth in the soil. Irrigation increased concentrations of exchangeable base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+), but it had little effect on concentrations of inorganic N (NH4 +C, NO3 − and S (SO4 2−). These BCI soils had particularly low concentrations of extractable P especially at the end of the dry season in April, and concentrations increased in response to irrigation and the onset of the rainy season. We also measured the response of soil processes (nitrification and S mineralization) to irrigation and found that they responded positively to increased soil moisture in laboratory incubations, but irrigation had little effect on rates in the field. Other processes (plant uptake, soil organic matter dynamics) must compensate in the field and keep soil nutrient concentrations at relatively low levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000572
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of inoculation with azolla combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc to rice in Nile Delta (1992)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 8 (1992), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Azolla ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; phosphate ; rice ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rice performance, in terms of plant height, productive tillering, yield and N-contents of grain and straw, harvest index (grain yield as a percentage of grain plus straw yields) and relative fertilizer N-use efficiency (kg grain yield/kg fertilizer-N) was enhanced by urea, ZnSO4 and green manuring withAzolla caroliniana. Unlike urea fertilizer, calcium superphosphate increased the rate of azolla field colonization and promoted a thick, healthy dark-green mat of the fern. Response to ZnSO4 was higher in the azolla-free sub-subplots. Application of ZnSO4 corrected symptoms of Zn deficiency in rice but the addition of calcium superphosphate in the absence of Zn intensified the symptoms of Zn deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01238792
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralisation of organic matter in topsoils subjected to stockpiling and restoration at opencast coal sites (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 128 (1990), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anaerobic soils ; bacterial flush ; mineralisation ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; restoration ; soil perfusion ; soluble carbon ; stockpiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Topsoil stockpiled for 4 years resulted in an accumulation of NH4-N at depths of 1m or more in mound, as measured by an ammonia gas-sensing electrode. When leached with water these soils were also found to contain high concentrations of dissolved organic C below 1m. Both NH4-N and DOC were products of microbial mineralisation of soil organic matter that accumulated under anaerobic conditions. When these soils were restored a flush of decomposition took place, fuelled by labile organic matter and soluble nitrogen. Stockpiled soil which underwent an ammonium-rich perfusion regime in the laboratory indicated that in-mound soils rapidly attained greater nitrification potential than surface mound soils and also had greater potential for further mineralisation of organic matter to NH4-N. This further production was seen as a contribution from the bacterial flush, stimulated by the large labile-C pool already present. As the bulk of stored soil was anaerobic, restored soils were seen as potentially wasteful of their N-reserves; the fate of nitrogen and soluble carbon compounds in restored soils is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011115
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition ofSchizachyrium scoparium (poaceae) by the allelochemical hydrocinnamic acid (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2095-2105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; Schizachyrium scoparium ; Ceratiola ericoides ; hydrocinnamic acid ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; fire ; sand pine scrub ; sandhill
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bare zones around shrubs in the Florida scrub indicate the possibility of allelopathy by shrubs controlling the distribution of grasses invading from adjacent sandhills. The allelochemical, hydrocinnamic acid, has been identified as a breakdown product of ceratiolin, which is released from the shrubCeratiola ericoides. Here, hydrocinnamic acid (HCA) was shown to have a strongly inhibitory effect on shoot and root biomass of the grassSchizachyrium scoparium in greenhouse bioassays lasting 4.5 months. Linear increases in the concentration of HCA from 0 to 200 ppm, applied biweekly, resulted in exponential decreases in root and shoot biomass at harvest. Plants grown at 200 ppm HCA had root and shoot biomasses 13% and 17% of controls, respectively. Concurrent investigation of reduced nutrient levels indicated greater inhibition by HCA in a reduced nitrogen (N) treatment and in a reduced potassium (K) treatment relative to HCA inhibition in the full nutrient treatment. The negative slopes of the regressions of log of biomass on HCA concentration were steepest in the reduced N and reduced K treatments. Root and shoot biomasses in reduced N treatments were 20–43% and 24–34% less than the respective biomasses in the full nutrient treatment. Comparable reductions in the reduced K treatment were as much as 19% and 10% for root and shoot biomasses, respectively. The effects of HCA in a reduced phosphorus (P) treatment and in a reduced P and K treatment were not significantly different from the effects of HCA in the full nutrient treatment. Extraction of the soils at harvest indicated no buildup of HCA at the end of the experiment. The sensitivity ofSchizachyrium scoparium to HCA in general and increased sensitivity under low N and low K solutions may be important in the Florida scrub community where levels of N and K are known to be low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981930
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic matter and nitrogen in the unharvested fractions of grass swards in relation to the potential for nitrate leaching after ploughing (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 123 (1990), S. 39-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; leaching ; leaf litter ; macro-organic matter ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; ploughing ; roots ; stubble
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The amounts of organic matter in the stubble, litter, root and soil macro-organic matter fractions of two swards of perennial ryegrass that had received normal applications of either fertilizer or cattle urine were, on average for the four fractions, about 3000, 500, 11,500 and 8,800 kg ha−1. The swards had been established 8 or 15 years previously and each was sampled at intervals over a period of about one year. The amounts of N contained in the four fractions were, on average, 68, 12, 249 and 240 kg ha−1, a total of 569 kg N ha−1. With other swards, increasing rates of application of fertilizer N were found to have little effect on the amounts of organic matter in stubble and roots. Concentrations of N in the organic matter of the stubble and roots, however, increased significantly with increasing rate of fertilizer application, though, with stubble, moderate rates of application had little effect. Assessments based on these data, together with other published information, indicate that the amount of N mineralized from the combined stubble, litter, root and macro-organic matter fractions during the first year after ploughing may range from about 40 kg to at least 360 kg N ha−1 depending on the age of the sward and its recent management. The amount mineralized is likely to increase with age of sward, with increasing rate of fertilizer N and with utilisation by grazing rather than cutting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009924
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocation of carbon and nitrogen as a function of the internal nitrogen status of a plant: Modelling allocation under non-steady-state situations (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 183-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: allocation ; carbon ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we model allocation of carbon and nitrogen to roots and leaves as a function of the nitrogen status of a plant. Under steady-state conditions, allocation of carbon and nitrogen to leaves is exponentially (positively) correlated with plant nitrogen concentration, whereas allocation to roots is correlated negatively, also in an exponential manner. Allocation functions derived under steady-state conditions are used to simulate biomass partitioning under non-steady-state nutrient conditions. Upon nitrogen deprivation, measured and simulated values are rather similar with time, suggesting that allocation functions derived under steady-state conditions also hold under non-steady-state conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025014
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving nitrogen-fixing systems and integrating them into sustainable rice farming (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 141 (1992), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aquatic legumes ; Azolla ; Cyanobacteria ; flooded rice soils ; nitrogen ; N2 fixation ; tropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes recent achievements in exploiting new biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) systems in rice fields, improving their management, and integrating them into rice farming systems. The inoculation of cyanobacteria has been long recommended, but its effect is erratic and unpredictable. Azolla has a long history of use as a green manure, but a number of biological constraints limited its use in tropical Asia. To overcome these constraints, the Azolla-Anabaena system as well as the growing methods were improved. Hybrids between A. microphylla and A. filiculoides (male) produced higher annual biomass than either parent. When Anabaena from high temperature-tolerant A. microphylla was transferred to Anabaena-free A. filiculoides, A. filiculoides became tolerant of high temperature. Azolla can have multiple purposes in addition to being a N source. An integrated Azolla-fish-rice system developed in Fujian, China, could increase farmers' income, reduce expenses, and increase ecological stability. A study using Azolla labeled with 15N showed the reduction of N losses by fish uptake of N. The Azolla mat could also reduce losses of urea N by lowering floodwater-pH and storing a part of applied N in Azolla. Agronomically useful aquatic legumes have been explored within Sesbania and Aeschynomene. S. rostrata can accumulate more than 100kg N ha-1 in 45 d. Its N2 fixation by stem nodules is more tolerant of mineral N than that by root nodules, but the flowering of S. rostrata is sensitive to photoperiod. Aquatic legumes can be used in rainfed rice fields as N scavengers and N2 fixers. The general principle of integrated uses of BNF in rice-farming systems is shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011310
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Special Equations of State for Methane, Argon, and Nitrogen for the Temperature Range from 270 to 350 K at Pressures up to 30 MPa (1993)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 14 (1993), S. 699-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: argon ; caloric properties ; density ; equation of state ; Helmholtz function ; methane ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In order to describe the thermodynamic behavior of methane, argon, and nitrogen in the so-called “natural-gas region,” namely, from 270 to 350 K at pressures up to 30 MPa as accurate as possible with equations of a very simple form, new equations of state for these three substances have been developed. These equations are in the form of a fundamental equation in the dimensionless Helmholtz energy; for calculating the pressure or the density, the corresponding equations explicit in pressure are also given. The residual parts of the Helmholtz function representing the behavior of the real gas contain 12 fitted coefficients for methane, 8 for argon, and 7 for nitrogen. The thermodynamic relations between the Helmholtz energy and the most important thermodynamic properties and the needed derivatives of the equations are explicitly given; to assist the user there is also a table with values for computer-program verification. The uncertainties when calculating the density ρ, the speed of sound w, the isobaric specific heat capacity c p, and the isochoric specific heat capacity c v are estimated as follows. For all three substances it is Δρ/ρ≤±0.02 % for p≤ 12 MPa and Δρ/ρ ≤ ±0.05% for higher pressures. For methane it is Δw/w≤±0.02% for p≤10 MPa and Δw/w≤+-0.1% for higher pressures; for argon it is Δw/w≲-0.1 % for p≤ 7 MPa, Δw/w≤±0.3 % for 7 〈p≤30 MPa; and for nitrogen it is Δw/w≤±0.1% for p≤1.5 MPa and Δw/w±0.5% for higher pressures. For all three substances it is Δc p/c p≤±1 % and ΔC v/C v≤±1 % in the entire range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00502103
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