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  • Articles  (69)
  • brain  (69)
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  • American Institute of Physics
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  • 1990-1994  (69)
  • Medicine  (69)
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  • Articles  (69)
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  • Springer  (69)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (3)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 187-197 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zinkdepletion ; Zwangsernährung ; Fettgehalt ; Fettsäurezusammensetzung ; Leber ; Gehirn ; Zinc deficiency ; force-feeding technique ; fat content ; fatty acid composition ; liver ; brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the present work the influence of zinc deficiency on fat content and fatty acid composition of liver and fatty acid composition of brain of rats with a high food intake was investigated. Using the force-feeding technique the rats were fed 14.5 g food daily at days 1 to 4, and then 11.6 g food for later days. After 7 days the zinc-deficient animals had a fatty liver which was characterized by an increase in fat content (68%) and dry matter (23%). The amounts of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, and oleic acid were also increased by 100 to 200% in the liver of zinc-deficient animals, whereas the amount of arachidonic acid was decreased by 29%. The amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in the liver were not changed by zinc deficiency, but the fatty acid composition of these phospholipids was changed. The liver phospholipids of zinc-deficient animals had a decreased proportion of arachidonic acid, but an increased proportion of docosahexaenoic acid. In the zinc-deficient animals there also existed a positive correlation between the fat content in the liver and the ratio between linoleic and arachidonic acid in the liver and a negative correlation between the fat content in the liver and the amount of arachidonic acid in the liver. These correlations as well as the changes in liver fatty acid composition of zinc-deficient animals suggest that the fatty liver might be the result of a disturbed metabolism of linoleic acid. In contrast, zinc deficiency did not influence the fatty acid composition of brain. This means that brain is protected against the effects of short-term zinc deficiency.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß von Zinkdepletion auf den Gesamtfettgehalt und die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Leber sowie die Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Gehirns bei Ratten mit sehr hoher Futteraufnahme untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Zwangsernährung erhielten die Tiere in den ersten vier Versuchstagen täglich 14,5 g Futter und in den folgenden Tagen 11.6 g Futter. Es zeigte sich, daß die Depletionstiere bereits nach 7 Versuchstagen eine Fettleber entwickelt hatten, die durch einen um 68% erhöhten Gesamtfettgehalt und einen um 23% erhöhten Trockensubstanzgehalt gekennzeichnet war. Zugleich waren in der Leber der Depletionstiere die Gehalte der Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Myristoleinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Palmitoleinsäure und Ölsäure um 100 bis 200% erhöht, während der Gehalt der Arachidonsäure um 29% erniedrigt war. Die Gehalte der Phospholipide Phosphatidylcholin und Phosphatidylethanolamin waren bei den Depletionstieren im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren unverändert, jedoch zeigten sich Änderungen der Fettsäurezusammensetzung dieser Phospholipide, gekennzeichnet vor allem durch einen verminderten Anteil an Arachidonsäure (20:4) und einen erhöhten Anteil an Docosahexaensäure (22:6). Neben diesen Effekten bestand zwischen dem Gesamtfettgehalt der Leber und dem Quotienten aus Linolsäure und Arachidonsäure in der Leber bei den Depletionstieren eine positive Korrelation, zwischen dem Gesamtfettgehalt der Leber und dem Arachidonsäuregehalt der Leber eine negative Korrelation. Diese Korrelationen sowie die geänderte Fettsäurezusammensetzung in der Leber deuten darauf hin, daß die Fettleber Folge des im Zinkmangel gestörten Linolsäurestoffwechsels sein könnte. Im Gegensatz zur Leber traten im Gehirn keine Veränderungen der Fettsäurezusammensetzung sowie der Fettsäuregehalte auf. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß das Gehirn zumindest kurzfristig gegen Auswirkungen des Zinkmangels geschützt ist.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 332-334 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Melatonin ; 2-Iodomelatonin ; glucocorticoid receptors ; brain ; thymus ; liver ; pituitary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of melatonin and 2-Iodomelatonin on nuclear and cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors in the brain, pituitary, thymus and liver has been examined. The results indicate that both melatonin and 2-Iodomelatonin administration is associated with marked changes in the density and the affinity of cytosolic and nuclear forms of glucocorticoid receptors. These observations are discussed in the context of a possible involvement of pineal melatonin in the mechanisms regulating the behaviour and metabolism of steroid receptors.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Estradiol ; progesterone ; dihydrotestosterone ; adrenal steroids ; soltriol ; vitamin D ; cardiovascular system ; brain ; spinal cord
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Knowledge of steroid hormone sites of action and related effects in cardiovascular and neural regulatory tissues is reviewed. Evidence for nuclear receptor sites is derived mainly from autoradiographic studies with relatively intact tissues and some biochemical studies with tissue homogenates. In the heart and in the walls of blood vessels, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, dexamethasone, and soltriol (vitamin D) show nuclear binding. In the brain and spinal cord, neuronal regions associated with cardiovascular regulation contain nuclear receptors in specific patterns for each steroid hormones, including progesterone and soltriol. These data indicate that all steroid hormones exert direct actions on the cardiovascular system at its different levels of organization, thus enabling adjustment to the changing demands during reproduction (gonadal steroids), stress (adrenal steroids), and solar seasons (vitamin D-soltriol).
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 1085-1091 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Excitotoxicity ; stroke ; stress response ; neuro protection ; ischemia ; brain ; neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The heat shock response is induced in nervous tissue in a variety of clinically significant experimental models including ischemic brain injury (stroke), trauma, thermal stress and status epilepticus. Excessive excitatory neurotransmission or the inability to metabolically support normal levels of excitatory neurotransmission may contribute to neuronal death in the nervous system in many of the same pathophysiologic circumstances. We demonstrated that in vitro glutamate-neurotransmitter induced excitotoxicity is attenuated by the prior induction of the heat shock response. A short thermal stress induced a pattern of protein synthesis characteristic of the highly conserved heat shock response and increased the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) mRNA. Protein synthesis was necessary for the neuroprotective effect. The study of the mechanisms of heat shock mediated protection may lead to important clues as to the basic mechanisms underlying the molecular actions of the HSP and the factors important for excitotoxic neuronal injury. The clinical relevance of these findings in vitro is suggested by experiments performed by others in vivo demonstrating that pretreatment of animals with a submaximal thermal or ischemis stress confers protection from a subsequent ischemic insult.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (1992), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Local spiking interneurons ; Equilibrium response ; Compensatory eye movement ; Crayfish ; brain ; Procambarus clarkii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In the crayfish brain, the responses of local spiking interneurons to body roll simulated by bending of statocyst hairs, were investigated with intracellular recording and staining techniques. The neurons had two separate branching portions in the protocerebrum and the deutocerebrum. They were named as type-I local neurons and further classified into 5 types (ac-U, vplc-U, vplc-B, vupc-U, vupc-B). 2. Vupc-U neurons showed excitatory responses and vplc-U neurons showed inhibitory responses to inward hair deflection of the statocyst ipsilateral to their deutocerebral branches. The other 3 types were of mixed populations of the interneurons showing either excitatory or inhibitory responses to the stimulation. 3. Of 10 type-I local neurons showing excitatory responses to inward hair deflection, 6 interneurons had output effects on oculomotor and/or descending neurons. All these 6 interneurons showed large EPSPs and much higher frequency of spikes to the hair stimulation than those of the other 4. All 8 type-I local neurons that showed inhibitory responses had no output effects. 4. Type-I local neurons controlled two equilibrium responses, compensatory eye movement and righting reflex, either simultaneously or independently.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 33 (1994), S. 136-145 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zinkmangel ; Zwangsernährung ; Fettsäurezusammensetzung ; Lipide ; Herz ; Gehirn ; Ratte ; Zinc deficiency ; force feeding ; fatty acid composition ; lipids ; heart ; brain ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present study investigated the effect of zinc deficiency on lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition of heart and brain in force-fed rats receiving either a diet with coconut oil and safflower oil (86 : 14, w/w) or a diet with fish oil and safflower oil (91 : 9, w/w). Four groups of growing male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 11,6 g of a semisynthetic diet containing either 0,8 mg Zn/kg or 111 mg Zn/kg with either coconut oil and safflower oil or fish oil and safflower oil per day by gastric tube for 10 days. Concentrations of lipids in heart as well as fatty acid composition of heart phospholipids and brain total lipids were determined. Zinc deficient rats fed the coconut oil diet had higher concentrations of triglycerides (16,3 mg/g vs. 9,21 mg/g) and total fatty acids (29,3 mg/g vs. 21,8 mg/g) in heart than control rats fed coconut oil diet, whereas concentrations of phospholipids and total cholesterol were not different between zinc deficient and control rats. Concentrations of lauric acid (12 : 0), myrisitc acid (14 : 0), palmitoleic acid (16 : 1), and oleic acid (18 : 1) were by 65 to 192 % higher in hearts of zinc deficient rats fed coconut oil diet than in control rats fed coconut oil diet. In contrast, concentrations of triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, and total fatty acids in heart were similar in zinc deficient rats and control rats fed fish oil diet. The fatty acid composition of heart phospholipids was only slightly influenced by zinc deficiency in the rats fed both types of dietary fat. The level of arachidonic acid in phospholipids which may represent desaturation activity was not different in the zinc deficient rats and control rats fed coconut oil diet, and was only slightly reduced in zinc deficient rats fed fish oil diet compared to control rats fed fish oil diet. This finding suggests that zinc deficiency does not impair Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturation of linoleic acid in heart. Concentrations of fatty acids in brain as well as fatty acid composition of brain total lipids was only slightly influenced by zinc deficiency. This suggests that short-term zinc deficiency does not affect fatty acid metabolism of brain.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß von Zinkmangel auf Lipidgehalte und Fettsäurezusammensetzung von Herz und Gehirn bei zwangsernährten Ratten untersucht, die entweder eine Diät mit Kokosfett und Distelöl (86 : 14, w/w) oder eine Diät mit Fischöl und Distelöl (91 : 9, w/w) erhielten. Vier Versuchsgruppen bestehend aus männlichen, wachsenden Sprague-Dawley Ratten erhielten 10 Tage lang täglich 11,6g einer halbsynthetischen Diät mit einem Zinkgehalt von 0,8 mg/kg bzw. 111 mg/kg und Kokosfett/Distelöl bzw. Fischöl/Distelöl als Diätfett über eine Magenschlundsonde. Als Versuchsparameter wurden die Konzentrationen der Lipide im Herzmuskel, die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Phospholipide im Herzmuskel und die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Gesamtlipide im Gehirn bestimmt. Zinkmangeltiere, denen die Kokosfettdiät gefüttert wurde, hatten im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren, denen die Kokosfettdiät gefüttert wurde, höhere Konzentrationen an Triglyceriden (16,3 mg/g vs. 9,21 mg/g) und Gesamtfettsäuren (29,3 mg/g vs. 21,8 mg/g) im Herzmuskel, während die Konzentrationen der Phospholipide und des Gesamtcholesterins bei beiden Gruppen gleich waren. Bezüglich der Fettsäuren waren die Konzentrationen der Laurinsäure (12 : 0), der Myristinsäure (14 : 0), der Palmitinsäure (16 : 0), der Palmitoleinsäure (16 : 1) und der Ölsäure (18 : 1) am stärksten erhöht. Die Konzentrationen dieser Fettsäuren im Herzmuskel waren bei den Zinkmangeltieren um 65 % bis 192 % höher als bei den Kontrolltieren. Bei den Zinkmangeltieren, die die Fischöldiät erhielten, waren im Gegensatz dazu die Konzentrationen von Triglyceriden, Phospholipiden, Gesamtcholesterin und Gesamtfettsäuren im Herzmuskel im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren, die die Fischöldiät erhielten, unverändert. Die Fettsäurezusammensetzung der Herzphospholipide wurde durch Zinkmangel bei Einsatz beider Diäfette nur geringfügig verändert. Der Anteil der Arachidonsäure in den Phospholipiden, der Aufschluß über eine im Zinkmangel eventuell gestörte Desaturation geben sollte, war bei den Zinkmangeltieren, denen die Kokosfettdiät gefüttert wurde, nicht verändert und bei den Zinkmangeltieren, denen die Fischöldiät gefüttert wurde, nur geringfügig vermindert (11,7 % vs. 12,7 %). Dieser Befund läßt darauf schließen, daß Zinkmangel keine wesentliche Störung der Δ-5 und Δ-6 Desaturierung von Linolsäure im Herzmuskel bewirkt. Fettsäuregehalte und Fettsäurezusammensetzung des Gehirnes wurden durch Zinkmangel nicht wesentlich beeinflu\t. Dies deutet darauf him, daß das Gehirn hinsichtlich seines Fettsäurestoffwechsels gegen Auswirkungen des Zinkmangels zumindest kurzfristig geschützt ist.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; brain ; proteases ; kallikrein ; prolyl endopeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We examined the changes in the intracerebral activities, at the time of postmortem autopsy, in patients with Alzheimer's disease. When compared with the control group, the activity of kallikrein-like enzyme was significantly decreased, while prolyl endopeptidase activity increased, in the patients group. Aprotinin inhibited 50% of the activity of the former enzyme at 2×10−7M. Taken together with the results of a multivariate study, the above findings may indicate that intracerebral kallikrein deficiency plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1010-1011 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Fever ; endotoxin ; tolerance ; brain ; periphery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Successive injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either intravenously (i.v.) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) induced pyrogenic tolerance to LPS in rabbits. Tolerance was shown by a decrease of the magnitude of the fever response to repeated doses of LPS, irrespective of the route of pyrogen administration. A significantly greater and more dramatic decrease of the fever index, however, was observed in rabbits made tolerant to pyrogen given i.v. than when the pyrogen was given i.c.v. Transmission of the pyrogenic toleraance between brain and peripheral tissues, however, has not been ascertained.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 73-75 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Superoxide dismutase ; brain ; estradiol ; progesterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) were determined in appropriate subcellular fractions prepared from whole brain homogenates of cycling and long-term (3 week) ovariectomized (OVX) Wistar rats, and were compared to the levels found in corresponding samples prepared from OVX rats treated with progesterone (P) or estradiol 17B-benzoate (EB). The activity of both SODs was steady during the estrous cycle, except at proestrus, when MnSOD activity was elevated significantly. Bilateral ovariectomy resulted three weeks later in an increase of the MnSOD activity even higher than that recorded at proestrus. High post-castration MnSOD activity was lowered profoundly by exogenous P (2 mg) or EB (0.5 μg), given s.c. to OVX animals 2 h or 24 h before sacrifice. Neither removal of the ovaries nor the hormone treatments affected the activity of CuZnSOD. These results suggest suppressive effects of ovarian steroids on MnSOD activity in the rat brain.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Stereoselectivity ; Histamine ; methyltransferase ; liver ; brain ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to determine whether both enantiomers of chloroquine inhibit histamine N-methyltransferase. The mean estimates of IC50 for the d- and l-enantiomers of chloroquine were 4.9 and 17.8 μM (liver), respectively and 6.9 and 21.6 μM (brain), respectively. Ki estimates were significantly lower with d- than with l-chloroquine; hence, d-chloroquine interacts with the enzyme more effectively than l-chloroquine. If the adverse effects of chloroquine are due to the inhibition of histamine N-methyltransferase, therapy with the l-enantiomer might have lower toxicity. The residual activity of histamine N-methyltransferase should reflect both the degree of inhibition by chloroquine and the level of enzyme expression. The rate of histamine methylation was measured in 100 human liver samples and its range and fold of variation were 29% and threefold, respectively. Susceptibility to chloroquine should be greater in subjects with limited expression of histamine N-methyltransferase.
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