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  • Articles  (2,421)
  • Elsevier  (2,304)
  • Springer  (117)
  • AMS (American Meteorological Society)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Springer Nature
  • Wiley
  • 1990-1994  (2,421)
  • Political Science  (2,421)
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  • Articles  (2,421)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allocating resources among AIDS research strategies (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 1-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract One of the central questions facing policy-makers is how to allocate limited federal funds among alternative AIDS research strategies. A rational answer requires judgments about both the prospects of scientific progress and the societal value of research outcomes. Using a decision-analytic approach, this paper examines the marginal returns from additional funding of basic biology, epidemiology and mathematical modeling, vaccine development and testing, treatment development and testing, and behavioral and social science. A survey of a recent Institute of Medicine Committee on AIDS was conducted to elicit scientific judgments on the prospects for scientific progress in each of the five areas. The scientists were quite capable of transcending their disciplinary orientation as reflected in the dominant sentiment in favor of more behavioral and social science research. A comparison of the actual FY 1987 AIDS research budget with the budgets recommended by the scientific experts also suggests that basic biological research deserves greater emphasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136990
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Governmental policies to reduce tax evasion: coerced behavior versus services and values development (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 57-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Governments generally have at their disposal two types of tax compliance policies. One set of policy options coerces tax compliance by increasing risks for practicing tax evasion, while a second set of policies emphasizes development of supportive taxpaying values among citizens through service improvement and informational strategies. Tax agencies tend to favor coercive policies, but empirical research suggests that such policies are not in themselves fully adequate to fight tax evasion. Four hypotheses are offered which suggest the utility of service and values based policies and the need for increased investment in those areas of tax administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136992
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The environments of U.S. R&D laboratories: political and market influences (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 25-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract R&D laboratories in the United States have during the past decade undergone much structural and environmental change. Much of this change has been in response to public policy initiatives and changing markets. One result of the changing environments of R&D laboratories is that traditional sector-based (government, industry, university) classification of laboratories tells us little about their structure and behavior. This study based on survey data derived from 966 U.S. R&D laboratories, develops an ‘environmental input taxonomy,’ based not on sector but on the mix of political and market influence on laboratories. This taxonomy is examined in connection with three central policy issues: amount of cooperative research, red tape and bureaucratization, and laboratory output. Traditonal sector classification accounts well for red tape, but the environmental input taxonomy provides additional insights into laboratories' scientific and technical output and cooperative research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136991
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Harold D. Lasswell prize (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 95-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136994
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Managing economic reform: An alternative perspective on structural adjustment policies (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 73-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The structural adjustment policies of international development organizations have been undermined in many developing countries by weaknesses in administrative capacity to manage economic reforms. If economic reform policies are to be implemented more effectively in the future, international organizations must take a broader view of the development process and assess more carefully the administrative and political capacity of the state to guide the decisions of public and private organizations toward development goals in four policy arenas. The experience of developing countries that were more successful at economic and social development during the 1970s and early 1980s, indicates the characteristics of development administration that policy analysts must assess in order to determine governments' capacity to implement economic reform policies effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136993
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Food safety regulation: is the Delaney clause the problem or symptom? (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 97-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The Delaney ‘anticancer’ amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 is a prominent example of ‘zero risk’ legislation. The relevant clauses prohibit a finding of safety for any relevant substance found to induce cancer in humans or animals. It is argued that the Delaney approach to safety regulation is not only misguided, but that relaxation of the law - for example, to permit substances that pose ‘insignificant’ cancer risks - would produce only marginal improvement in regulation. A major shift in regulation that permits some form of cost-benefit analysis is the only way to move toward rational policy choices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175596
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Call for papers (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 96-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00136995
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Events data and policy analysis: (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 111-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the 1960s and 1970s the creation and analysis of coded international events data became a major tool for the analysis of international relations and crises. Unlike other quantitative projects developed by the academic community, the events data approach was transformed to applied research and used by various national security bureaucracies in the U.S. government. The approach was eventually rejected due to an aversion by bureaucrats to quantitative analysis systems and procedures which did not incorporate their expertise, organizational objectives and need for user-friendly and timely presentation. The lessons learned from this case can be used to inform current efforts by academics to transfer basic research to the foreign policy making community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175597
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175600
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental management as a third-world problem (1990)
    Springer
    Policy sciences 23 (1990), S. 163-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0891
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Of the three major sources of environmental deterioration — CFCs, carbon dioxide, and deforestation and land degradation — only the first two can be eased by industrial policies alone. The second and third also require changes in mass behavior, especially in pre-industrial countries. In order to encourage action on the part of their governments, international agencies have supported the preparation of more than fifty country environmental profiles. The next steps will require a careful analysis of current direct and indirect policies influencing human behavior toward the environment. This article describes the ‘policy environment of environmental policies’ in third-world countries and suggests a strategy for creating a coherent body of incentives to motivate environment-supporting public behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175599
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