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  • Articles  (7,321)
  • Springer  (6,934)
  • Oxford University Press  (387)
  • 1990-1994  (7,125)
  • 1950-1954  (196)
  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (7,321)
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  • Articles  (7,321)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 281-281 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189230
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  • 102
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    Call for papers (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293676
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  • 103
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    A study of the generalized morphological filter (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 229-252 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new class of morphological filters is proposed for image enhancement. The filter, known as the generalized morphological filter (GMF), uses multiple structuring elements and combines linear and morphological operations. The GMF can be designed to suppress various types of noise yet preserve geometrical structure in an image. A study of several aspects of the performance of the filter is presented. The study includes geometrical feature preservation, noise suppression, structuring element selection, and the root signal structure. For the sake of comparison, averaging and median filters are also used in the experiments and corresponding figures of merit of the performance of the filter. The empirical study shows that the generalized morphological filter possesses effective noise suppression with reduced geometrical feature blurring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189228
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
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    Analysis and implementation of morphological skeleton transforms (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 253-280 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the analysis and the implementation algorithms of the morphological skeleton transform (MST) of binary images. A general MST algorithm is provided from which different subclasses of MSTs can be derived by choosing different structuring elements. Three subclasses of MSTs are discussed in this paper: the uniform-step-distance MST (USDMST), the periodically-uniform-step-distance MST (PUSDMST) and the pseudo-Euclidean MST (PEMST). A general discrete distance called morphological distance relates distance measures to the definitions of structuring elements. The PEMST is proposed which uses isotropic discrete structuring elements called quasi-circular structuring elements (QCSE). The QCSEs of all integer sizes are composed by a dilation interpolation method so that they can be decomposed into simplest elements in order to reduce computation. The PEMST has better performance in terms of rotation-invariance than any existing MSTs. The algorithm has an approximately linear computational complexity. Finally, the implementation of the three MSTs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189229
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Elimination of the nonminimum-phase problem at major sampling intervals (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 309-324 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dual time-scale sampling with intermediate discrete filtering, called moving-average skip sampling, is introduced to overcome the problem of unstable zeros of the sampled system. The new scheme proves easy to implement and efficiently recovers the minimum-phase property of the continuous system at major sampling intervals. An example illustrates the effect of moving-average skip sampling on the nonminimum-phase zeros.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293678
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
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    Parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical neural networks with forward-backward training (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 223-246 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A forward-backward training algorithm for parallel, self-organizing hierarchical neural networks (PSHNNs) is described. Using linear algebra, it is shown that the forward-backward training of ann-stage PSHNN until convergence is equivalent to the pseudo-inverse solution for a single, total network designed in the least-squares sense with the total input vector consisting of the actual input vector and its additional nonlinear transformations. These results are also valid when a single long input vector is partitioned into smaller length vectors. A number of advantages achieved are: small modules for easy and fast learning, parallel implementation of small modules during testing, faster convergence rate, better numerical error-reduction, and suitability for learning input nonlinear transformations by other neural networks. The backpropagation (BP) algorithm is proposed for learning input nonlinearitics. Better performance in terms of deeper minimum of the error function and faster convergence rate is achieved when a single BP network is replaced by a PSHNN of equal complexity in which each stage is a BP network of smaller complexity than the single BP network.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189875
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  • 107
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    Approximating nonlinear fading-memory operators using neural network models (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 279-307 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A fading-memory system is defined as a system whose response map has unique asymptotic properties over some set of inputs. It is shown that any discrete-time fading-memory system can be uniformly approximated arbitrarily closely over a compact set of input sequences by uniformly approximating either its external or internal representation sufficiently closely. In other words, the problem of uniformly approximating a fading-memory system reduces to the problem of uniformly approximating continuous real-valued functions on compact sets. The perceptron is shown to realize a set of continuous real-valued functions that is uniformly dense on compacta in the set of all continuous functions. Using the perceptron to uniformly approximate the external and internal representations of a fading-memory system results, respectively, in simple nonlinear finite-memory and infinite-memory system models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189878
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  • 108
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    Order selection statistical test for nonstationary AR models (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 431-440 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new statistical test for selecting the order of a nonstationary AR modelyk is presented based on the predictive least-squares principle. This test is of the same order as the accumulated cost function Γ n =∑ k=1 n (∈ k * −∈ k )2;i.e., ∈* wherey k * is the predictive least-square estimate. It is constructed to show how many times the integrated AR processy k is differenced in order to obtain a stationary AR process given that the exact order of the process is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223319
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  • 109
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    A lattice realization for 2-D separable-denominator digital filters (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 465-488 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract New properties useful in connection with 1-D and 2-D lattice realizations are developed. These properties enable one to represent given, complicated 2-D separable-denominator digital filters in terms of simpler, more elemental building blocks which consist of two 1-D lattice realizations having dynamics in different directions and connected in a cascade form. The matrix-relationship between a 2-D discrete Schwarz form and a controller-observer canonical form is also derived. A notable property of the proposed 2-D lattice realization is that the impulse response energy of a 2-D separable-denominator digital filter can be readily obtained from the reflection coefficients and input/output tapped coefficients of the realization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223322
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  • 110
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    Persistence of the saddle-node bifurcation for nonlinear systems with slow unmodeled dynamics (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 533-555 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the robustness of the saddle-node bifurcation for nonlinear systems under the addition of slow unmodeled dynamics. The robustness is examined in terms of existence and system behavior after bifurcation. Under fairly general conditions, it is shown that if the reduced model of a physical system encounters a saddle-node bifurcation due to a varying parameter, then the original model which includes small unmodeled dynamics will also encounter a saddle-node bifurcation. An error bound is derived between the bifurcation values and the bifurcation points of the reduced model and that of the original model. Furthermore, it is shown that the dynamics after the saddle-node bifurcation of the reduced model and that of the original model are approximately the same. The persistence and non-persistence of saddle-node bifurcations are illustrated by several examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188093
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  • 111
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    Approximation of currents in infinite nonlinear resistive networks (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 603-612 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We prove that the current generated by finitely many current sources in an infinite nonlinear resistive network with no shorts at infinity can be approximated in norm by currents in finite open subnetworks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188098
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  • 112
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    B-spline FIR filters (1994)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 31-64 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an efficient procedure for the design of interpolated FIR (IFIR) filters with linear phase. The algorithm uses the uniform B-spline function as an interpolator and solves the optimal Chebyshev approximation problem on the optimal subinterval. The technique can be used for the design of general lowpass, highpass and bandpass filters. While the number of multiplications of the IFIR filter is dependent on the bandwidth and the center frequency of the desired filter, it provides the minimum number of multiplications achievable and nearly always provides a substantial reduction when compared to Parks-McClellan designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01183840
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  • 113
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    Editorial (1994)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 117-118 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188099
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  • 114
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    On the stability of solutions of autonomous index-I tractable and quasilinear index-2 tractable DAEs (1994)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 139-154 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conclusion We have seen that the stationary solutions of the regularized equations are asymptotically stable if the stationary solution of the original quasilinear index-2 tractable DAE is so. In other words, the given regularizations supply a solution sharing the stability properties of the solution of the unperturbed equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188102
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  • 115
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    Progress on a general numerical method for nonlinear higher index DAEs II (1994)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 123-138 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method has been proposed for numerically solving lower dimensional, nonlinear, higher index differential algebraic equations for which more classical methods such as backward differentiation or implicit Runge-Kutta may not be appropriate. This method is based on solving nonlinear DAE derivative arrays. This paper discusses progress on the implementation of this method, resolves some of the issues involved, and lists some remaining problems. Computational experience on two prescribed path control problems is presented showing that the approach should prove practical for many applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188101
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  • 116
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    Robust stability of systems with delayed feedback (1994)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 213-222 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Some issues in the stability of differential delay systems in the linear and the nonlinear case are investigated. In particular, sufficient robustness conditions are derived under which a system remains stable, independent of the length of the delay(s). Applications in the design of delayed feedback systems are given. Two approaches are presented, one based on Lyapunov theory, the other on a transformation to Jordan form. In the former, sufficient conditions are obtained in the form of certain Riccati-type equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01188107
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  • 117
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    Symmetric sine and cosine structures for trigonometric transforms (1991)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 433-441 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we firstly define two new formulations, the symmetric sine structure (SSS) and the symmetric cosine structure (SCS). Then we propose a simple algorithm to realize one-dimensional SCS and SSS with sequence lengths equal to 2 m . We show that a 2m-length discrete Hartley transform can be realized through a 2 m−1-length SCS and a 2 m−1-length SSS, which achieves the same multiplicative complexity as the minimum number of multiplications reported in the literature. However, our approach gives the advantage of requiring less additions compared with conventional approaches. Furthermore, this approach can also be applied to realize a 2m-length real-valued discrete Fourier transform, which requires the lowest number of multiplications compared with conventional real-valued algorithms and needs no complex number operations as found in other real-valued algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194881
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  • 118
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    Sign algorithms for blind equalization and their convergence analysis (1991)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 393-431 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In blind equalization a communication channel is adaptively equalized without resorting to the usual training sequence. In this paper we have introduced two new algorithms for blind equalization, which hard limit the equalizer input or the error at the output of the equalizer. These new algorithms are simple to implement and reduce the number of multiplications by approximately one-half. We show by way of simulations that the performance of the algorithm resulting from hardlimiting the error is comparable with the performance of the corresponding algorithm in which the error is not hardlimited. We formulate the new sign-error algorithm as a stochastic minimization of an error functional and demonstrate that the case of zero intersymbol interference corresponds to local minima of this error functional. We also present convergence analysis to predict the output mean square error in both these sign algorithms. Since the algorithms are highly nonlinear we incorporate several simplifying approximations and provide heuristic justifications for the validity of these approximations when the algorithms are operated in a typical practical environment. Computer simulations demonstrate the accuracy of the predicted convergence behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194880
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  • 119
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    Robust stability and sensitivity of input-output systems over extended spaces (1991)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 443-454 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the second part of [6] which is concerned with the sensitivity of general input-output systems over extended spaces. It is assumed that such systems, which need not be of feedback type, are governed by nonlinear operator equations relating the input, the state, and the output. These equations depend on a parameterA that can vary in a neighborhood of a nominal valueA 0. Essentially, a system is called insensitive if any truncation of its output depends continuously onA provided the input is fixed. The theorems derived provide sufficient conditions for insensitivity. A control system of a feedback-feedforward type and a dynamical system described by a linear vector differential equation on [0, ∞) are discussed as examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194882
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  • 120
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    On rational interpolation with positivity constraints (1991)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 10 (1991), S. 471-483 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of interpolating a given set of points by means of a squared magnitude rational function of minimal degree is considered. In this way, the resulting interpolating function can be factorized to yield a stable and minimum-phase transference. It is shown that in the polynomial case a nonnegative solution is easily obtained by adding to the standard Hermite interpolation polynomial a suitable term of immediately higher degree. Concerning the general rational case, a computationally efficient procedure, based on a Hermite-type parametrization, is suggested. The positivity requirement may again be met by inserting suitable terms in the numerator and denominator polynomials. An example is worked out to show the practicality of the method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194884
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  • 121
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    An overview of morphological filtering (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 47-108 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper consists of a tutorial overview of morphological filtering, a theory introduced in 1988 in the context of mathematical morphology. Its first section is devoted to the presentation of the lattice framework. Emphasis is put on the lattices of numerical functions in digital and continuous spaces. The basic filters, namely the openings and the closings, are then described and their various versions are listed. In the third section morphological filters are defined as increasing idempotent operators, and their laws of composition are proved. The last sections are concerned with two special classes of filters and their derivations: first, the alternating sequential filters allow us to bring into play families of operators depending on a positive scale parameter. Finally, the center and the toggle mappings modify the function under study by comparing it, at each point, with a few reference transforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189221
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  • 122
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    Some properties of order-Statistics filters (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 109-114 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract LetX 1,X 2,... be a stationary sequence of random variables with Pr{X t, ≤x}=F(x),t=1, 2,... Also let i ∶n,(t) ,i=1,...,n, denote the ith order statistic (OS) in the moving sample (X t−N ,...,X t,...,X t+N) of odd sizen=2N+1. ThenY t=∑a i X i ∶n(t) with ∑a i=1 is an order-statistics filter. In practicea i≥0,i=1,...,n. Fort〉N, the sequence {Y t} is also stationary. IfX 1 X 2, ... are independent, the autocorrelation function ρ(r)=corr(Y t,Y t+r) is zero forr 〉n − 1 and forr ≤n − 1 can be evaluated directly in terms of the means, variances, and covariances of the OS in random samples of sizen +r fromF(x). In special cases several authors have observed that the spectral density functionf(ω) of {Y t} is initially decreasing for ω 〉 0. This result is made more precise and shown to hold generally under white noise. The effect of outliers (impulses) is also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189222
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  • 123
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    On the convergence rate ofs-numbers of compact Hankel operators (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 353-362 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the sequence ofs-numbers {sn},n=0, 1,..., of a compact operator, and particularly a compact Hankel operator Γ=[h j+k −1], converges monotonically to zero. Since the (n + 1)sts-number sn measures the error ofL ∞(¦z¦=1) approximation, modulo an additive H∞ function, by nth degree proper rational functions whose poles are restricted to ¦z¦ 〈 1, it is very important to study how fast {s n } converges to zero. It is not difficult to see that ifh n =O(n −α), for someα 〉 1, thens n =O(n −α). In this paper we construct, for any given sequenceɛ n ↓ 0, a compact Hankel operator Γ such thats n ≥ɛ n for alln.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01293680
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  • 124
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    Call for papers (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190980
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  • 125
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    Frequency domain analysis of robust signal estimators (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 365-376 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the problem of robust linear estimations of systems perturbed by noise with a wide sense stationary (WSS) process, with its spectral density known only to be in a neighborhood of some specified spectral density. The asymptotic efficiency of the least-square (LS) estimator relative to the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is known to depend upon the degree of the variance of the spread of the noise spectral density at the frequencies where the spectral mass of the system's impulse response function is concentrated. A signal estimator in the frequency domain is considered and it is demonstrated that where the Fourier transform is applied to the observed data, robust estimation occurs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190981
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  • 126
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    Fast progressive reconstruction of images using the DCT (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 377-385 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fast progressive reconstruction (FPR) of images based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT) has been developed by Takikawa [3]. This technique is now extended to the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The quality of reconstructed images during the intermediate stages based on these transforms is analyzed. This comparison is both subjective and objective. The feasibility of the DCT in this FPR scheme is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190982
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  • 127
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    On the analysis of two-dimensional discrete singular systems (1992)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 11 (1992), S. 399-419 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to 1-D systems, the 2-D systems have no natural notion of “causality.” An artificial restriction traditionally imposed to allow recursive solution of these systems is that of “recursibility.” In this paper we study 2-Dsingular systems, taking advantage of the nonoriented or noncausal nature of these systems to provide a solution even if the requirement of recursibility does not hold. It is shown thatnonrecursible masks may be described using singular 2-D systems. The analysis approach relies on thefundamental matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190984
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  • 128
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    N-order direct form digital filters with integer arithmetic (1993)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 441-452 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract For direct form digital filters with integer arithmetic, a characterization of the initial condition vector and state vectorX(ρ), for a fixedρ,ρ 〉 1, is established without the intermediate state vectors. This is used to determine initial conditions for stability and initial conditions for convergence to a limit cycle. Also, several properties of limit cycles are proven.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223320
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  • 129
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    High speed implementation of certain adaptive filters: A novel Toeplitz matrix decomposition approach (1993)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 495-502 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study implementation problems involved with certain adaptive filters requiring high speed matrix-vector multiplies of the formTw, whereT isn×n Toeplitz andw is ann×1 vector. We solve the problem using a novel and simple matrix decomposition of the formT=C+S, whereC is circulant and5 is “factor” circulant.C andS support fast Fourier transform implementations of all basic matrix computations. The decomposition can also be used to implement the productT 1 T 2 with fast Fourier transform algorithms.
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    Rate distortion function for nth-order Gaussian Markov process (1993)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 567-578 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The foundations of information theory as a whole, and the rate distortion theory in particular, were ably laid by Shannon in 1948. The rate distortion function R(D) is defined as the effective rate (R) at which the source produces information subject to the constraint that the user can tolerate an average distortion of D. The rate distortion functions for Gaussian Markov Processes were studied by Berger [1] and Bunin [2] for small distortion values. This paper presents the generalization of this study fornth-order Gaussian Markov processes for all distortion levels from 0 toσ 2. The function is first derived, computer simulated, and then calculated for first and second order cases, and the corresponding results are commented.
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    Digital image coding using legendre transform (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 3-18 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Image coding can be implemented through DPCM, transform, hybrid, or segmentation coding techniques. Some transform coding techniques, such as cosine and Hadamard, have been exhaustively analyzed and evaluated, while others, such as Legendre, have not. This paper introduces the use of Legendre transform in image coding. The transform matrix for different block sizes is calculated, the fast algorithm is derived, and the performance is evaluated through both mean square error and subjective quality. The results obtained have indicated that the system performance is comparable with that of optimum KLT and cosine transforms; moreover, it is simpler in implementation.
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    Design of FIR digital filters with flatness constraints for the error function (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 77-97 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A method will be presented for the approximation of a desired frequency response by the frequency response of a FIR filter. It is possible to match the functional values and an arbitrary number of derivatives of both responses for zero frequency, thus making the error flat up to a desired degree. Remaining degrees of freedom are used for a weightedL 2-approximation. Closed form design formulae will be given.
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    Solution of nonlinear kinematics of a parallel-link constrained Stewart platform manipulator (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 167-183 
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    Notes: Abstract The Stewart platform manipulator is a fully parallel kinematic linkage system that has great advantages over typical serial link robots. However, one major problem in controlling this kind of manipulator is that, due to its closed kinematic chain and parallel-link constrained structure, it is impossible to derive an explicit kinematic solution. This paper proposes a simplified algorithm to numerically solve the forward kinematics of a six-links Stewart platform. Taking advantage of some fundamental geometric operations, the proposed algorithm involves only 3 nonlinear simultaneous equations. The explicit expressions are derived for some special configurations which can directly give the geometric limitations to motion in terms of the geometric dimensions of the platforms and the legs.
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    Two mathematical models of unconfined detonation and their numerical solution (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 155-165 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider the numerical solution of an unconfined detonation problem modelled by differential/algebraic equations in a boundary value format. The problem has index one throughout the interval of integration, except at a free boundary point, where it has index two. Moreover, a nonlinear constraint is active at the free boundary point. We consider a simple mathematical model, as well as a more realistic and functionally complex model. In both cases, the resulting boundary value problem is solved directly, using a collocation method. This approach compares favorably with the solution techniques proposed previously in the literature and enables us to examine some interesting properties of the solution to the detonation problem.
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    A relation of inclusion for implicit linear systems (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 241-254 
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    Notes: Abstract In [2] a relation of covering for implicit systems has been introduced and studied. It has been shown that this notion is useful when studying the problems of minimal left inverse and minimal observer design. In the present paper we study a slightly more general notion: a relation of inclusion for implicit systems that enjoy the outputuniqueness property. We are chiefly interested in systems of a minimal size including a given system. A particular application we have in mind is a minimal order observer or a minimal left inverse construction. We show that study of including systems may allow us in some cases to reduce the size of an observer or an inverse beyond the one given by minimization under external equivalence. A similar approach has been applied in [2] to minimal covering systems. However, including systems have an important advantage over the covering ones: since they constitute a broader class, they offer us more freedom in picking a minimal one of a desired sort.
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    Structural solution of the disturbance decoupling problem for implicit linear discrete-time systems (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 311-327 
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    Notes: Abstract The proportional canonical form and its complete orbital invariants, described by Loiseau and Lebret in [11] or [8], are used to obtain structural equivalent characterizations of the solutions to the Disturbance Decoupling Problems which have been defined and geometrically studied by Banaszuk, Kociecki and Przyluski in [3]. In addition, a new problem, based on deeper input-output consideration, is introduced. Necessary conditions for this last problem are given.
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    Call for papers (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. i 
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    A distribution-free technique to estimate the order of markovian dependence using entropy (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 31-54 
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    Notes: Abstract A model-order determination procedure for time series is described which is based on computing the differential entropy of the time series' multivariate amplitude probability density. The procedure, termed the differential entropy method, applies to linear and nonlinear models for the time series. Simulations were performed to determine the performance characteristics of the differential entropy method on first-order autoregressive models with Gaussian and non-Gaussian inputs and on a first-order nonlinear model. It produces accurate model-order estimates for the linear model once the correlation coefficient becomes large enough. The threshold for accurate estimates is dependent on the amplitude distribution of the model's input. This technique estimates the model order of data having nonlinear dependence structure more accurately than thead hoc application of the AIC and MDL methods. Extension of the method to higher-order models is described, but, because of computation complexity issues, the differential entropy method is best used for estimating small model orders.
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    On the design of a multiplexer with a common junction (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 75-97 
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    Notes: Abstract Two sets of formulas for scattering parameters are presented for multiplexers having parallel and series configurations with a common junction. A new general design approach is developed for multiplexers having any response types and any number of channel filters of arbitrary degree, bandwidth, and interchannel spacing. By using these formulas and computer optimization techniques for all the element values in the channel filters, the design process results in a good match at the common input port over the transmission frequency band. Several examples including a contiguous multiplexer are given to demonstrate the design procedure.
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    Editorial (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 125-126 
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    On the design and realization of a class of uniform single rate FIR DFT filter banks (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 99-121 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a computationally efficient realization of single rate uniform FIR filter banks for audio and spectral analysis applications. The channel filters in the analysis bank are represented as modulated versions of a prototype narrowband lowpass FIR filter. Using the IFIR filter design technique [23], [24], this prototype lowpass filter can be designed very efficiently as a cascade of two subfilters. The IFIR filter design is extended for the two-branch realization of uniform filter banks with overlapping channels. A generalized structure is presented which can be used for bothodd andeven stacking arrangements of the channels. The shaping filter structures for the two branches are realized from a single delay line and a single set of filter coefficients, thus conserving the total number of multipliers and delays in the overall realization. The postfilter structure, in conjunction with the Generalized DFT matrices, performs the channel selection. The Generalized DFT matrices are used to provide the necessary modulation for the postfilter coefficients so that the appropriate passbands are selected for each channel of the analysis bank. This leads to a polyphase network realization of the postfilter structure. We derive conditions so that the original input signal can be exactly reconstructed from the channel signals.
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    The conductivity of checkerboards treated by conjugate functions (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 129-133 
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    Notes: Abstract The flow of electrical current in a conducting plate is defined by an electrical potentialu(x, y) and a stream functionv(x, y) whose level lines are the lines of flow. If the plate has unit conductivity, thenu andv satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations and (u, v) is termed a conjugate pair. Then (v, -u) is also a conjugate pair and sou andv play dual roles. However, suppose that the conductivity of the plate is not constant but periodic, such as an infinite checkerboard of tiny black and white squares. This poses the problem of determining the effective conductivity of the checkerboard in the large. By using generalized Cauchy-Riemann equations and duality the effective conductivity of the checkerboard is shown to be the geometric mean of the conductivities of black and white.
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    Shorts of block operators and infinite networks—A note on the shorted operator: II (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 161-170 
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    Notes: Abstract Let Aij i, j=1, 2,..., be operators on a Hilbert spaceX, such that the compound operatorA ∞=A ij i, j=1 ∞ induces a bounded positive operator onl 2(X). We show that S(A ∞, theshorted operator (orgeneralized Schur complement), of A∞ can be obtained as the limits of shorts of the operators An, where An is the truncated version ofA ∞, thenA n=A ij i, j=1 n . We use these results to study the short-circuit approximations to infinite networks.
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    Applications of lattice theory to graph decomposition (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 181-195 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the set of multitree classes equipped with a partial order is a lattice called a multitree lattice. This multitree lattice in fact is a geometric lattice. Since there is a one-to-one correspondence between a multitree class and an element of the multitree lattice, the trees of a composite of subgraphs can be generated without duplications by the set union of the Cartesian products of the multitree classes of the subgraphs, which form a maximal independent set.
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    Parallel sums and norm convergence (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 213-222 
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    Notes: Abstract LetA andB be the impedance operators of two resistive Hilbert ports. Then theparallel sum ofA andB, denotedA: B, is defined to be the joint impedance of the parallel interconnection ofA andB. We survey some results about the norm convergence of limɛ↓0(A+ɛI): (B+ɛI). By means of several new examples, we investigate the relation between such norm convergence and range inclusion conditions.
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    Infinite networks and quadratic optimal control (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 229-238 
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    Notes: Abstract A discrete-time quadratic optimal control problem is shown to be equivalent to an infinite cascade ofn-port electrical networks. Both problems can be expressed as a generalized Schur complement (or shorted operator) of a block tridiagonal operator. Using Maxwell's principle for resistive networks, a variational formulation of the cascade limit ofn-port networks is given. For one special case a formula for the solution of the quadratic control problem is given in terms of the geometric mean of operators.
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    Derivation of an adaptive algorithm for IIR digital systems realized by power-wave digital filters (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 241-269 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new efficient algorithm for adjusting the coefficients of an adaptive infinite impulse response power-wave digital filter in order to estimate the discrete-time signal y(k) as the recursively filtered version of the signalx(k). To do this, eight different prediction errors are defined which can be computed recursively with respect to model order and time, which leads to similar recursions as for the lattice algorithm [1], where autoregressive processes are considered. These recursions can be implemented as a digital filter which can be separated in ananalysis and asynthesis part, where the latter can be interpreted as a power-wave digital filter [2], [3], [13]. Hence, the stability of this adaptive network is always guaranteed [4]. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed algorithm can be considered as an extension of the Levinson algorithm [7] for the efficient inversion of a special class of matrices.
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    The use of the homogeneous form in the study of singular systems (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 301-317 
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    Notes: Abstract The objective of this paper is to present an algebraic theory for analyzing the infinite structures of singular systems. The key concept used in the development is the so-called homogeneous form for polynomial and rational matrices, which can be seen as a generalization of the well-known notion of homogeneous form for matrix pencils. We show how familiar concepts such as matrix fraction description, infinite poles and zeros, irreducibility, and cancellation at infinity appear naturally in this framework. The characterizations for some of these concepts are derived in terms of homogeneous forms. Considering singular systems to be alternative representations for (possibly nonproper) rational matrices, we are able to relate the fundamental concepts of controllability and reconstructibility for singular systems to the concept of complete coprimeness for rational matrices, and to relate the concept of minimal order of singular systems to the concept of the McMillan degree of rational matrices. As an important result, the equivalence relations among the concepts of joint controllability and reconstructibility, minimal order, and complete irreducibility are established. Moreover, we show that for any rational matrix factorized in matrix fraction description, the determinantal degree of the denominator matrix is the McMillan degree of the rational matrix if and only if the matrix fraction description is completely irreducible.
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    Three-dimensional rotated digital filters: Design, stability, and applications (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 383-408 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three-dimensional (3-D) signal processing offers many advantages over two-dimensional (2-D) processing, because it preserves 3-D correlations. In this paper the design and the stability of 3-D rotated filters are considered. These filters are designed by rotating a one-dimensional (1-D) digital filter in 3-D space. The rotated filters are valuable in the design of various 3-D filters which possess prescribed spectral specifications. An efficient algorithm for the design of 3-D lowpass (LP) digital filters, with approximately spherically symmetric magnitude responses, is introduced. To achieve the desirable spectral characteristics, a number of 3-D rotated filters is cascaded. The stability of the spherically symmetric filters designed is considered, and stable realizations are proposed. The relation between the cut-off isopotential sphere of the 3-D filter and the cut-off frequency of the 1-D filter employed in the design, is derived. Finally, configurations that result in highpass (HP) and bandpass (BP) filters are proposed. Examples of LP, HP, and BP filters, designed on the basis of the method proposed, are presented.
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    On the design of Butterworth or Chebyshev broad-band impedance-matching ladder networks (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 55-73 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents explicit expressions for the maximum dc gain and the maximum allowable series inductance. The results are surprisingly simple, and can be used to decide whether or not a given RLC load can be matched to a resistive generator by a ladder network and yield a Butterworth or Chebyshev transducer power-gain characteristic of arbitrary order. Two examples are given to show the design procedure. The significance of these results is that they avoid the unnecessary use of Darlington type-C sections and circumvent the need to solve nonlinear equations or use design curves, thereby reducing the design to simple arithmetic.
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    Frequency analysis of time-varying periodic linear systems by using modulop transforms and its applications to the computer-aided analysis of switched networks (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 3-29 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a theory of modulop Laplace andZ-transforms which can adequately analyze any time-varying periodically switching system in frequency domain, in particular, switched-capacitor SC networks with nonideal operational amplifiers. Formulae for inverse and direct modulop transforms are included. Since the regular Laplace andZ-transform fail to be adequate for a nonideal sampled system, this new tool can be effectively used instead. An extremely efficient and fast program is developed based on the general theory. This program has been used by the author for the analysis of SC networks with nonideal operational amplifiers and requires less time for calculations compared with conventional time-domain methods. Furthermore, closed-form solutions for the nonideal transfer functions are given. The presented algorithm permits us to calculate the transfer function in partial fraction form and thus stability can be verified immediately.
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    Call for papers (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. ii 
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    Preface (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 127-128 
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    Solid holed torus knot oscillators (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 135-145 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop oscillators whose outputs are solid holed torus knots in real three-dimensional space. Here solid holed knots are closed trajectories on the solid holed torus where the solid holed torus is formed by three perpendicular circles revolved around one another. An electronic circuit is presented that can generate any desired solid holed torus knot.
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    Theory and application of Pascal-Sierpinski gasket fractals (1990)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 9 (1990), S. 147-159 
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    Notes: Abstract Some combinatorial parameters of Sierpinski gasket (SG) are presented. The more general Pascal-Sierpinski gaskets (PSG) provide a convenient vehicle for the study of resistance in fractal lattices. The combination of the wye-delta (Y-Δ) transformations and selected multiple tracer edges provide a powerful new tool. Connections are made to modeling transport networks: diffusion processes with barriers, random walks, and relaxation phenomena.
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    Computational design techniques for reduced-order observers in generalized state-space systems (1993)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 12 (1993), S. 589-602 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present computationally efficient design techniques for the reduced-order observer problem in generalized state-space systems. The proposed approach utilizes the generalized block Hessenberg form. The problem of reduced-order observer ingeneralized systems is reformulated as a full-order observer problem forstatespace systems. This new approach parametrizes the family of all possible solutions, studies the problem of robustness, and relaxes the condition of observability.
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    Nonlinear approximations using elliptic basis function networks (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 99-113 
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    Notes: Abstract Sharp conditions are given under which real-valued functions of several real variables can be approximated arbitrarily well by finite linear combinations of elliptic basis functions. Also given is a related result concerning the representation of functions as a limit in the mean of integrals involving elliptic basis functions.
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    On the robust control of nonlinear systems (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 203-211 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider robust stabilization of the class of nonlinear plants of the form $$\dot x = f(x) + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {g_i } (x)u_i (t),$$ which are equivalent, under smooth state space coordinate transformations and nonlinear state feedback, to controllable systems. This approach is very sensitive for unknown parameters' values. Parameter adaptation may be used as a technique to robustify minimum-phase systems [3]. We give an example of a locally stable adaptive tracking system in which the last assumption is weakened. The minimum-phase plant considered in the paper is a current-controlled squirrel cage induction motor.
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    Characterization of spectral correlation detector statistics useful in transient detection (1994)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 13 (1994), S. 497-511 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The statistics of a class of transient signal detectors known as spectral correlative detectors (SCD) are investigated. Rather than use asymptotic statistics, which are not valid for the short sample sizes typically encountered in transient detection, finite sample statistics are developed. In particular, for the case of no frequency averaging, the statistics are characterized in terms of a magnitude-of-complex-Wishart (MOCW) density function, and a noncentral-MOCW (NMOCW) density function under the condition that the transient signal is absent and present, respectively. Subsequently, the statistics of the SCD for various coherent and incoherent averaging lengths are characterized in an analogous fashion. Finally some experimental verification of these densities is presented.
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    Stabilization of a distributed system with a stable compensator (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Distributed parameter system ; Strong stabilization ; Stable compensator ; Parity interlacing condition ; Callier-Desoer class
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is proved that a multivariable distributed system, that has no poles on the boundary of the half-plane of analyticity of its transfer function, can be stabilized with a stable strictly proper lumped compensator if and only if the standard parity interlacing condition is satisfied. The problem is formulated and solved in a Banach algebra of transfer functions that are Laplace transforms of measures having a finite total variation with respect to some given submultiplicative weight function. In particular, this result can be applied to transfer functions in the Callier-Desoer class, and it seems to be new even for this class. The proofs are closely related to and based on the scalar case solved previously.
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    Tracking the condition number for RLS in signal processing (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 23-39 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Adaptive algorithms ; Condition estimation ; Recursive least squares ; Signal processing ; Singular values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We apply a fast adaptive condition estimation scheme, calledACE, to recursive least squares (RLS) computations in signal processing.ACE is fast in the sense that onlyO(n) operations are required forn parameter problems, and is adaptive over time, i.e., estimates at timet are used to produce estimates at timet + 1. RLS algorithms for linear prediction of time series are applied in various fields of signal processing: identification, estimation, and control. However, RLS algorithms are known to suffer from numerical instability problems under finite word-length conditions, due to ill-conditioning. We apply adaptive procedures, linear in the order of the problem, for accurately tracking relevant extreme eigen-values or singular values and the associated condition numbers over timet. In this paper exponentially weighted data windows are considered. The sliding data window case, which involves downdating as well as updating, is considered else-where. Numerical experiments indicate thatACE yields an accurate, yet inexpensive, RLS condition estimator for signal processing applications.
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    Topological aspects of the partial realization problem (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 117-149 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Hankel matrices ; Manifolds ; Partial realization ; Cell decomposition ; Bruhat decomposition ; Principal minors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the topology of manifolds of rectangular Hankel matrices, motivated by the problem of partial realization. Following Fischer and Frobenius, we introduce a rank-preserving Gl(2, ℝ)-action on the space Hank(M × N) of all realM × N Hankel matrices. We derive an explicit formula for the firstn x n principal minor of transformed Hankel matrices. Extending the earlier work of Brockett, the formula is applied to introduce a manifold structure on the space Hank(n, M × N) of allM × N Hankels of rankn. We construct a cell decomposition of Hank(M × N) which induces a cellular subdivision on each of the manifolds Hank(n, M × N) wheren ≤ min (M, N). This new cell decomposition is applied to investigate the topology of partial realizations.
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    On the relation between small-time local controllability and normal self-reachability (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 41-66 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Local controllability ; Normal reachability ; Measurable controls ; Control approximations
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a local property of nonlinear systems called the nontangency property and we show that, in the presence of this nontangency property, small-time local controllability by measurable controls implies small-time local controllability by piecewise-constant controls; furthermore, the initial state is normally reachable from itself in arbitrarily small time. The class of systems that are small-time locally controllable and satisfy the nontangency property is shown to contain all real-analytic systems, all smooth systems with the Lie-algebra rank condition, and all locally boundedC 1 systems. Some consequences of small-time normal self-reachability are also discussed.
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    Rate of convergence of schmidt pairs and rational functions corresponding to best approximants of truncated hankel operators (1992)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 67-79 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Hankel norm ; Rational approximation ; Order of approximation ; Wiener class
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of approximating Hankel operators of infinite rank by finite-rank Hankel operators is considered. For efficiency, truncated infinite Hankel matrices Γn of Γ are utilized. In this paper for any compact Hankel operator Γ of the Wiener class, we derive the rate of l2-convergence of the Schmidt pairs of Γn to the corresponding Schmidt pairs of Γ. For a certain subclass of Hankel operators of the Wiener class, we also obtain the rate of l1-convergence. In addition, an upper bound for the rate of uniform convergence of the rational symbols of best rank-k Hankel approximants of Γn to the corresponding rational symbol of the best rank-k Hankel approximant to Γ asn → ∞ is derived.
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    On generalized signal-to-noise ratios in quadratic detection (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Deflection ratio ; Generalized signal-to-noise ratio ; Quadratic detection ; Stochastic signal detection ; Reproducing kernel Hilbert space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The generalized signal-to-noise ratio (GSNR) is a measure of performance often used in evaluating binary hypothesis testing procedures. In this paper, we investigate the properties of the GSNR as applied to the evaluation of quadratic detectors with Gaussian hypotheses. Appealing to reproducing kernel Hilbert space theory, we give a representation for the GSNR that is particularly useful for evaluating extremal properties. Finally, we discuss an alternative performance measure that is both intuitively appealing and superior to the GSNR in some respects.
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    Singular ergodic control for multidimensional Gaussian processes (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 93-114 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Ergodic control ; Singular control ; Bounded variation control ; Diffusion process ; Dynamic programming ; Reflected diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A multidimensional Wiener process is controlled by an additive process of bounded variation. A convex nonnegative function measures the cost associated with the position of the state process, and the cost of controlling is proportional to the displacement induced. We minimize a limiting time-average expected (ergodic) criterion. Under reasonable assumptions, we prove that the optimal discounted cost converges to the optimal ergodic cost. Moreover, under some additional conditions there exists a convex Lipschitz continuous function solution to the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation which provides an optimal stationary feedback control.
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    Invertibility of Discrete-Event Dynamic Systems (1992)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 5 (1992), S. 365-390 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Automata ; Invertibility ; Observability ; Resiliency ; Error recovery ; Discrete-event dynamic systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider a class of Discrete-Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) modeled as finite-state automata in which only some of the transition events are directly observed. An invertible DEDS is one for which it is possible to reconstruct the entire event string from the observation of the output string. The dynamics of invertibility are somewhat complex, as ambiguities in unobservable events are typically resolved only at discrete intervals and, perhaps, with finite delay. A notion of resiliency or error recovery is developed for invertibility, and polynomial-time tests for invertibility and for resilient invertibility, as well as a procedure for the construction of a resilient inverter, are discussed.
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    Robustness for time-varying systems (1993)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 247-263 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Robustness ; Time-varying ; Coprime factorizations ; Operator balls ; Linear systems ; Stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider robust optimization for time-varying systems in terms of perturbations of fractional representations. Upper and lower bounds are given for the maximal radius of the operator ball around a given plant which can be stabilized by a single compensator. In the time-invariant case, these numbers are equal.
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    On the minimal number of trajectories determining a multidimensional system (1993)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 264-288 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Multidimensional system ; System behavior ; Trajectory ; Exact modeling ; Inverse system ; Gröbner basis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The minimal numberμ(S) of generators of a multidimensional systemS is constructively determined. Such anS is the solution space of a linear system of partial differential or difference equations with constant coefficients. The main theorem generalizes recent results of Heij and Zampieri who calculated the numberμ(S) in the one- (resp. two-) dimensional discrete case. There is also a direct connection with Macaulay's inverse systems in the multidimensional discrete situation, in particular with his principal systems characterized by the relationμ(S)⩽1. It is surprising that, for dimensions greater than one, very many “large” systems are principal in this sense.
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    On asymptotic model matching (1993)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 322-340 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Model matching ; Model reference adaptive control ; Nonlinear time-varying controllers ; Causality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the problem of asymptotic model matching, in which the objective is to force the plant to behave asymptotically like a reference model in response to an exogenous input. Conditions for solvability via a linear time-invariant controller are well known; here we prove that under a closed-loop causality constraint, moving to a nonlinear time-varying controller affords no reduction of these conditions. We explore the ramifications of this result to the (ideal) model reference adaptive control problem, demonstrating that (i) an upper bound on the plant relative degreemust be known, and (ii) the plant zeros in the closed right half-planemust lie in a finite set. We also derive a bound on the achievable asymptotic performance in the event that the solvability conditions fail to hold.
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    Differential periodic Riccati equations: Existence and uniqueness of nonnegative definite solutions (1993)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 341-362 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Differential periodic Riccati equation ; Periodic nonnegative definite solutions ; Hamiltonian matrix method ; Special solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the differential periodic Riccati equation. All the periodic nonnegative definite solutions are characterized in the more general case, providing a method for constructing them. The method is obtained from the study of the invariant subspaces of the monodromy matrix of the associated Hamiltonian system, and from the relations between these invariant subspaces and the controllability and unobservability subspaces. Finally, the method is applied to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of any periodic nonnegative definite solution and to study the existence and uniqueness of minimal, maximal, stabilizing, and strong solutions.
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    Feedback stabilization of a hybrid PDE-ODE system: Application to an overhead crane (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Asymptotic stabilization ; Boundary control ; Distributed parameter systems ; Hybrid system ; Lyapunov approach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the feedback stabilization of a hybrid PDE-ODE system which models an overhead crane with a flexible cable. The well-posedness of the closed-loop system is established, and asymptotic stabilization is proved, using LaSalle's Invariance Principle, for a class of nonlinear feedback laws. Estimates of the rate of decay are provided for a simplified model. Illustrative simulations are displayed.
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    Nilpotent bases for a class of nonintegrable distributions with applications to trajectory generation for nonholonomic systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 58-75 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nilpotent vector fields ; Nonholonomic control systems ; Trajectory generation
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops a constructive method for finding a nilpotent basis for a special class of smooth nonholonomic distributions. The main tool is the use of the Goursat normal form theorem which arises in the study of exterior differential systems. The results are applied to the problem of finding a set of nilpotent input vector fields for a nonholonomic control system, which can then be used to construct explicit trajectories to drive the system between any two points. A kinematic model of a rolling penny is used to illustrate this approach. The methods presented here extend previous work using the “chained form” and cast that work into a coordinate-free setting.
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    Small-gain theorem for ISS systems and applications (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 95-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Input-to-state stability ; Nonlinear systems ; Partial-state feedback ; Global stability
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a concept of input-to-output practical stability (IOpS) which is a natural generalization of input-to-state stability proposed by Sontag. It allows us to establish two important results. The first one states that the general interconnection of two IOpS systems is again an IOpS system if an appropriate composition of the gain functions is smaller than the identity function. The second one shows an example of gain function assignment by feedback. As an illustration of the interest of these results, we address the problem of global asymptotic stabilization via partial-state feedback for linear systems with nonlinear, stable dynamic perturbations and for systems which have a particular disturbed recurrent structure.
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    Interconnections and symmetries of linear differential systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 167-186 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Feedback ; Interconnection ; Linear system ; Reductive group ; Symmetry
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the interplay between control problems and symmetries in the context of linear systems. In particular, we establish sufficient conditions under which it is possible to control a symmetric system in order to make it achieve control objectives, without “breaking” its symmetry.
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    Feedback linearization and driftless systems (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 235-254 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Feedback linearization ; Dynamic immersion ; Driftless systems ; Pfaffian systems
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of dynamic feedback linearization is recast using the notion of dynamic immersion. We investigate here a “generic” property which holds at every point of a dense open subset, but may fail at some points of interest, such as equilibrium points. Linearizable systems are then systems that can be immersed into linear controllable ones. This setting is used to study the linearization of driftless systems: a geometric sufficient condition in terms of Lie brackets is given; this condition is also shown to be necessary when the number of inputs equals two. Though noninvertible feedbacks are nota priori excluded, it turns out that linearizable driftless systems with two inputs can be linearized using only invertible feedbacks, and can also be put into a chained form by (invertible) static feedback. Most of the developments are done within the framework of differential forms and Pfaffian systems.
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    Liapunov functions and stability criteria for nonlinear systems with multiple critical eigenvalues (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 255-278 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear control ; Liapunov ; Critical ; Relaxed ; D-stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Efficient criteria are derived via explicit construction of Liapunov functions for local asymptotic stability inference of nonlinear systems, whose linearizations possessc ≥ 2 critical modes at an equilibrium point. The stability criteria are obtained in the context of two novel notions, relaxed definiteness and relaxed stability. A real symmetricc×c matrixQ isrelaxed negative definite ifw TQw〈0 for any 0≠wεℜ + c , ℜ+=[0, ∞); a matrixR isrelaxed stable if there is aP〉0 such thatPR+R TP is relaxed negative definite. The construction leads to some characterizations of the nonlinear system's local structure,in the sense of Liapunov, and the so-called stability characteristic matrices and tensors. It is shown that a nonlinear system with multiple critical modes is locally asymptotically stable generically if the stability characteristic matrix is relaxed stable and less generically if the stability characteristic tensor is trivial or degenerate in certain way and the perturbed stability characteristic matrix is relaxed stable.
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    Decentralized sequential detection with sensors performing sequential tests (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 292-305 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Decentralized detection ; Sequential analysis ; Dynamic programming ; Distributed decision making ; Optimal stopping rules ; Stochastic teams
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A decentralized sequential detection problem is considered where a set of sensors making independent observations must decide which of the given two hypotheses is true. Decision errors are penalized through a common cost function, and each time step taken by the sensors as a team is assigned a positive cost. It is shown that optimal sensor decision functions can be found in the class ofgeneralized sequential probability ratio tests (GSPRTs) with monotonically convergent thresholds. A technique is presented for obtaining the optimal thresholds. The performance of the optimal policy is compared with that of a policy which uses SPRTs at each of the sensors.
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    Reduced inverse for controlled systems (1993)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 363-379 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Inversion ; Left-inverse system ; Observability
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The left-invertibility and the general construction of reduced inverse systems are studied and described in a unified vector-space approach for both linear and nonlinear systems. The order of reduced inverse systems is calculated by means of intrinsic invariants, which reflect some properties related to observability. The uniqueness of the reduced inverse is described by a factor space.
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    Approximation algorithm for an infinite-dimensional operator equation XL−BX=C (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 76-93 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Infinite-dimensional Sylvester equation ; Inverse problem ; Approximation algorithm ; Parabolic feedback systems
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study an infinite-dimensional operator equation XL−BX=C in a separable Hilbert space. The equation arises in the stabilization study of general linear parabolic systems, where the operatorsL, B, and C are coefficient operators describing a feedback control system. The solution to the stabilization naturally leads to an approximation problem of the operator equation. In this paper we propose a concrete algorithm for the approximation with the prescribed convergence rate when the closed operatorL is self-adjoint or more generally a spectral operator with compact resolvent.
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    Stochastic averaging analysis of a steepest-descent-type adaptive time-delay estimation algorithm (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 121-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Averaging analysis ; Time-delay estimation ; Adaptive algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper stochastic averaging analysis tools are used to study an adaptive time-delay estimation algorithm. Analyzing such an algorithm is very difficult because of its nonlinear, infinite-dimensional, and time-variant nature. By stochastic averaging analysis, we show that for the time-invariant delay case, the adaptive algorithm output converges weakly to the solution of an ordinary differential equation. Local convergence is demonstrated by showing that the solution of this differential equation converges exponentially to the true delay under reasonable initial conditions. Implementation of the algorithm is also discussed. Guided by the averaging results, a modified algorithm is proposed to eliminate the bias of the delay estimation. Second-order analysis is carried out and the results provide a theoretical justification of the observations made by other researchers with simulation and heuristic argument. Computer simulations are also included to support the analysis.
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    A time-varying Beurling-Lax theorem and a related interpolation problem (1994)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 148-166 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Time-varying systems ; Beurling-Lax theorem ; Sarason interpolation ; Krein spaces ; Causality ; Interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article concerns linear time-varying interpretations of the Beurling-Lax-Ball-Helton theorem and of Sarason's interpolation problem. The former characterizes shift-invariantH 2 (Krein) subspaces. Unilateral shift invariance reflects both causality and time invariance. Removing the stationarity requirement, a generalized theorem provides a characterization of certain causal subspace families Mt ⊂L2(t, ∞), t ε ℝ. Sarason's interpolation problem is interpreted here as a search for a (close to) minimal induced norm system, given causal input-output specifications. The Beurling-Lax theorem helps in identifying admissible specification classes. The problem is then reduced to and solved in terms of a linear time-varying Nehari problem. Technically, developments are based on timedomain, state-space methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211471
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    On the stabilization of controllable and observable systems by an output feedback law (1994)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 187-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Stabilization ; Controllability ; Observability ; Output feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For control systems which can be locally stabilized in small time by means of a dynamic periodic time-varyingstate feedback law, we give a sufficient condition on Lie derivatives of the output for local stabilization in small time by means of a dynamic periodic time-varyingoutput feedback law. If the system is analytic our sufficient condition is also necessary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212269
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    The computational complexity of approximating the minimal perturbation scaling to achieve instability in an interval matrix (1994)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 279-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Computational complexity ; Approximation complexity ; Robust stability ; Interval matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An interval matrix can be represented in terms of a “center” matrix and a nonnegative error matrix, specifying maximum elementwise perturbations from the center matrix. A commonly proposed robust stability (regularity) characterization for an interval matrix with a stable (nonsingular) center matrix identifies the minimum scaling of this error matrix for which instability (singularity) is achieved. In this paper it is shown that approximating this minimum scaling is a MAX-SNP-hard problem. This implies that in the general case, unless the class of deterministic polynomial-time decision problems, P, equals the class of nondeterministic polynomial-time decision problems, NP, thought to be highly unlikely, this minimum scaling cannot be approximated with a ratio arbitrarily close to unity in polynomial time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211520
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    Singular extremals on Lie groups (1994)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 217-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Singular extremals ; Characteristics ; Lie group ; Nonholonomic distribution ; Differential forms ; Sub-Riemannian geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the space of singular curves associated to a distribution ofk-planes, or, what is the same thing, a nonlinear deterministic control system linear in controls. A singular curve is one for which the associated linearized system is not controllable. If a quadratic positive-definite cost function is introduced, then the corresponding optimal control problem is known as the sub-Riemannian geodesic problem. The original motivation for our work was the question “Are all sub-Riemannian minimizers smooth?” which is equivalent to the question “Are singular minimizers necessarily smooth?” Our main result concerns the singular curves for a class of homogeneous systems whose state spaces are compact Lie groups. We prove that for this class each singular curve lies in a lower-dimensional subgroup within which it is regular and we use this result to prove that all sub-Riemannian minimizers are smooth. A central ingredient of our proof is a symplectic-geometric characterization of singular curves formulated by Hsu. We extend this characterization to nonsmooth singular curves. We find that the symplectic point of view clarifies the situation and simplifies calculations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212270
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    Embedding of time-varying contractive systems in lossless realizations (1994)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 306-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Lossless embedding ; Linear time-varying systems ; Riccati difference equation ; Bounded real lemma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The lossless embedding problem, also known as the Darlington synthesis or unitary extension problem, considers the extension of a given contractive system to become the partial input-output operator of a lossless system. In this paper the embedding problem is solved for discrete-time time-varying systems with finite but possibly time-varying state dimensions, for the strictly contractive as well as the boundary case. The construction is done in a state space context and gives rise to a time-varying Riccati difference equation which is shown to have a closed-form solution. As a corollary, a discrete-time Bounded Real Lemma is formulated, linking contractiveness of an input-output operator to conditions on its state realization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211522
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    On the stability of slowly time-varying linear systems (1994)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 7 (1994), S. 331-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Time-varying systems ; Linear systems ; Stability ; Stochastic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract New conditions are given in both deterministic and stochastic settings for the stability of the system x=A(t)x when A(t) is slowly varying. Roughly speaking, the eigenvalues of A(t) are allowed to “wander” into the right half-plane as long as “on average” they are strictly in the left half-plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01211523
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    Overview of GSM: Philosophy and results (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of wireless information networks 1 (1994), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Keywords: Digital cellular ; network architecture ; radio interface ; wireless services
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The work on GSM, a standardized European second-generation cellular system, was started in 1982 in order to prevent the fragmentation of the first-generation cellular market from continuing into the second generation. The goal was to define a system with open interfaces for Pan-European use that would offer the best compromise between a number of conflicting requirements, such as spectrum economy, high speech quality, low cost, and a large range of services. A broad outline of the novel features is presented, both concerning the architecture of the system and of the services offered, as well as the reasoning behind the more important choices. Finally, some views are presented concerning the future development of GSM and of the third-generation system, the co-called Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System, commonly referred to as FPLMTS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02117288
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    Autonomous SIR-based power control for a TDMA radio system (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of wireless information networks 1 (1994), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Power control based on signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) has been proposed as a technique for managing cochannel interference due to frequency reuse in a time-division multiple-access (TDMA) radio system. Early studies have focused on SIR balancing approaches that require centralized control for global power adjustment and/or associated channel reassignment or call admission control. This paper investigates the achievable performance of an autonomous power control technique which relies only on a simple fixed-step feedback adjustment algorithm. Simulation results, assuming no adaptation to Rayleigh fading, indicate that this simple power control technique can perform nearly as well as ideal SIR balancing/call removal, yielding a possible increase in spectrum efficiency of at least three times compared to a system without power control. Tracking of Rayleigh fading is found to provide an additional improvement in SIR of 4 to 4.5 dB for the range of fading rates expected in the pedestrian wireless access environments. This work is targeted toward understanding the traffic capacity and deployment implications of wireless technology alternatives that could provide access to local exchange networks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107418
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    Performance of cellular packet CDMA in an integrated voice/data network (1994)
    Springer
    International journal of wireless information networks 1 (1994), S. 199-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Keywords: Cellular packet CDMA ; voice/data network ; spreading factor ; forward error correction ; propagation loss coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a simulation-based study of cellular packet CDMA systems operating in an integrated voice/data traffic scenario. Spread-spectrum CDMA provides a suitable framework for resource-shared packet transport capable of combining isochronous (voice, ISDN) and bursty data services. In this work, a general network model for cellular packet CDMA with mixed voice/data traffic is described and used to evaluate the capacity/performance impact of several key system parameters. First, the effect of spreading factor (N) and forward error correction (FEC) rate are studied, confirming earlier work indicating a weak dependence onN and a well-defined optimum code rate in the range of 0.5–0.7 (with BCH coding). Next, the effect of propagation loss coefficient (γ) on network capacity is investigated over a range of possible assumptions forγ, including both constant and distance-dependent models. The results show that system capacity depends strongly onγ, varying by as much as a factor of 2 over the range of parameters considered. For a given distance-dependentγ assumption, performance results are also obtained for different cell sizes in order to understand the overall spatial reuse efficiency achievable in different cellular and microcellular scenarios. This is followed by an investigation of traffic source model effects: first the capacity improvement from voice activity detection VAD) is presented, showing the expected ∼2∶1 gains. Results for varying proportions of voice and data traffic intensities indicate that the operating efficiency does not change significantly as the proportion of bursty data relative to voice is varied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02107419
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    Discrete spectral index method for rib waveguide analysis (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 555-560 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown in this paper that the analysis of rib waveguides by the spectral index method (Sl) is made easier and more convenient by using discrete Fourier series throughout. This produces total agreement with Sl and also enables extremely fast calculations of overlap integrals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189505
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    Simulations and experiments of mode-locking of semiconductor lasers: pulse evolution, frequency detuning, and bias dependence (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 561-570 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Simulations of a mode-locked diode laser based on a travelling-wave rate-equation model have been compared with experiments. The pulse measurement technique involved a conventional intensity autocorrelator together with an internally generated second-harmonic emission measurement set-up. The latter is ideal for systematic relative measurements. For the first time, pulse evolution as a function of the number of round-trips was measured. Short optical pulses were obtained after approximately 40 round-trips. The experimental and simulated detuning range was about 1 MHz and the d.c. bias dependence was investigated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189506
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    Reflection losses of a multidisc diode-pumped Nd: YAG laser (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S23 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the alignment requirements of a scalable multidisc laser with respect to the internal reflection losses of the resonator. Considering the polarization state of the mode, these losses are generated due to a polarization mismatch at the disc surfaces. Measurements of the polarization of the output beam from a laser containing tilted discs were compared with computer simulations. The losses were calculated for resonators containing discs deviating slightly from the ideal orientation in a random manner, in order to predict the alignment requirements for a multidisc system. Results for variable numbers of discs and angular deviations are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088997
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    High-power solid-state lasers with unstable resonators (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S39 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal lensing properties of stable and unstable resonators are compared and rules are given for the design of optimized unstable resonators containing a focusing rod. Experimental verification with a high-power Nd: YAG system proved that for unstable resonators the restricting relationship between beam quality and output power no longer holds. Careful resonator design enables high output power to be extracted with unstable resonators without destroying the output couplers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02088999
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    Energy transfer from Cr3+ multisites to Tm3+ multisites in yttrium aluminium garnet (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S123 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multisite energy transfer from Cr3+ to Tm3+ was studied using low-temperature high-resolution laser spectroscopy. Selective excitation routes for Tm3+ sites were demonstrated using excitation and emission spectroscopy, and were confirmed by lifetime measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089005
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    Spectroscopic characteristics of YSGG:Cr,Ho, YSGG:Cr, Tm and YSGG:Cr,Tm,Ho (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S133 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper some spectroscopic properties of Y3Sc2Ga3O12 (YSGG):Cr,Ho, YSGG:Cr,Tm and YSGG:Cr,Tm,Ho are presented. The three lowest energetic manifolds of Ho3+ and Tm3+ in YSGG have been determined at 10 K. Time-resolved fluorescence build-up and decay of the laser active ions was measured in three crystals with different dopant concentrations. The transitions investigated were5I7 →5I8 for Ho3+ near 2000 nm and3H4 →3H6 for Tm3+ near 1800 nm. The data found on time-resolved fluorescence and energy level positions are useful for the discussion of the energy transfer characteristics of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089006
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    Optical characterization of tunable solid-state laser gain media (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S167 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The transition metal ions are optical centres that promise tunable laser operation at room temperature over much of the visible and near-infrared regions. This review presents the essential characteristics used in optical assessment of possible laser-active solids and some of the theory required to understand the experimental results. Also presented is a survey of the main features of the optical absorption-emission cycle, luminescence decay profiles, optical bandshapes and excited-state absorption for Ti3+, Cr3+ and Co2+ ions in (essentially) octahedral environments. Finally, materials characteristics (for example, radiative against non-radiative decay, excited-state absorption and disorder) that limit laser performance are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089009
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    Spectroscopy of multisites Cr3+ and Nd3+ in yttrium aluminium garnet (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S227 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cr3+ and Nd3+ non-equivalent crystal field sites were observed. By use of a high-resolution dye laser,2E and4A2 splittings, zero-phonon4A2 →2E,2T1,4T2 transitions and vibronic levels of2E doublets of Cr3+ non-equivalent centres were recorded. Energy transfers from Cr3+ multisites to Nd3+ were studied by site-selective spectroscopy and fluorescence decays.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089012
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    GSAG and YSAG: a study on isomorphism and crystal growth (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. S269 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The composition of gadolinium-scandium-aluminium (GSAG) and yttrium-scandium-aluminium (YSAG) garnet crystals grown by the Czochralski method and by floating zone melting was analysed. It is shown that Sc3+ and Al3+ ions in GSAG and Y3+, Sc3+ and Al3+ ions in YSAG can simultaneously occupy two types of sites in the lattice. The congruent melting composition of GSAG is {Gd2.88Sc0.12} [Sc1.77Al0.23] (Al3)O12. The homogeneity range of GSAG is rather narrow. In the Y2O3-Sc2O3-Al2O3 system a wide range of garnet-structured solid solutions exist. However, there is no ternary garnet that melts congruently. Distribution coefficients of components in YSAG are slightly varied from unity in the whole concentration range, and as the melt composition approaches YAG they tend to unity. Cr3+ and Nd3+ distribution coefficients in GSAG and YSAG are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02089015
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    Dye laser pulse shortening and stabilization by Q-switching (1990)
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 22 (1990), S. 375-384 
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of passive Q-switched short-cavity dye lasers (SCDL) and passive Q-switched distributed-feedback dye lasers (DFDL) are investigated theoretically by using rate-equation models. The calculations, in agreement with experimental results, predict a significant decrease of the pulse energy fluctuation and the pulse duration of both the SCDL and DFDL, when passive Q-switching is used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02189220
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