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  • Articles  (3,391)
  • Cambridge University Press  (3,391)
  • 1990-1994  (2,921)
  • 1950-1954  (470)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (1,780)
  • Biology  (1,296)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (315)
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  • Articles  (3,391)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASS volume 28 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012506
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    ASS volume 28 issue 4 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012518
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Maintaining the Military Districts: Civil—Military Integration and District Soldiers' Boards in the Punjab, 1919–1939 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 833-874 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The vital importance of the Indian Army as the guardian of the imperial order in India was never more evident than during the interwar years. The period from 1919 to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 was a testing time for the Raj; state authority was being challenged by a mounting nationalist movement, and public order was frequently disrupted by civil disobedience campaigns, as well as recurrent outbreaks of communal violence. In maintaining public order the colonial state had always been prepared to rely on that ultimate guarantee of its authority and power–the Indian Army. However, in frequent discussions of the deployment of the military in 'aid of civil power', the continued loyalty of the bulk of the army the Indian soldiers and officers, was never questioned, and seemed to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the to be taken for granted.2 Yet, both the Government of India and the Army Headquarters were well awar that the 'loyalty' of the Army could never be guaranteed, and that it was conditional upon a stable and pacified recruiting base; if that base were to be 'subverted', then the Indian Army, or portions of it, would not only cease to be of use as an instrument of state power, but could ultimately pose a threat to the Raj itself
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  • 4
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    ASS volume 28 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011811
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  • 5
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    Chinese Communist Policy Toward the United States and the Myth of the ‘Lost Chance’ 1948–1950 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 475-502 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Sino-Soviet conflict intensified and at the same time the Sino-American rapprochement was well under way. When the Americans began to search for an answer to the question of ‘Why Vietnam’, some US foreign relation documents in the later 1940s were released, which indicated that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had made certain friendly overtures toward the United States. Since then, it has become a widely-accepted interpretation among scholars that Washington ‘lost a chance’ to win over the CCP from Moscow in the late 1940s. The fundamental premise of this interpretation is that the CCP earnestly bid for American friendship and support as a counterweight to pressure from the Soviet Union. It is argued that the CCP sincerely sought the US recognition right up to the middle of and that it was only after their bids for American support were rejected by Washington that the Communists had to choose the ‘lean-to-one-side’ policy. In short, Washington's shortsighted policy in 1949 ‘forced Beijing into Moscow's embrace’, and therefore set in motion a train of disastrous events: the Korean War and the Vietnam War. A promising postwar Asian balance in favour of the US was ruined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    Towards a ‘Hindoo Marriage’. Anglo-Indian Monetary Relations in Interwar India, 1917–35 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 615-647 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A puzzling feature of interwar Anglo-Indian economic relations is the contrast between Whitehall's relatively hands-off attitude to Indian tariff policies, and its insistent hands-on approach to monetary policy issues in the colony. Both sets of issues were, at various times, equally contentious. But while Britain's strategic objectives in India paved the way for the Fiscal Autonomy Convention, the road towards a similar monetary ‘convention’ was never taken. Rather, thanks to Britain's external financial problems, the interwar decades saw initially a tightening, and later a refinement, of London's control over Indian monetary policies. This paper hopes to set out the processes at work more clearly than has been attempted before, and to account for them. The interpretation offered here is consistent with the ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ explanation of British imperialism during the interwar years, and of the postwar de-colonization process.
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  • 7
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    British Literary Travellers in Southeast Asia in an Era of Colonial Retreat (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 673-737 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Some write because they travel, and some travel because they write. A large number of progessional writers, not just travel-writers, have derived inspiration from travel: equally, a large number of travellers, who are not professional writers, have nevertheless often felt compelled to encapsulate their experience in literary form. It is the aim of this paper to survey such British travel literature relating to Southeast Asia during the period of massive transformation dating approximately from the ‘20S to the ’ 50S of this century. It is not intended to be comprehensive, but representative of the major landmarks of that literature along with some lesser-known works of particular interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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    Planning for Pakistan: The Planning Committee of the All-India Muslism League 1943–46 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 875-889 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Most studies have concentrated on the Muslim League's political activities and objectives. It is generally believed that it lacked a distinctive economic programme and unequivocally favoured private enterprise. The radical economic ideas produced by its Punjab and Bengal branches are attributed to a handful of activists who received short shrift from the High Command. The League's stance is thus contrasted with the Congress which addressed economic issues from a largely Socialist perpective.
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  • 9
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    Beach, Milo ClevelandAsher, Catherine B.: Mughal and Rajpur PaintingArchitecture of Mughal India : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 893-896 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012580
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  • 10
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    Foreign Influences on Bengali Revolutionary Terrorism 1902–1908 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 533-556 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Writing to John Morley, the Secretary of State for India, a few days after the first terrorist bomb was thrown by a Bengali, the Viceroy Lord Minto declared that the conspirators aimed ‘at the furtherance of murderous methods hitherto unknown in India which have been imported from the West, and which the imitative Bengali has childishly accepted’.This notion later was taken up and developed by Times correspondent Valentine Chirol, who wrote that Bengalis had ‘of all Indians been the most slavish imitators of the West, as represented, at any rate, by the Irish Fenian and the Russian anarchist’. Chirol went on to say that ‘European works on various periods of revolutionary history figure almost invariably amongst seizures of a far more compromising character whenever the Indian police raids some centre of Nationalist activity.’ This indicated that Bengali revolutionary terrorism was simply a takeoff on the European variety. The only indigenous element in it was the dangerous infusion of Hindu religious fanaticism.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Fuller, C. J.: The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India : Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 216-217 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011768
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  • 12
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    The Rathore Rajput Hero of Rajasthan: Some Reflections on John Smith's (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 589-614 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Few books are exemplars of real hard work sustained over a lengthy period of time as is John Smith's The Epic of Pabuji(1991). Starting his investigation of the scroll of cloth painting in 1973, a huge structure measuring fifteen feet by four, locally termed par, before which this epic is sung by a special caste of people, lower in hierarchy, called Naik Bhopa, Smith in a span of eighteen years has accomplished a work of lasting stay in the ethnographic tradition of south Asia as well as the discipline of folklore in general. Before this book was published, he had also contributed some important papers (in 1986 and 1989) on Pabu-ji. As far as I know, it is rare that Sanskritists, which Smith is at Cambridge, pay attention to ‘popular (or “non-Sanskritic”) traditions’ of people, and if at all they do, introducing the anthropological method of fieldwork in their study, their works are still laden with Indological references and scholarship where the actual voice of people is lost in oblivion or relegated to the back seat. But it does not happen with Smith; he is not only committed to listening to people's voice in its own right and place, but also provides a fair, up to date, and scholarly account of Pabu-ji's story and its role and niche in the local culture of Rajasthan. Therefore, his work is also of considerable interest to anthropologists, especially those working on the sociology of cult, popular religion, and non- literate traditions and their meanings.
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  • 13
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    ASS volume 28 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011665
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  • 14
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    Gellner, David N.: Monk, Householder, and Tantric Priest: Newar Buddhism and its Hierarchy of Ritual : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 439-447 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X0001249X
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  • 15
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    ASS volume 28 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X0001180X
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  • 16
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    ‘Hantu’ and Highway: Transport in Sabah 1881–1963 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-49 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Sabah (previously known as British North Borneo) occupies the whole of the northern portion of the island of Borneo, covering an area of 76, 115 square kilometres. Its immediate neighbours are Brunei, Sarawak and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). From 1882 to 1942, Sabah was administered by the British North Borneo (Chartered) Company. The territory possessed three main attractions: its timber, its reputed minerals and its land. Timber has now grown to be amajor export commodity, second only to petroleum. With the exception of deposits of coal and some gold, economic resources of other sought-after minerals were not proven during the period. The land proved to be the most valuable asset. Many crops were experimented with: tobacco, sugar cane, coffee, coconuts and rubber and they laid the basis for the economic development of the territory. The expansion of these crops was largely assisted by the introduction of a modern transport system which supplemented the original means of communication, the rivers. The railway in particular provided the impetus for the rubber boom on the west coast. In turn, this resulted in the emergence of an export-oriented economy, specializing in rubber, timber, copra and tobacco. From 1942, Sabah was occupied by the Japanese until its liberation in 1945. After a brief period under military administration, it became a British Colony in 1946. Under colonial rule from 1946 to 1963 the previous pattern of economic exploitation continued.
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  • 17
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    ASS volume 28 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012373
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  • 18
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    Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak Regeneration in Colonial Burma (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 225-250 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: One of the most innovative aspects of forest policy in colonial Burma was the employment of shifting cultivators in order to create teak plantations. As developed in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this system of plantation forestry represented an far-sighted attempt to establish teak production on a long-term basis. Indeed, its adaptation of what many colonial officials viewed as a destructive and primitive form of agriculture to more ‘useful’ end, guaranteed its popularity in a broader imperial context. Even today, the use of shifting cultivators for commercial tree planting remains an acknowledged agroforestry technique, and is promoted as a cure for various social and ecological problems.
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  • 19
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    ASS volume 28 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 20
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    From Empire Defence to Imperial Retreat: Britain's Postwar China Policy and the Decolonization of Hong Kong (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 317-337 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Attempts to examine Hong Kong as an issue in British postwar colonial policy often emphasize the unique nature of the colony, and therefore a special case in British decolonization. Hong Kong has been regarded as an unconventional colonial entity, an anachronism in the modern world. But others argue that the word colony is not an appropriate term to describe it, except in the most severely technical legal sense, because of its spectacular industrial and economic development since the end of the Second World War. Nonetheless, Hong Kong has existed as a British crown colony since 1842, and its colonial political structures have remained more or less the same until the early 1980s. Hong Kong's special relations with China is an important factor making it an oddity in post-war British decolonization. Instead of becoming independent like most other British colonialterritories, Hong Kong's political future is linked to China. This situation of ‘decolonization without independence’ has been an important theme of academic analysis on the colony's political development.
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  • 21
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    Mehta, V. R.: Foundations of Indian Political Thought: An Interpretation (from Manu to the Present Day : New Delhi, Manohar, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 431-438 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00012476
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  • 22
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    The Politics of Trade Union Formation in the Java Sugar Industry, 1945–1949 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 77-98 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Comparatively little of a scholarly nature has been written about Indonesian trade unions, particularly on the two decades from 1945 to 1965 when, like the political parties to which so many of them were affiliated, the unions had their heyday. This paper focuses on the development of trade unions in one specific industry: refined sugar production. The period to be examined—1945 to 1949—runs from the proclamation of Indonesian independence by Sukarno and Hatta, through the revolution fought against the returning Dutch, to December 1949 when the Netherlands finally acknowledged Indonesian independence. It was during this period that the major post-war sugar industry unions were established. The circumstances surrounding the establishment of these unions will be examined, along with their leaders and members, ideological leanings and political and industrial objectives.
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  • 23
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    The Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the ‘Dry South’, c. 1870–1930 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 129-164 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Although it would now seem established beyond question that agriculture in most parts of India had been exposed to commercial influences from medieval times, there can be little doubt that a variety of developments from the second half of the nineteenth century greatly strengthened those influences. Railways and road transport made possible a huge expansion in cash cropping, for national and international markets, and production regimes across the subcontinent were placed in a new context of opportunity—and of pressure. While so much would scarcely be disputed among historians, what has become—and remained—more controversial, however, is an understanding of the implications of this extended commercial logic for agrarian economy and society. Since colonial times, opinions would seem to have been divided between ‘optimists’, for whom commercialization marked progress and a growing prosperity for all; ‘pessimists’, for whom it marked regress into deepening class stratification and mass pauperization; and ‘sceptics’ who held that it made very little difference and that its impact was largely absorbed by preexisting structures of wealth accumulation and power on the land.
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  • 24
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    Indian Secularism: A note (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 223-224 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 25
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    Utilitarianism and the Criminal Law in Colonial India: A Study of the Practical Limits of Utilitarian Jurisprudence (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 739-791 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The role of legal tradition in the reformist rhetoric of Benthamite Utilitarianism presents us with a contradiction. On the one hand, there is the common observation that Utilitarian jurisprudence was necessarily ahistorical and rejected the past as a source of concepts for reworking the criminal justice system existing in Britain during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For philosophic reformers such as Bentham, contemporary British criminal justice was to be replaced by a scientific jurisprudence, abstract, universal, and secular in outlook, and antipathetic to the more conservative insistence that the foundations of the penal law continue to be tradition-based. ‘If society was to see any improvement, its law must be reformed; if its law was to be reformed it must be burned to the ground and rebuilt according to a new and rational pattern.’ On the other hand, we find that the very same Utilitarian thinkers, in works describing the state of the law in British India, were concerned with local rather than universal conceptions of criminality. In his 1782 Essay on the Influence of Time and Place in Matters of Legislation, Bentham, for instance, urged the philosophic reformer to temper change in India by fitting Utilitarian judgments about the law to the frames of local society.
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  • 26
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    Braighlinn, G.: Ideological Innovation Under Monarchy: Aspects of Legitimation Activity in Contemporary Brunei : Amsterdam, VU University Press, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 891-893 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 27
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    Saigō Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 449-474 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: According to the view current among most Japanese today, the samurai lost their last hope of surviving as a distinct social or political group when Saigō Takamori died in the autumn of 1877. In fact, the fate of the samurai class had been sealed as early as 1866, when Satsuma and Chōshū joined forces to destroy the only institutional order in which the samurai had any functional meaning. Their disappearance from the Japanese stage was brought about by forces that Saigō helped to set in motion, but over which neither he nor any other individual could possibly have exerted much control. In the end he had no significant effect on the fate of the samurai.
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  • 28
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    Somatic Nationalism: Indian Wrestling and Militant Hinduism (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 557-588 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the West it is commonplace to regard sport as either an extracurricular form of leisure, or else as a business enterprise. Games and contests of all kinds are a form of distraction; and for some a very lucrative form at that (Smith 1978). Almost by definition sports direct our attention away from ‘real life’ to some form of fantasy world where there is high drama but little by way of the material or ideological substance of productive, pragmatic and ‘rational’ labor (cf. Rojek 1985; Simon 1985). Hand in hand with such a notion of marginal utility goes a folk attitude that sport is meaningless by virtue of its being purely and simply fun, as though pleasure and purpose are somehow antithetical.
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    ‘Ethnic’ Conflict as Stat–Society Struggle: The Poetics and Politics of Assamese Micro-Nationalism (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 649-671 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper is an attempt to understand one case of ‘ethnic’ conflict in India—Assam. By looking closely at this one case I hope we will understand better the phenomenon of India's persistent dilemma of micro-nationalist politics that from time to time seems to be fundamentally at odds with India's macro-nationalist project. To be sure, despite the seriousness of some of these conflicts—say Punjab and Kashmir at present, or Assam until recently—the incidence of micro-nationalist dissent should be kept in perspective. The Indian state can claim quite a bit of success in its project of ‘nation building’-it has been able to incorporate micro-nationalist dissent of a number of peoples by using persuasive and coercive means at its disposal. Moreover, cven conflicts that appear stubborn at one time turn out to be surprisingly amenable to negotiated settlement. Irrespective of the Indian state's ability to manage micro-nationalist dissent, the assumption that nationalisms have a telos that inevitably leads to a demand for separation relies on a rather sloppy and lazy naturalist theory of the nature and origins of nations and nation states. What the Indian experience forces us to confront is the fate of nationalism and the nation state as they spread worldwide as a modal form. In the Indian subcontinent these new forms that privilege 'formal boundedness over substantive interelationships," come face to face with a civilisation that represents a particularly complex way of ordering diversity.2 In a subcontinent where the historical legacy of state formation is marked by an intermittent tension between the imperial state and regional kingdoms, nationalisms and the nation state may have proved to be rather unfortunate modern transplants.3
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    Filipino Identity in Fiction, 1945–1972 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 279-315 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Philippines in the immediate post-war years may be described as a nation in search of an identity. This preoccupation with what one journalist has dubbed ‘the question of identity’ spurred a sudden interest in the research and discussion of things Filipino: Filipino dance, theater, literature, language, music, art and cultural traditions. After four hundred and fifty years of colonial rule the Filipino intelligentsia began to wonder if indeed the western legacy of colonial rule was the annihilation of the very essence of Filipino culture. Under the aegis of American rule Filipinos were adamant about proving to their colonizers that they had been good pupils in western democratic ideals and were fit to govern themselves. From the 1920s to the early 1940s, the Filipino had become a sajonista (pro-American). The Japanese colonizers who replaced the Americans in the second world war were appalled not only at the pro-Americanism of the Filipino but at the magnitude of American influence absorbed by Filipino culture. In fact it was the Japanese who promoted the use of Tagalog and the ‘revival’ and appreciation of Filipino cultural traditions as part of the policy of ‘Asia for the Asians’. Once independence was achieved at last in 1946, the focus shifted. The nagging question was no longer ‘Are we western enough to govern ourselves?’ but its opposite—‘Have we become too westernized to the point of losing ourselves?’.
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    The New International Division of Labour and the Indian Computer Software Industry (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 381-408 
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    Notes: The literature on the new international division of labour (NIDL) highlights the rapid growth of the electronics industry in East and Southeast Asia. By contrast, the Indian electronics industry has received less attention because of its traditional emphasis upon import substitution and relatively weak articulation with the prevailing global division of labour. Moreover, the application of the microchip technology in India is still in its early stages, though government interest and support for it suggest a promising future. Nevertheless, in computer software India is emerging as a competitive location for software development and exports.
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    Gully Coolies, Weed-Women and Snijvolk: The Sugar Industry Workers of North Java in the Early Twentieth Century (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 51-76 
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    Notes: The issue of who constituted the workforce employed in the Java sugar industry during the late colonial era remains a controversial one. Almost thirty years ago one leading Indonesian scholar made the eminently plausible suggestion that ‘on the whole, those who sought work in the sugar industry... were those who had no land. They were for the greater part recruited from the landless... who were eager to sell their labour to anyone prepared to pay wages’ [Selosoemardjan 1962: 271]. Since that time, however, the waters of debate have become a great deal murkier. In particular, the legend that the industry's workers remained ‘peasants’ is one which dies hard [e.g. Knight 1989]. Indeed, if there can be said to be a single image illustrative of the prevailing orthodoxy concerning the relations between labour and capital in late colonial Java, it is that of the peasant-worker who ‘persisted as a community-oriented household farmer at the same time that he became an industrial wage labourer’ and who ‘had one foot in the rice terrace and the other in the [sugar] mill’ [Geertz 1963: 89]
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    Dewey, Clive J.: The Settlement Literature of the Greater Punjab: A Handbook : New Delhi, Manohar Press, 1991 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 215-216 
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    Ahmed, Aijaz: In Theory. Classes, Nations, Literatures : London, Verso, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 217-221 
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    The Debt Tables of the World Bank (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 693-697 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: As members of the Debt Crisis Network of Charities and Non-Governmental Organisations, my colleague, Bill Peters, and I, Co-Chairmen of the Campaign for Jubilee 2000, were invited to the annual presentation in London of the World Bank's very detailed Debt Tables that are prepared with great care each year by Malvina Pollock and her team in Washington. They draw on statistics from 129 (116 in 1992–3) third-world governments, which are dealt with country by country in four pages of analysis in Volume 2, having been aggregated in Volume 1 to give totals for each major area, and for different income groups. Both sets of figures include lengthy and informative introductions analysing the changes and structures in debt and finance for developing countries during the last year.
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    Uganda: the Making of a Constitution (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 707-711 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Government of Uganda headed by President Yoweri Museveni, which came to power in January 1986, has made impressive progress since then in bringing about peace and national reconcilication, and in restoring the rule of law. It has turned the economy round from what might be described as ‘free fall’ to steady growth, albeit still heavily dependent on foreign aid. It has returned expropriated properties to their Asian owners, and has begun to attract foreign investment. Above all it has restored hope and given Ugandans back their pride. These are no means achievements, and place the country firmly among the few in Africa in recent years which have managed to bring about a real improvement in the overall quality of life for their citizens, albeit from a very low base. This would in itself be sufficient reason for looking more closely at what has been happening there. But, after all the disappointments of the past, it is also legitimate to ask whether these dramatic improvements are likely to be sustainable.
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    Non-Commercial Systems of Land Allocation and their Economic Implications: Evidence from Burkina Faso (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 713-717 
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    Notes: The preliminary results of on-going research in Burkina Faso, undertaken in collaboration with the University of Ouagadougou, suggest that the lack of titled land and land markets does not necessarily imply serious economic disadvantages, such as little investment or low productivity, and that the transaction costs of moving from a traditional to a modern system of land tenure would be far higher than if old arrangements continued to operate.
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    Making Democracy Work: a framework for macroeconomic policy in South Africa : Bellville, Centre for Development Studies, University of the Western Cape, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 726-729 
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    Gifford, PaulGifford, Paul: New Dimensions in African ChristianityChristianity and Politics in Doe's Liberia : Ibadan and Lagos, Sefer Books, 1993Cambridge University Press, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 737-740 
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    Morocco versus Polisario: a Political Interpretation (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 265-278 
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    Notes: By 1994 Africa had only one major unresolved colonial question. Namibia and Eritrea having acquired their independence in March 1990 and May 1993 respectively, the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara remains controlled by the Kingdom of Morocco (as it has since 1975), despite the expenditure of thousands of human lives, billions of dollars, and strenuous diplomatic efforts to resolve the dispute through the Organisation of African Unity (O.A.U.) and the United Nations. Both Morocco, under the monarchical régime of King Hassan II, and the Frente popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y Río de Oro (Polisario Front) composed of Saharawis dedicated to the establishment of an independent Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (S.A.D.R.), have found each other far more resourceful and less willing to compromise than they could possibly have surmised almost two decades ago.
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    How Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Shifted from Class Analysis to a Neo-Colonialist Perspective (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 329-339 
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    Notes: Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o has established himself as one of the leading second-generation African writers. His first two novels, Weep Not, Child (London, Heinemann, 1964) and The River Between (London, Heinemann, 1965), written while an undergraduate at Makerere University College, Kampala, brought him recognition as the foremost East African writer. His third novel, A Grain of Wheat (London, Heinemann, 1967), established James Ngugi, as he then called himself, as one of the most distinguished literary voices from Africa. There was a long pause before Ngũgĩ published his next novel, Petals of Blood (London, Heinemann, 1977). The change in name signalled that during the intervening years he had developed a radical new perspective on Kenya, the explicit locale of all his writing.
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    Machobane, L. B. B. J.: Government and Change in Lesotho, 1800–1966: a study of political institutions : Basingstoke and London, Macmillan, 1990 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 349-352 
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    Konings, PietFisiy, Cyprian F.: Labour Resistance in Cameroon: managerial strategies and labour resistance in the agro-industrial plantations of the Cameroon Development CorporationPower and Privilege in the Administration of Law: land law reforms and social differentiation in Cameroon : London, James Currey; Yaoundé, 1993Leiden, African Studies Centre, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 356-358 
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    Erkkilä, Antti; Siiskonen, HarriHisham, Mohamed Ahmed; Sharma, Jan; Ngaiza, Anthony; Atampugre, Nicholas: Forestry in Namibia, 1850–1990Whose Trees? A People's View of Forestry Aid : Finland, University of Joensuu, 1992London, Panos Institute, 1991 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 358-361 
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    Rebuilding Organisation Capacity in Uganda Under the National Resistance Movement (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 53-80 
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    Notes: Eight years of reconciliation, policy reform, and economic recovery have now followed 20 years of dictatorship, corruption, civil war, and economic decline in Uganda. This stems from the interaction between a government which has created a benign environment for development, and donors who have provided generous support conditional on compliance with a standard package of structural adjustment policies involving changes in macro-economic management. These include the removal of price distortions on foreign exchange, capital, and essential commodities, improved fiscal and financial discipline, the reduction of marketing monopolies and state controls, and civil service reform. Government has set up participatory political structures at national and local levels, restored law and order, and taken many of the unpopular decisions required to enforce the changes demanded by adjustment policy.
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    Parnwell, Mike: Population Movements and the Third World : London and New York, Routledge, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 341-342 
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    The End of an Era: the Rise and Fall of G.D.R. Aid (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 305-328 
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    Notes: The reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 marked the end not only of a socialist experiment but also of an alternative source of aid to developing countries as far apart as Vietnam, Cuba, and Mozambique. Whilst the Soviet Union was the major socialist provider of assistance, the former German Democratic Republic (G.D.R.) played a not insignificant rôle. Yet how great was the loss to the developing world when the G.D.R. rapidly disintegrated? What was distinctive about its aid compared with that of capitalist donors? What happened to the projects, experts, overseas students, and foreign workers once Germany reunified?
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    Helmsing, A. H. J.; Kolstee, Theo: Small Enterprises and Changing Policies: structural adjustment, financial policy and assistance programmes in Africa : London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 345-347 
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    Mkhondo, Rich: Reporting South Africa : London, James Currey, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 361-364 
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    MOA Volume 32 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-4 
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    The South African Defence Force and Political Reform (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 29-51 
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    Notes: South Africa's security establishment, specifically the South African Defence Force (S.A.D.F.), illustrates important linkages between national security and political reform. The military and police influence reconciliation, for better or for worse, in all post-conflict states, especially those experiencing an interregnum between authoritarianism and hoped-for democracy, and in which no undisputed ‘winner’ has yet emerged. Alexis de Tocqueville noted long ago that ‘the most perilous moment for a bad government is one when it seeks to mend its ways’, Reform and political change, as Samuel Huntington observes, ‘may contribute not to political stability but to greater instability ...[and] encourages demands for still more changes which can easily snowball’. Both suddenly unrestrained popular demands and forces loyal to the ancien régime (including the military) may threaten the process and outcome of reform.
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    What Can Africa Learn from Taiwan? Political Economy, Industrial Policy, and Adjustment (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 111-138 
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    Notes: Are there lessons Africa can learn from Taiwan and the other East Asian newly industrialising countries (NICs)? Evaluating the relevance of their experience is fraught with difficulties inherent in making comparisons across regions, during different periods of time, with different preconditions. Clearly, developments in Africa have to be based on local institutions, values, and resources. Yet Taiwan's successful combination of industrialisation and growth with equity reflects goals that are important for African policy-makes. The country's G.N.P. per capita increased from $143 in 1953 to $7,284 in 1990. Even during the 1980s, its economy grew at an average annual rate of 8·2 per cent as against only 0·5 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 1980–7. Taiwan's sustained growth has been widely shared by all income groups, with the top fifth of households only receiving 4·5 times as much as the bottom fifth. By way of contrast, in Côte d'Ivoire (1986–7) and in Botswana (1985–6), the share of the top 20 per cent was respectively almost ii and 24 times that of the bottom 20 per cent.
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    Nafziger, E. Wayne: The Debt Crisis in Africa : Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 159-161 
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    Obiozor, George: Uneasy Friendship: Nigerian-American relations : Enugu, Fourth Dimension Publishing, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 173-176 
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    Sandgren, David P.: Christianity and the Kikuyu: religious divisions and social conflict : Bern and New York, Peter Lang, 1989 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 176-178 
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    Decentralisation: Comparative Experience in Commonwealth Africa (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 555-580 
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    Notes: Until the late 1980s, decentralisation experiments in sub-Saharan Africa tended in the majority of states to reinforce central control rather than enhance local autonomy. However, recent moves towards political pluralism have brought a switch in emphasis to more meaningful types of local participation. These have taken the form of political decentralisation, understood in the sense used by Philip Mawhood to denote the devolution of powers to representative local councils, each with its separate legal existence and its own budget, and with the authority to allocate resources and to carry out multiple functions. However, a number of African regimés also intend to transfer power from the centre to officials of the central government in the field. They therefore attach a broader meaning to the concept of decentralisation, using it to cover both political devolution and the deconcentration of administrative authority. The two processes are, in fact, often complementary rather than separate.
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    Trapped in the Traffick: Growing Problems of Drug Consumption in Lagos (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 657-677 
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    Notes: The literature on drugs in Africa includes policy statements by government officials which, by and large, follow the line set by international organisations created to design counter-measures to drug consumption and trafficking, such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) of the United Nations. At this level the debate revolves largely around the effectiveness of different preventative strategies; control programmes and the performance of agencies are evaluated, and authors often bewail the perversion of moral values in the countries concerned, while appeals for financial assistance figure frequently in the media. Much less well known are the oral traditions and the popular culture in which the drug users, traffickers, and barons are ascribed certain roles. I would like to compare the material contained in these different bodies of work with my own field observations from the drug ‘scene’ in both high and low density areas of Lagos.
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    Lancing the Swollen African State: Will it Alleviate the Problem of Corruption? (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 701-706 
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    Notes: International concern over the pathology of political corruption increases apace. The last five years have witnessed a proliferation of organisations, conferences, and meetings dedicated to analysing the phenomenon as well as proposing workable policies of containment and control.This rising concern is a consequence partly of accelerating globalisation which not only increases awareness of the incidence and appalling scale of corruption but, more seriously, allows the contagion to infect the international system of trade and finance as a result of the activities of organised crime syndicates, money launderers, arms dealers, and the like. Furthermore, the ending of the cold war has meant that the ‘great’ powers are now having to confront the consequences of their longstanding indulgence, in the interests of political expediency, of sundry seedy dictators and their cronies; kleptocrats who seemed to devote much of their incumbency to transferring millions of dollars, sometimes billions, from the public treasury into Swiss bank accounts.
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    Cliffe, Lionel: The Transition to Independence in Namibia : Boulder and London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 720-722 
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    Hoile, David: Mozambique, Resistance and Freedom:a case for reassessment : London, Mozambique Institute, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 729-732 
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    Index To Volume 32 (1994) (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-12 
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    Italy in the Triangle of the Horn: Too Many Corners for a Half Power (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 369-385 
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    Notes: A paradox of Italian colonial policy was the striking contrast between the main aims and the actual results of its overseas initiatives. The Mediterranean with its familiar towns, harbours, and cultures, and plenty of Italians transplanted from the poor overpopulated countryside of the Peninsula, was the main area of desirable expansion, but historical circumstances forced Italy to divert her attention towards the faraway and unknown Horn of Africa. The Foreign Minister, P. S. Mancini, in January 1885 adroitly formulated a bizarre aphorism in a bid to convince a disoriented public opinion and doubtful parliamentarians: ‘The Red Sea is the key to the Mediterranean’. So from the outset of Italian colonialism, dreams competed with interests almost making the authorities lose a sense of proportion.
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    Understanding Uneven Agricultural Liberalisation in Madagascar (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 449-476 
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    Notes: Most African states have been engaged in market-oriented economic reforms for the better part of a decade, if not longer. One characteristic of their liberalisation efforts that stands out in empirical studies is the unevenness with which measures have been agreed and implemented. But how do we understand what has been proposed and pursued? Who have been the principal players, what have been their motivations and strategies, when have they been able to influence the choices to be made, and have these conditioned the environment for successive proposals? In short, what are the dynamics of economic liberalisation in contemporary African economics, and what are the prospects for the durability and extension of market-oriented reforms? These questions motivate reflections on the checkered history of agricultural liberalisation in Madagascar.
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    Liebenberg, Ian; Lortan, Fiona; Nel, Bobby; van Der Westhuizen, Gert: The Long March: the story of the struggle for liberation in South Africa : Pretoria, Kagiso-HAUM, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 526-528 
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    Ingham, Kenneth: Obote: a political biography : London and New York, Routledge, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 534-536 
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    Adera, Abebe: The Financial Sector and Economic Development: reflections on Africa : Milano, Italy, Finafrica-CARIPLO, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 546-548 
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    MOA Volume 32 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-4 
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    Deeb, Mary-Jane: Libya's Foreign Policy in North Africa : Boulder, San Francisco, and Oxford, Westview Press, 1991 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 552-554 
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    Zaïre: the Shattered Illusion of the Integral State (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 247-263 
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    Notes: Zaïre, by the early 1990s, by some accounts had all but vanished. One senior American diplomat described it as nothing more than the presidential vessel ‘Kamanyola’ anchored safely offshore in the Zaïre River, an élite praetorian guard compensated in hard currency, the remote marble city of Gbadolite, a shrivelled state superstructure nourished by diamond smuggling. Its perennial President, Mobutu Sese Seko, was characterised contemptuously by a French official as ‘a walking bank account in a leopard-skin cap’. More than a decade ago, a former publicist for the central régime had relegated the once-powerful state to a zone of non-existence: ‘The state does not exist or no longer exists in Za’. The 1992 National Conference resolved to expunge Zaire from history by restoring its earlier colonial and post-colonial nomenclature of ‘Congo’.
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    Grosh, Barbara: Public Enterprise in Kenya: what works, what doesn't, and why : Boulder, CO, and London, Lynne Rienner (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 347-349 
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    Fyle, C. Magbaily: The State and the Provision of Social Services in Sierra Leone Since Independence, 1961–91 : Dakar, Codesria, African Books Collective, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 353-356 
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    Roediger, David R.: Towards the Abolition of Whiteness: essays on race, politics, and working class history : London and New York, Verso, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 364-367 
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    The Neglected Tragedy: the Return to War in Angola, 1992–3 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-28 
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    Notes: The state system during the so-called ‘cold war’ rested on a paradox. Peace and stability in the developed countries was accompanied by scores of ‘hot’ wars in the Third World, fuelled and at times created by the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies. Each superpower had a high incentive to arm client states and rebel armies, in return for political loyalty and access to primary products. Nowhere did the logic of this system have such negative effects as in Africa. There, the result was the militarisation of states, the escalation of wars, and the strengthening of authoritarian forms of rule.
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    Limiting Administrative Corruption in Sierra Leone (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 139-157 
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    Notes: During the era of the All People's Congress (A.P.C.), 1968–92, the state machinery and resources of Sierra Leone were used to promote the interests of a relatively small number of persons rather than those of the general public. A system of patronage thrived under this ruling party primarily because membership of particular groupings was a more acceptable qualification for position than an individual's actual capabilities. The ensuing intrigues deterred development in the country because members of cliques were only accountable to their leader and his top officials.
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    Roe, Alan R.: Instruments of Economic Policy in Africa : London, James Currey, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 164-166 
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    Ayittey, George B. N.: Africa Betrayed : New York, St Martin's Press, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 166-169 
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    Rouaud, Alain: Afä-Wärq: un intellectuel éthiopien témoin de son temps, 1868–1947 : Paris, C.N.R.S. Éditions, 1991 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 181-182 
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    The Colonial State, Capital and the Peasantry in Bombay Presidency (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 793-832 
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    Notes: AbstractDespite the commodification of land and labor in colonial Bombay Presidency, capitalism and its associated dynamic (modern economic growth via innovation, specialization, and so on resulting in the improved productiveness of labor) did not, by and large, develop.The colonial state reformed the property structure, bringing the notion of a single owner for each property, ending the overlapping property rights of the pre-colonial regimes. Capital was freely deployed to make profits of alienation, if not profits of enterprise. Yet, small-scale family-labor farms continued as the backbone of Bombay agriculture. The peasantry could not sustain capitalist-style growth but did maintain a tenacious hold on the land with the help of the state, and its own capacity to endure horrendous levels of exploitation and poverty; the former symptomized by high land prices and low crop prices paid to the producer; the latter by mass peasant insolvency. The power of capital was in direct proportion to the peasants' desperate need for land and loans. The colonial state was fully aware that this kind of relationship was inimical to development, but did little to bring capital into a productive relationship with landed property. The colonial state came to resemble a classic agrarian bureaucracy rather than a capitalist state. Despite some commitments to modernization, it ruled over an impoverished agrarian society. This paper attempts to locate this result in the specific interests and interactions of the major social agents of rural Bombay: the state, capital and the peasantry.
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    Chinese Vernacular Education in Sarawak during Brooke Rule, 1841–1946 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 503-531 
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    Notes: The Chinese in Sarawak, like their counterparts in other parts of Southeast Asia (Nanyang), were staunch advocates of education where every Chinese community had its own school which was built, managed and financed by local resources, and largely independent of government control.
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    Political Parties, Factions, and Corruption in Thailand (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 251-277 
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    Notes: The first reason [for the coup] is the act of corruption. The national administrative party [i.e. the civilian government] has taken the opportunity to make use of its political posts and authority to vigorously and unprecedentedly seek benefit for itself and its companions. It has become normal practice for most of the cabinet ministers to seek money to build up their status and wealth in order to support their political power base. During the consideration of potential large-and medium-scale projects, politicians at the government level played a role in pushing for them to materialize by claiming that the public will benefit from each project. In fact, it is only a sophisticated way to seek benefits. Despite knowledge of extensive corruption among the politicians at the Cabinet level and among government officials and certain high-ranking state enterprise officials, the prime minister as head of the government has not seriously attempted to solve the problem. Moreover, the prime minister has even committed such inappropriate acts himself, by claiming various reasons to conceal corruption.... Corruption has escalated quickly and vigorously, beyond anyone's ability to stop its spread...
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    Land and Power: The Marxist Conquest of Rural Bengal (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 357-380 
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    Notes: The Indian state of West Bengal is governed and politically dominated by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M) for short) which has been in Government there since 1977 as the largest constituent party to the ruling Left Front. The CPI(M)'s position in West Bengal is unique both in India and in the world in the sense that it is the only Communist party to be popularly elected and reelected to power for such a long period. Today it draws most of its electoral support from the rural areas where the party is supported by peasants of practically all socio-economic sections. It is to an interesting period in the history of Communism in Bengal that this article will turn, namely to the creation of a particular alliance of Marxists and peasants in the restlessness in that state in the late 1960s and the virtual elimination of non-Marxist forces in large areas.
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    Mill, John Stuart; Robson, John M.; Moir, Martin; Moir, Zawahir: Writings on India : Toronto, and Routledge: London, University of Toronto Press, 1990 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 439-439 
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    Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance? (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 165-194 
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    Notes: If to Gandhi goes the credit of having drawn out Indian women from their cloistered protected environment to join the national movement for freedom, to Jawaharlal Nehru surely goes the credit for having recognized the need formally to grant equality between the sexes and to enshrine it in the Fundamental Rights drawn up at the Karachi Congress of 1931.
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    The Nilgiri Tribal Systems: A View From Below (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 339-355 
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    Notes: In 1980, the Nilgiris of Tamil Nadu were chosen to be India's first biosphere reserve under the Man and the Environment program launched by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in an attempt to conserve for study examples of characteristic eco-systems from each of the world's natural regions. Scholastic interest from a broad spectrum of disciplines has turned, therefore, to the Nilgiris, and it has become apparent that although the Nilgiris have been studied extensively, anthropological attention has been uneven and parts of the region have been grossly understudied. The present paper intends to provide a foundation for filling this gap in the Nilgiri scholarship.
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    The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 409-430 
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    Notes: A number of papers have been written in the west on the subject of the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia. Hyer and Heaton's (1968) account of the period in the China Quarterly deals with events up until 1968, and relies heavily upon an analysis of the news reports broadcast by Radio Inner Mongolia at that time. The paper focuses upon the fate of Ulanhu, the Chairman of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region who fell from power during the Cultural Revolution. Hyer and Heaton are concerned primarily with the power struggles within the political apparatus, and they include no first-hand or eyewitness accounts. The paper gives no indication of the effects of the Cultural Revolution upon the great bulk of the population of the I.M.A.R., either Mongolian or Han Chinese. However, the article does carefully document the rapidly changing tide of Inner Mongolian government policy and the emergence of populist groups which challenged the political establishment, over the period 1965 to 1968.
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    ASS volume 28 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 1-5 
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    Capital Formation and Operating Profits of the Kailuan Mining Administration (1903–1937) (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 99-128 
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    Notes: The Kailuan Mining Administration (Kailuan or the KMA) ran one of the two largest colliery combines in pre-Communist China. Because it was a Sino-British company, most previous studies have concentrated on the important role it played in China's political history before 1949, but its equally important role in China's economy has been little studied. This paper contributesto remedying that deficiency.
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    The Lesson from the Disciples: Is there a Contradiction in Gandhi's Philosophy of Action? (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 195-214 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the 1970s the Gandhian movement split over fundamental philosophical issues and twenty years later it has not yet recovered. While the generally presented reasons for the decline of the Gandhian movement since Gandhi's death show substantial depth of analysis, they nevertheless overlook one essential aspect. They focus on issues such as whether a movement that was effective against a specific enemy, for example the British, can continue when the focus of the movement has been removed, and whether such a movement that stresses selfsacrifice can survive in an emerging consumerist and ‘democratic’ society, whether it is really anachronistic and inapplicable as we move towards the twenty-first century. Or perhaps, it is argued, that the movement was not able to survive the passing of a charismatic leader, especially when that leader's philosophy was adopted by the populace as a policy because of its instrumental value rather than as a creed and, further, that the leader was determined not to set up a sect of the chosen faithful around himself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011744
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    Tapper, NancyWeiss, Anita M.: Bartered Brides: Politics, Gender and Marriage in an Afghan Tribal SocietyCulture, Class, and Development in Pakistan: The Emergence of an Industrial Bourgeoisie in Punjab : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1991 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 28 (1994), S. 221-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00011781
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    Geschiere, Peter; Konings, Piet: Itinéraires d'accumulation au Cameroun/Pathways to Accumulation in Cameroon : Paris, Editions Karthala, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 722-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015986
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    Callaghy, Thomas M.; Ravenhill, John: Hemmed In: responses to Africa's economic decline : New York, Columbia University Press, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 732-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00016025
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    Harbi, MohammedLeveau, RémyStora, BenjaminLavenue, Jean-Jacques: L'Algérie et son destin – croyants et citoyensLe Sabre et le Turban – l'avenir du MaghrebHistoire de l'Algérie indépendanteAlgérie: la démocratie interdite : Paris, Arcantère éditions, 1993Paris, François Bourin, 1993Paris, Repéres, 1994Paris, L'Harmattan, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 741-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00016050
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    MOA volume 32 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015123
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    Majority Rule and Minority Rights: American Federalism and African Experience (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 411-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: With the demise of the Soviet Union and the fall of many authoritarian régimes, some observers suggest that we are in the midst of what can be called a worldwide democratic revolution. Although questions remain as to the durability of these changes, particularly in Africa, it is clear that we are at a cross-roads. Nations are considering what kinds of political institutions they want to replace those they are trying to dismantle. What, at this historical moment, is the special appeal of democracy in the non-Western world? Is it the promise of individual freedom? or popular elections designed to give all citizens a say in who governs? or the prospect of guaranteed individual and group rights?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015160
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    Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: a Best-Case Example? (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 499-521 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Independent Botswana has developed on three main pillars: rapid and sustained economic growth (over the decade to 1992, for example, at 8.4 per cent a year, third-highest among all developing countries, and far in excess of any other in Africa); multi-party or liberal democracy; and an efficient central state, the main features of which have been identified and praised by observers. With growth, an accompanying build-up of a relatively strong governmental system took place, with activities especially focused on finance and planning. The civil service was maintained at a high level, according to Ravi Gulhati, by avoiding rapid localisation, by providing high compensation for officials, and by keeping well-defined lines of authority and accountability. Able people were placed in key positions and kept there for extended periods. The political elite fairly consistently sought expert advice from leading bureaucrats, and the two groups have displayed a closeness and mutuality of interest built upon their common involvement in cattle and commerce, and the not uncommon tendency for cabinet ministers to arise from the ranks of the senior bureaucracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015202
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    Sogge, David: Sustainable Peace; Angola's recovery : Harare, Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, 1992 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 530-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X0001524X
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    Carmichael, John: African Eldorado: Gold Coast to Ghana : London, Duckworth, 1993 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 539-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015287
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    Widner, Jennifer A.: Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa : Baltimore and London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994 (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 548-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015329
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    MOA Volume 32 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00012714
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    MOA volume 32 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1994)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @journal of modern African studies 32 (1994), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-278X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X00015135
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