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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (84,761)
  • Springer Nature  (58,392)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (40,195)
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  • 101
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . The spatial price equilibrium on a general network may be formulated as a nonlinear-cost mathematical programming problem with simple constraints, when the decision variables are the path flows. The solution of this problem is difficult due to the very large number of variables (paths) and the impracticality of generating all the paths from all the origins to all the destinations.In this paper, we develop a Gauss-Seidel-Newton Projection algorithm and combine it with a restriction strategy. That makes it unnecessary to generate a priori all the paths. This algorithm may be further improved by exploiting the equivalence between the spatial price equilibrium on a general network and the network equilibrium. Computational results that we present in this paper demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution algorithms.
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  • 102
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Remodelling Geography, edited by Bill Macmillan. Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory, by Edward W. Soja. The Condition of Postmodernity An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, by David Harvey. Spatial Structures, by Martin J. Beckmann and Tönu Puu. Advanced Transport and Spatial Systems Models: Applications to Korea, by Tschangho John Kim, in association with Sunduck Suh. Travel Behaviour Research, edited by the International Association for Travel Behaviour. The Evolution of Regional Economies: Entrepreneurship and Macroeconomic Change, by Luis Suarez-Villa. Urban Problems in Western Europe, by Paul C. Cheshire and Dennis G. Hay. The Human Geography of Eastern Europe, by David Turnock. ECESIS: An Interregional Economic-Demographic Model of the United States, by Paul M. Beaumont. Natural Landscape Amenities and Suburban Growth Metropolitan Chicago, 1970-1980, by Christopher Mueller-Wille. Evaluation Methods for Urban and Regional Plans: Essays in Memory of Morris Hill, edited by Daniel Shefer and Henk Voogd. Region as a Socio-Environmental System: An Introduction to a Systemic Regional Geography, by Dov Nir. Tourist Development, 2nd edition, by Douglas Pearce. Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, by Stephen L. J. Smith. The Community Tourism Industry Imperative: The Necessity, the Opportunity, Its Potential, by Uel Blank.
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  • 103
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, I use estimates of the parameters of an industry demand function and a CES production function for Northern Ireland manufacturing in order to measure the relative impact of factor subsidies on employment, capital, and output. A simulation model is able to differentiate the output and substitution effects of subsidies. The results indicate that since manufacturing industry in the province tends to operate with a labor-intensive technology and, since its price-elasticity of demand for output is very low, the employment creating effects of capital subsidies are strongly negative.
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  • 104
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we given an economic interpretation of Kuhn's dual of the Steiner-Weber problem. It depends essentially on the notion that different transportation systems arerelevant for the primal and the dual. Moreover, the Euclidean metric underlies the interpretation of the primal, the block one that of the dual.
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  • 105
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . In this paper, I present a model incorporating two kinds of spatial labor markets: a centralized competitive market at the central business district (CBD) and dispersed local markets across economic space under imperfect competition. Wage differentials and the size of the two types of markets are endogenously determined by rational choices of workers as well as profit maximization of firms. Workers can exercise rational choices with respect to market places where they commute and supply their labor. In this model, I attempt, in effect, to integrate the Hotelling-type paradigm and the Samuelson-type paradigm in a consistent spatial setting.
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  • 106
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper presents a full-analogue regression model of the deterministic shift-share method, for analyzing the components of regional employment change. The model is formulated as a constrained least squares regression problem. This leads to a direct determination of estimates for the national, industrial, and regional growth coefficients. The statistical significance of these coefficients and the overall model can then be tested by using standard regression test statistics.
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  • 107
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 108
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines two-dimensional spatial competition, with Bertrand price determination. With a block metric, equilibrium prices are significantly lower when market areas are squares than when they are diamonds (rotated squares) of the same size. If demand density grows, waves of entry occur, and the shapes of market areas change from squares to diamonds and back to squares again. The former change leaves prim unchanged, whereas the latter cuts prices in half. Results are also derived for a Euclidean metric, with square and hexagonal market areas. Optimal waves of entry are examined with the block metric. With either metric, the socially optimal market shape becomes suboptimal if market areas are constrained to be of the zero-profit size.
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  • 109
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we examine the effects of state land-use controls on the aggregate demand and supply of residential land. Previous studies have examined the effect of land-use regulation on housing prices using single-equation estimation. We estimate a three-equation intejurisdidional supply-demand model of land-use controls. Our results suggest that land-use regulations have a significant impact on both the demand and supply of residentid land as expected.
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  • 110
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 111
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Housing the Homeless and Poor: New Partnerships among the Private, Public, and Third Sectors, edited by George Fallis and Alex Murray Escalating Land Values: Causes and Consequences for the Next Decade, edited by Benjamin Chinitz.
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  • 112
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Little evidence is currently available on the regional growth effects of federal defense spending. In this study, econometric models for state personal income and manufacturing employment between 1976 and 1985 are specified and estimated. Pooled cross-sectional time-series data are used, and the estimation procedure corrects for serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and contemporaneous cross-sectional correlation. The results indicate that aggregate defense spending has a positive effect on both growth measures. However, when defense expenditures are disaggregated, only investment-type outlays appear to consistently affect state economic growth.
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  • 113
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Wildlands: Their Protection and Management in Economic Development, by George Ledec and Robert Goodland. Revitalising the Waterfront: International Dimensions of Dockland Redevelopment, edited by Brian S. Hoyle, David S. Pinder, and M. Sohail Hussain.
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  • 114
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 115
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 116
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: State populations in the United States are characterized by large differences in current growth rates and historical growth trends. What demographic factors account for these differences? Population growth has only three components: births, deaths, and migration. In this study, we estimated the contributions of births, deaths, and migration to changes in population size between 1950 and 1980 for the 48 contiguous states in the United States. We found that population momentum (i.e., the growth that would occur in a closed population if fertility and mortality rates remained constant) had the largest effect on population growth in most states, but that differences in net migration were the major cause of state-to-state differences in growth rates. We also found that net migration has been gaining in importance compared to natural increase as a component of population growth. We expect this trend to continue in coming decades.
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  • 117
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: For the purposes of simplicity, short-run cost functions are widely used in spatial markets literature, even when the long-run effects of entry are in question. In this paper, I show that if a long-run cost function is incorporated into a Löschian model, counter-intuitive and novel performance characteristics can result. Under some circumstances welfare per area can decrease as cost levels decrease.
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  • 118
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Life Spaces: Gender, Household, Employment, edited by Caroline Andrew and Beth Moore Milroy. Women in Cities: Gender and the Urban Environment, edited by Jo Little, Linda Peake, and Pat Richardson. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models, by Luc Anselin Spatial Data Configuration in Statistical Analysis of Regional Economic and Related Problems, by Giuseppe Arbia. Spatial Analysis and Planning under Imprecision, by Yee Leung. Subsidizing Industrial Location: A Conceptual Framework with Application to Korea, by Michael P. Murray. The Modern Economics of Housing: A Guide to Theory and Policy for Finance and Real Estate Professionals, by Randall Johnston Pozdena. Community Economics: Economic Structure and Change in Smaller Communities, by Ron Shaffer.
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  • 119
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Several researchers have proven that for the integrated production-location problem on the Weberian triangle, intermediate points on the edge of the triangle can never be optimal locations. Authors of previous proofs of this result have used cumbersome trigonometric arguments. We present a much simpler algebraic proof of the result, and present it in terms of the more general n-input model, where the feasible location space is a convex polygon rather than a triangle. In addition, the result generalizes immediately to other cases, such as (1) multifacility production-location problems, (2) stochastic versions of one-facility and multifacility production-location problems, and (3) comparable pure location problems (e.g., the Weber problem).
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  • 120
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 121
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Perceptions of individual well-being are influenced by local status, i.e., one's place in the income distribution of one's reference group. In general, reference groups are smaller than the entire nation. If national social welfare is an aggregate of individual's well-being, then it is not symmetric with respect to all individuals. A geographical interpretation of reference groups means that the welfare of a family living in one region is only influenced by other families in that region. An empirical application, using states, shows that a Gini index modified to reflect local status showed much less improvement 1949-1979 than did the standard Gini.
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  • 122
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: For many practical applications it is important to know how the flows in a doubly constrained gravity model react to slight variations in the predetermined marginal totals. The first-order approximation of these variations is a linear function on the set of feasible variations of marginal totals, i.e., the set of variations not violating the consistency constraint of the model. Several methods to find a matrix describing this linear function are developed and compared with former contributions to this issue. Finally, applicability of the methods to sensitivity and error propagation analysis is demonstrated.
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  • 123
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 124
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we consider oligopolistic competition in a spatial model when firms take care of goods' delivery and discriminate among consumers. Firms compete by setting quantity schedules independently over space. We show that under general conditions a Nash equilibrium in this game exists and is unique. In equilibrium, firms’ markets overlap, a feature which accords with intuition and empirical observations. Over the interval between two firms, the equilibrium spatial price schedule is quasi-concave (quasi-convex) when transport costs are concave (convex). With linear transport costs, the model predicts uniform delivered pricing. Uniform pricing could moreover be obtained by a combination of increasing returns to volume in transportation together with concavity of unit transport costs in distance.
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  • 125
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: In this study, we use a vector autoregressive modeling framework to test the zero restrictions implied by alternative criteria for ranking regions into hierarchies in the wage-transmission debate. This approach allows formal statistical tests to be carried out for competing criteria suggested for determining leading and following regions.The ability of the modeling technique proposed here to produce a set of nested hypothesis tests of alternative criteria is in stark contrast to the historical literature in this debate. Researchers have traditionally proposed a criterion for ranking regions into a hierarchy, and then argued for the merits of their particular criterion by demonstrating that an econometric model of wage formation produces statistically significant coefficient estimates when their criterion is used to rank the regions of their data sample.We apply the methods proposed here to a sample of eight midwestern cities in the U.S. in order to test the following criteria: Beaumont (1983), Hart and MacKay (1977), Reed and Hutchinson (1976), unemployment rate, and earnings level. The test is for consistency with the Granger-causal structure of wage interactions inherent in the wage diffusion idea. We argue that the technique set forth here is a real step forward that should allow a resolution of this particular debate. The proposed procedures might also be applied to empirically test other regional science hypotheses concerning for example, intercity and interindustry causal structures.
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  • 126
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Daganzo (1977, 1979), Daganzo and Sheffi (1977), Sheffi (1985), and Sheffi and Daganzo (1980) have used one assumption about traveler behavior in developing estimation techniques for the stochastic route-choice problem and another assumption in predicting flows on networks by using the same model. In estimation, they calculate the congested travel costs of the network links from observed flows on the network, and the network is loaded based on these costs. In prediction, they follow their stochastic user-equilibrium assumption by which travelers evaluate costs using the mean of the observed flows (or equilibrium flows). The travel-cost coefficient obtained from the loading method systematically overestimates the true travel-cost coefficient from which the observed flow data (which must be used in loading) is generated. The estimates of the same coefficient, obtained in this paper, by constraining the estimation results to conform to the equilibrium conditions are unbiased, and only marginally less efficient (have larger standard deviations). The average percentage error and inefficiency of the link flow predictions based on the loading method increases as the level of congestion on the network rises. In contrast, the average percentage error of link flow predictions based on the equilibrium estimation method declines and their efficiency remains very high as the level of congestion on the network rises.
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  • 127
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 128
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . We consider a location and allocation game for two competitor firms, A and B, that each seek to locate p facilities in a network. A market is captured by a particular firm if that market's closest facility belongs to that firm rather than a competitor. The question is as follows: Firm A wants to locate its p facilities so that B, which enters also with p facilities after Firm A has located its facilities, will capture the minimum market value possible. That is, Firm A wishes to preempt Firm B in its bid to capture market share to the maximum extent possible. A model is presented that addresses this issue, together with solution methods and computing times.
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  • 129
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: . This paper departs from the human capital tradition in the migration literature by formalizing the market-specific information contained in wages along the lines suggested by Phelps's (1969) “island parable” of search. It allows us to incorporate the role of market wage variability as a source of information in individual migration decisions. Essentially wages are assumed to vary due to two types of sources: local and national. Individuals observe their current market wage but are uncertain about the source of variation in their wage level. An integral part of the expected utility comparison that migrants make then is evaluating the information content of their current market wage; how much of it is local and how much of it is common with other markets? Given this evaluation, what can they expect of wages at alternative markets; how precise is their expectation? A linear approximation to the expected utility comparison that migrants make is used to formulate a probit specification of the move or stay decision conditional on origin market and individual characteristics. The focus here is on quantifying the effects of the origin market acting through amenities and the share of market-specific wage variability as it affects forecasts of alternative wages and forecast precision. A subsample of employed males, not in school or in the military, from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) age 16 to 22 years is used for estimation. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretically predicted relationship between migration propensities and regional differences in the information content of wages. In addition, the results provide evidence that risk aversion deters migration given uncertainty, measured by forecast precision, about alternative market wage levels.
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  • 130
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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  • 131
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: The Cosmo-Creative Society: Logistical Networks in a Dynamic Economy, edited by Åe E. Andersson, David F. Batten, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, and Kazuhiro Yoshikawa. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, by Anna Lee Saxenian. Potentials and Bottlenecks in Spatial Development: Festschrift in Honor of Yasuhiko Oishi, edited by Hirotada Kohno and Peter Nijkamp. Diffusion and Use of Geographic Information Technologies, edited by Ian Masser and Harlan J. Onsrud. The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, by James M. Blaut. Guangdong: Survey of a Province Undergoing Rapid Change, edited by Y. M. Yeung and David K. Y. Chu. Urban Development in the Muslim World, edited by Hooshang Amirahmadi and Salah S. El-Shakhs. The Lost Frontier: Water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture, by Robert A. Sauder. The Costs of Worker Dislocation, by Louis Jacobson, Robert LaLonde, and Daniel Sullivan. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, by Jan Ondrich and Michael Wasylenko. Rural America and the Changing Structure of Manufacturing: Spatial Implications of New Technology and Organization, Conference Proceedings.
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  • 132
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: . We propose a mixed fixed and random coefficients framework for regional modeling. The framework allows the presence of both the region-specific effects and commonality of responses across regions. Bayes solutions for estimating parameters of interest and for generating predictions are derived. Within a Bayesian framework a predictive density approach to evaluate the impact of changes is suggested. We apply the methodology to evaluate the impact of new rate structures on Ontario regional demand for electricity.
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  • 133
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    Notes: . We discuss the distance to shopping in the context of three fundamental theories: The Optimal City Theory, the Central Business District Theory and a Cost-Benefit Theory. Each is described and estimated separately by econometric models. The three theories are combined in a final model using the expansion method. The final model, including all three theories, is based on enquiry data from 15 Danish towns.
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  • 134
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  • 135
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    Notes: . This paper examines medium-run and long-run equilibria in unbounded (circular) and bounded (linear) one-dimensional multifirm markets. A price-location adjustment model is outlined that dows simulation of the spatial equilibrium when these firms anticipate reactions from their nearest spatial rivals. Thus, the market equilibrium is derived from the interdependent but atomistic decisions of the competing firms and is not imposed by some outside observer or agency. Ail conjectures are exogenous; the three well-known price conjectures (Greenhut-Ohta, Hotelling-Smithies, and Losch) are highlighted; and the relevant comparative statics are provided.
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  • 136
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    Notes: . The location of a new facility in a competitive environment is investigated. It is assumed that customers patronize the facility with the highest utility value rather than the closest facility. Simulations show that the new approach yields a superior location in terms of market size captured. Sensitivity analyses of the problem parameters illustrate the sensitivity of the location and the sensitivity of the market size captured to the facility's quality.
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  • 137
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  • 138
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    Notes: . .The growth of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) commonly has been viewed as a “procompetitive” change in the structure of the health care delivery system. Because HMOs collect a prepaid fee from subscribers, they serve a dual role as insurers and providers of health care. While HMOs may have competed directly with conventional insurance plans, their effect in health care markets is potentially quite different. A multisector spatial equilibrium model, which incorporates the optimizing behavior of consumers, independent fee-for-service(FFS)providers, and a centralized HMO, is used to explore the effects of an exogenous shift in market structure away from FFS delivery toward the provision of seivices by the HMO. As more physicians are diverted from FFS practice to enter the HMO, both the HMO membership fee and prices in the FFS sector tend to rise. This pattern is consistent with empirical trends in the United States during the 1980s where, despite the rapid growth in HMOs and other forms of prepaid care, both FFS prices and HMO membership fees have risen sharply.
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    Notes: . This paper analyzes the implications of an exogenous shift in relative prices for an economy that suffers from urban unemployment, as well as uncertainty, in the agricultural sector. Among other things, we show that with agricultural uncertainty, an exogenous shift in relative prices will lower agricultural profit. This result is in sharp contrast with the conventional case of risk-neutrality or certainty where agricultural profit is unaffected by changes in the terms of trade.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Migration and Residential Mobility: Macro and Micro Approaches, by Martin Cadwallader Integrated Urban Models 2: New Research and Applications of Optimization and Dynamics, by Stephen H. Putman. Urban Public Finance in Developing Countries, by Roy W. Bahl and Johannes F. Linn. The Randstad A Research and Policy Laboratory, edited by Frans M. Dieleman and Sako Musterd. Jumpstart: The Economic Unification of Germany, by Gerlinde Sinn and Hans-Werner Sinn. 1993. (Translation, by Juli Irving-Lessmann Problems of Economic Transition: Regional Development in Central Europe, edited by Tibor Vasko. Regions Reconsidered: Economic Networks, Innovation, and Local Development in Industrialized Countries, edited by Edward Bergman, Gunther Maier, and Franz Tödtling. The Changing Role of Rural Communities in an Urbanizing World Saskatchewan 1961–90, by Jack C. Stabler, Margaret R. Olfert, and Murray Fulton. Restructuring Rural Saskatchewan: The Challenge of the 1990's, by Jack C. Stabler and Margaret R. Olfert. Housing Markets and Residential Mobility, edited by G. Thomas Kingsley and Margery Austin Turner. Spreadsheet Models for Urban and Regional Analysis, edited by Richard E. Klosterman, Richard K. Brail, and Earl G. Bossard. Microcomputer-Based Input-Output Modeling: Applications to Economic Development, edited by Daniel M. Otto and Thomas G. Johnson. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective, by Elinor Ostrom, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne. Preparing for the Twenty-First Century, by Paul Kennedy.
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    Notes: . This paper examines how housing subsidies affect housing and location demands in a monocentric market, identifying the extent to which policies prompt targeted populations to congregate more or less intensely in the central city. Various subsidies are studied: rents based on ability to pay, lump-sum housing aid, housing vouchers, and subsidies based on percentage of rent. The demand effects are seen to hinge critically upon whether or not subsidies are tied to binding consumption restrictions. Policy impacts are shown to be identical for both CBD employed and locally employed consumers targeted for the housing policies.
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    Notes: . The paper is devoted to modeling the relationship between the density of service centers and the density of population (or on the density of demand). Several models lead to an exponential function with the exponent equal to ⅔. For a number of real systems of centers, the power is considerably different from ⅔ (more often it is nearer to 1). I describe a series of models that explain this difference.
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    Notes: . In the presence of agglomeration and congestion externalities the sequence of location choices made by firms results in an inefficient distribution of economic activity, since individual firms do not bear the congestion costs they impose on other firms. In this paper, we model the interaction of public authority service strategies and firm location choices. We show that a self-interested regional authority can effect a welfare-improving distribution of economic activity when compared with an economy without an authority or an economy with local authorities. However, we also show that the conditions under which the authority would induce a welfare enhancing distribution depends on the authority's strategic posture, as well as the nature and size of public subsidies for the authority. The conditions necessary for a regional authority to choose an efficiency enhancing strategy may be difficult to achieve.
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    Notes: . The paper applies an inventory model to the standard Weber-Moses location-production problem. By setting the problem within a time framework, costs are seen to be incurred by both the holding of goods and the shipment of goods. The optimum location of the firm is seen to depend not only on transportation costs and the nature of the firm's production function, but also on the value of the materials being shipped. Under these conditions there is no homogeneous solution to the Weber-Moses problem. Furthermore, it is shown that the value added at the point of production is the primary factor which governs the optimum location of the firm.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Network Economics: A Variational Inequality Approach, by Anna Nagurney. Chinese Economic Planning and Input-Output Analysis, edited by Karen R. Polenske and Xikang Chen. Spatial Tessellations: Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams, by Atsuyuki Okabe, Barry Boots, and Kokichi Sugihara. Nonlinear Economic Dynamics, by Tönu Puu. Geomedical Systems: Intervention and Control, by Richard Thomas. Full Circles: Geographies of Women over the Life Course, edited by Cindi Katz and Janice Monk. The Burden of Dependency: Colonial Themes in Southern Economic Thought, by Joseph J. Persky. Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World, edited by Susan S. Fainstein, Ian Gordon, and Michael Harloe. Regional Policy and Local Governments, edited by Gyula Horváth. Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded? by Rutherford H. Platt et al. Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation, by Thomas M. Whitmore. Perspectives on Planning and Urban Development in Belgium, edited by Ashok K. Dutt and Frank J. Costa. Planning and Urban Growth in the Nordic Countries, edited by Thomas Hall. Regional Studies: The Interplay of Land and People, edited by Glen E. Lich. Transport, the Environment, and Economic Policy, by Kenneth Button. The Changing Location of the Automobile Industry: A Geographical Analysis, by James M. Rubenstein.
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    Notes: . For many years, regional scientists, economists, and geographers have been unable to clarify the influence of economic diversity on unemployment and instability in regional economies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. This article presents plausible theory, proper units of analysis, valid measures, and more inclusive models of the diversity-stability relationship. The findings are generalizable because the sample includes most metropolitan areas in the U.S. The empirical analysis estimates the influence of diversity, employment concentrated in unstable industries, population size, growth rate, and control variables on unemployment and employment instability during the 1972–88 period. The results indicate that metropolitan areas which are more diverse experience lower unemployment rates and less instability than areas which are less diverse.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion, by Anthony Downs; and Fast Wheels, Slow Traffic: Urban Transport Choices, by Charles L. Wright.Regional Shopping Centres: Out-of-Town versus In-Town, by Peter J. McGoldrick and Mark G. Thompson.Competitive Manufacturing: New Strategies for Regional Development, by Stuart Rosenfeld.The Social Response to Environmental Risk Policy Formulation in an Age of Uncertainty, edited by Daniel W. Bromley and Kathleen Segerson.Innovation and Urban Population Dynamics: A Multi-Level Process, edited by Klaus Peter Strohmeier and Christian w. Matthiessen.The University: A Regional Booster? by Raymond Florax.Neighbourhd Regeneration: An International Evaluation, edited by Rachelle Alterman and Goran Cars.The Tourism Industry: An International Analysis, edited by M. Thea Sinclair and M.J. Stabler.Development Issues and Strategies in the New Europe, edited by Markku Tykklainene.Why Airplanes Crash: Aviation Safety in a Changing World, by Clinton V. Oster, John S. Strong, and C. Kurt Zorn.Urban and Regional Economics, edited by Paul C. Cheshire and Alan W. Evans.
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    Notes: . A multi-plant producer has sole access to a region, and each of the plants processes a raw material which is drawn from its own exclusive supply area. Under these conditions what spatial structure of production (in terms of plant scale, plant frequency, supply-area size and supply-area shape) will enable region-wide or multi-plant profit to be maximized? The form of this optimal structure is shown to vary with prevailing level of price, which is exogenously determined.
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    Notes: . The location decisions of foreign multinational corporations (FMNCs) are analyzed using a conditional logit model with states as the choice set. We consider the establishment of new manufacturing plants and separately analyze the site selection of all MNCs, Japanese MNCs, and European MNCs. The results indicate that access to markets, labor market conditions, state promotional efforts to attract foreign investment, and state and local personal taxes are significant fadors in the location decision. The decision determinants for Japanese and European MNCs are found to be different.
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    Notes: . Löschian duopoly under heterogeneous cost conditions is examined to show that it is not equivalent, contra past findings, to spatial collusion. Moreover, within the confines of the assumed demand and cost conditions spatial collusion is shown to be superior to Loschian competition in terms of both (aggregate) consumer surplus and producer surplus, which implies a possible welfare gain from collusion. A general, if not the general, prices-and-welfare comparison of alternative pricing schema including collusive, Löschian, and optimal pricing is summarily presented in a table.
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    Notes: . Determinants of the number of retail firms serving a rural area have been investigated by drawing on demand threshold analysis to analyze cross-sectional data. The relevance of such studies to an individual community may be limited if it is characterized by differential levels or unique types of economic activity. Alternatively, conducting the analysis using time-series data on an individual community may lead to problems associated with non-normal and nonstationary data. These problems are addressed by formulating a state-space model of time-series count data. The discrete, nonnegative nature of count data is accommodated by using a conjugate prior for the Poisson location parameter. A guide function is used to link the prior to the state vector and Bayes rules are used for updating.
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    Notes: . The assumption of interregional equilibrium in migration research has recently been attacked. At issue is the motivation for on-going migration if rents and wags accurately compensate for spatial amenity variations; but if rents and wages fail to accurately compensate potential migrants, then amenity valuations must be flawed. We here show that arguments supporting substantial disequilibrium in the US. economy are unconvincing. The substantive issues are then clarified by a model which allows for both equilibrium and disequilibrium migration. We conclude that intertemporally systematic migration stems predominantly from equilibrium forces.
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    Notes: . Using a sample of 63 SMSAs for the years 1974, 1978, and 1982 I find weak support for the argument that environmental regulations retard economic activity. Regression analysis of the relationship between per unit total and air pollution abatement expenditures in the manufacturing sector of these SMSAs and manufacturing employment and earnings levels reveals that these associations are negative but that the magnitudes are relatively small. For example, 10 percent higher per unit total pollution abatement costs are associated with, on average, 1064 fewer manufacturing workers (0.17 percent of total regional employment) in Sun Belt SMSAs during 1982.
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    Notes: . This study is the first to lend empirical support to the common belief that traffic intensity affects property values. Using a standard hedonic pricing model, this paper investigates the price effects on housing of traffic within a neighborhood. Results using data on single-family housing transactions for two different locations in a medium-sized city show a substantial negative price effect of traffic externalities. The magnitude of the effect is shown to be location specific.
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    Notes: . Intervention analysis is used to assess the impact of the October 1987 stock market crash upon employment in the securities industry in New York City. The results indicate that the crash has led to a gradual, but permanent reduction of approximately 25,000 jobs in this industry through July 1990. Using a dynamic location quotient methodology to measure basic employment, an estimate of a partial-adjustment economic base multiplier suggests that total New York City employment is likely to decline by over 100,000 as a result of the crash and subsequent adjustments in the securities industry.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Urban Dynamics: Designing an Integrated Model, edited by Cristoforo S. Bertuglia, Giorgio Leonardi, and Alan G. Wilson. Spatial Choices and Processes, edited by Manfred M. Fischer, Peter Nijkamp, and Yorgos Y. Papageorgiou. Housing Markets and Housing Institutions: An International Comparison, edited by Björn Hârsman and John M. Quigley. Services and Metropolitan Development: International Perspectives, edited by Peter W. Daniels. Regional Innovation and Decentralization: High Tech Industry and Government Policy, edited by Ulrich Hilpert. Making a Middle Landscape, by Peter G. Rowe. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World, by Sharon Zukin. Geographic Dimensions of United States Social Policy, edited by Janet E. Kodras and John Paul Jones III. Thirst for Growth Water Agencies as Hidden Government in California, by Robert Gottlieb and Margaret Fitz Simmons. Regional and Sectoral Development in Mexico as Alternatives to Migration, edited by Sergio Dim-Briquets and Sidney Weintraub. The High-Tech Potential: Economic Development in Rural America, by Amy K. Glasmeier.
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    Notes: . The proposition that a decentralized structure of local governments can effectively constrain public sector growth is empirically investigated. Data on Swedish municipal sector size for the 1942–87 period are analyzed within the context of a median voter model. The results indicate that decentralization, measured by the number of units of local government serving a given population, constrains the influence of institutional factors (e.g., rent seeking, bureaucracy) on local budgets as long as these units exceed some minimal threshold size. The findings support the view that communities should be given the flexibility to determine their own ideal pattern of local governments.
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    Notes: . Observations drawn from multiple markets are essential to the construction of indices of housing costs and to measures of demand for housing attributes. It is not evident when multiple markets exist or whether such markets exist for some attributes but not for others. We test for multiple markets by using Bayesian methods to assess the transferability (random exchangeability) of entire hedonic price expressions from one site and time to another, the transferability of hedonic price functions for particular attributes, and the degrees of similarity that hedonic price functions must have in order to be transferable. In our illustrations, price functions for structural housing attributes are generally transferable; prices for neighborhood attributes are not. Therefore, in our illustrations, the desired price indices and demand functions should be estimable for neighborhood attributes, but not for structural ones.
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    Notes: . The determinants of the geographic distribution of industry R&D activity are examined with particular emphasis on the role of university research as well as state science and technology programs. An analysis of a cross section of metropolitan areas indicates that industry R&D labs are located in areas with state science and technology programs, as well as in areas with higher levels of university research, larger quantities of non-welfare related local government spending, a better educated workforce, and a greater population density.
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    Notes: . The dynamic relationship between sectoral value added and regional economic growth is analyzed using a stochastic intersectoral model estimated by ordinary least squares and linear systems techniques. A state-space portion of the model identifies the time element of sedoral value added. Dynamic multipliers, tracing the temporal path of regional growth, are calculated for the state of Georgia over the period 1963–1986. This application shows that the impacts of sectoral shocks can follow cyclical as well as monotonic patterns and that the direction and magnitude of the impact may change over time.
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    Notes: . A pooled cross-section time-series approach is used to test the hypothesis that differences in property tax rates between and across regions exert an excise-tax impact on housing starts. Synthesizing the research regarding property tax incidence on housing markets and residential location with that of regional housing studies, an empirical model that allows for inter- and intraregional influences on housing starts is developed. Using county data from Wisconsin over a twelve-year span, I find that property tax rate differentials have a negative effect on the construction of single-family houses.
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    Notes: . Policy makers often try to raise a region's income by altering its industrial mix. However, such attempts to increase local income may have an adverse effect on the stability of the region's economy. In this paper, we develop single-, aggregate-, and multiregional portfolio models that can be used by policy makers to generate frontiers of risk/income-efficient industrial mixtures for a regional economy. These portfolio models are modified for application to the tourist industry in six regions of Spain. In practice, we find that the introduction of bounds on the magnitude of sector rebalancing has a major effect on the model solutions.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Figured Tapestry: Production, Markets, and Power in Philadelphia Textiles, 1885–1941, by Philip Scranton. Agriculture and National Development: Views on the Nineteenth Century, edited by Lou Ferleger. Urban Relocation in Archaic and Classical Greece: Flight and Consolidation, by Nancy H. Demand. The Capitalist Imperative: Territory, Technology, and Industrial Growth, by Michael Storper and Richard Walker. The Isolated City State: An Economic Geography of Urban Spatial Structure, by Yorgos Y. Papageorgiou. Post-Industrial Philadelphia: Structural Changes in the Metropolitan Economy, by William J. Stull and Janice Fanning Madden. The Location of Jobs in a Developing Metropolis: Patterns of Growth in Bogota and Cali, Columbia, by Kyu Sik Lee. The Economics of Housing Markets, by Richard F. Muth and Allen C. Goodman. Geographical Information Systems for Urban and Regional Planning, edited by Henk J. Scholten and John C. H. Stillwell. Spatial Energy Analysis, edited by Lars Lundqvist, Lars-Goran Mattsson, and Erik A. Eriksson. Transportation for the Future, edited by David F. Batten and Roland Thord. United States Railroad Policy: Uncle Sam at the Throttle, by Jeffrey Orenstein. Transportation Service to Small Rural Communities: The Effects of Deregulation, by John F. Due, Benjamin J. Allen, Mary R. Kihl, and Michael R. Crum. Bus Deregulation and Privatisation: An International Perspective, edited by John S. Dodgson and Neville Topham. Service Industries in Regional Development, by William J. Coffey and James J. McRae.
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Essays in Honor of Walter Isard: Vol. 1, New Frontiers in Regional Science, and Vol. 2, Dynamics and Conflict in Regional Structural Change, edited by Manas Chatterji and Robert E. Kuenne. Regional Policy in a Changing World, by Niles Hansen, Benjamin Higgins, and Donald J. Savoie. The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America, by Nicholas Lemann. Route Choice: Wayfinding in Transport Networks, by Piet H. L. Bovy and Eliahu Stern. The New Suburbanization: Challenge to the Central City, by Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use–Transportation Link, by Robert Cervero. Rural and Small Town America, by Glenn V. Fuguitt, David L. Brown, and Calvin L. Beale. Where North Meets South Cities, Space, and Politics on the United States-Mexico Border by Lawrence A. Herzog. International Migration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Volume I, Overview; Volume II, Country Analyses, by Sharon Stanton Russell, Karen Jacobsen, and William Deane Stanley.
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: . A recent debate in the regional economics literature has focused attention on the motivation behind an individual's decision to migrate. Human-capital migration models emphasize labor market disequilibria whereas alternative (hedonic) migration models stress households’altered demand for nontraded goods. In this paper, we test the relative importance of these two possible motivations for moving between metropolitan areas. We use an intercity hedonic model to decompose wages into equilibrium and disequilibrium components. We then compare the separate influences of amenities and the disequilibrium component of wages on the distance moved between two metropolitan areas. Our findings indicate that both economic factors and amenity differentials are significant factors in explaining regional migration.
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: . In this paper we develop a method for establishing market definition in studies of intermodal competition. We employ the proposed method in a transportation model that yields estimates of the substitutability between truck and rail services for the transport of fresh fruits and vegetables. The model includes the produce being shipped as an input into the production of delivered produce. Our results demonstrate that fairly disaggregate market definitions are required to characterize adequately the intermodal substitution possibilities of interest. While disaggregate data are required for econometric estimation of the cost function, it is essential that elasticities be calculated at a disaggregate level as well. The elasticities reported are larger than reported in earlier work and provide strong evidence of vigorous intermodal competition in produce transportation markets.
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: . Intertemporal differences in input-output coefficients can be attributed to technological change and to changes in the mix of products composing the aggregate sectors of input-output models. In this work, we develop the theoretical foundation necessary to separate these changes for both the structural and Leontief inverse matrices. Using this foundation, we examine the relative empirical importance of technological and product-mix change. The product-mix effect is then combined with RAS estimates of the technological effect to form updated estimates of the inverse. Results show that the accuracy of updated input-output coefficients can be improved in this manner.
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    Journal of regional science 31 (1991), S. 0 
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    Notes: . The extent to which the value of locational attributes is capitalized into wages rather than rents is analyzed in a general equilibrium framework. This paper differs from earlier work by taking into account local and regional attributes and makes distinctions among residential, commercial, and mixed-use communities. The theory implies that in localities with both individuals and firms, wages and rents are simultaneously determined, while in exclusively residential localities the model is recursive. The major theoretical insights are consistent with estimations of the model using data from the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
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    Journal of regional science 30 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: Goods production and services have become increasingly integrated within a flexible, information-oriented system of production organization. In this context, it is argued here that producer services–carried out both within manufacturing firms and by “independent” enterprises–play a pivotal role in expanding the division of labor, productivity, and per capita income. This proposition is supported by results of an empirical analysis of metropolitan areas in major U.S. regions and in the nation as a whole.
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    Notes: In this paper, we outline the specification and estimation of a time series of multiregional net-migration equations subject to first-order serial correlation. We show that the necessary nonstochastic adding-up constraint, which requires that net migration in the system sum to zero, imposes restrictions on the serial-correlation coefficients. We estimate equations under these restrictions using data for the ten Canadian provinces for the period 1962-1985. The results confirm the significance of the serial-correlation coefficient and, hence, the importance of incorporating this correction in future time-series models of multiregional migration.
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    Notes: In this paper, I present an axiomatic basis for the neoclassical model of household location in a monocentric urban area. I generalize the existing framework and demonstrate that many of the conclusions derived using parametric models continue to hold even without the popularly assumed well-behaved utility and transportation cost functions.
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    Notes: This paper shows that a time-series version of export-based location quotients, which decompose area employment into export and local components are co-integrated. Given the statistically established co-integrating relation between the time series for export and local employment, the Granger Representation Theorem tells us that an error-correction mechanism model is the appropriate time-series model specification. A set of forecasting experiments is carried out, in order to test whether the error-correction model produces better long-run forecasts that hold together in economically meaningful ways. Given the computer hardware and software that currently exist, the model developed here represents a simple, low-cost method for accurately forecasting local-area employment in the tradition of past work on export-base models.
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    Notes: With the view that travel behavior stems from the principle of utility maximization, in this paper I present a spatial translog demand model that accounts for interdependence among travel alternatives and that handles varying elasticities of substitution for various destination pairs. Using simulation as the mode of inquiry, this model describes the effect of spatial size, spatial configuration, and spatial substitution on spatial interaction. In addition to indicating how varying spatial sizes and configurations affect the average trip length and the trip making pattern, the simulation results also point out the possible effect of having spatially dependent locations in the system. Competing destinations increase the attractiveness of nearby locations, and complementary destinations reduce the impeding effect of space. The model is primarily relevant to the demand for shopping trips.
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    Notes: This paper examines the theoretical implications of quantity-discounted transportation rates on the optimum location decision of the firm. It shows that the linearly homogeneous or homothetic production function is not a sufficient condition for the independence between the optimum location and the output level, unless (i) the elasticities of transportation rates with respect to quantity shipped are constant and identical, and (ii) the ratios of marginal products 60 the marginal transportation costs are equal for each input.
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    Notes: A Marginal Economy? East Anglian Breckland in the Later Middle Ages, by Mark Bailey. Peripheralisation and Industrial Change, edited by G. J. R. Linge. Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics, by Nancy L. Stokey and Robert E. Lucas, Jr., with Edward C. Prescott. Facility Location Analysis: Theory and Applications, edited by François V. Louveaux, Martine Labbé, and Jacques-François Thisse. Expert Systems: Applications to Urban Planning, edited by Tschangho John Kim, Lyna L. Wiggins, and Jeff R. Wright. Modelling Urban Housing Market Dynamics, by L. J. G. Van Wissen and Annamarie Rima. Choice and Allocation Models for the Housing Market, by Jan Rouwendal. The Economic Value of Visibility, edited by George Tolley and Robert Fabian. Benefit-Cost Analysis: A Political Economy Approach, by A. Allan Schmid. Regional Economic Modeling in Theory and in Practice, by Curtis C. Harris, Jr. and Mehrzad Nadji. Integrated Multiregion Models for Policy Analysis: An Australian Perspective, by Christine Smith. Information Technology: Social and Spatial Perspectives, edited by Isao Orishimo, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, and Peter Nijkamp.
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    Notes: The stability of regression coefficients over the observation set (“regional homogeneity”) is typically assessed by means of a Chow test or within a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) framework. When spatial error autocorrelation is present in cross-sectional equations the traditional tests are no longer applicable. I evaluate this both in formal terms as well as empirically. I introduce a taxonomy of spatial effects in models for structural instability, and discuss its implication for testing. I compare the performance of traditional tests, robust approaches, maximum-likelihood procedures and pretest techniques by means of a series of simple Monte Carlo experiments.
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    Notes: The present paper derives analytical expressions for the sensitivity of input-output multipliers to errors in the data. The effects on the simple output multipliers are investigated for additive errors, multiplicative errors in the columns, multiplicative errors in the rows, error rectangles, the error couple and the single error, and price changes. In contrast to earlier investigations, the results are not obtained from the Leontief inverse. The present approach focusses on the effects of errors on the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue. It is indicated how similar expressions may be derived for several other multipliers.
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    Notes: In this note, I present a method to estimate the desired distance between medical facilities. The survival rate of patients improves when the facility is larger, however larger facilities result in a longer driving distance to the facility which decreases the survival rate. I identify the desired distance between facilities for which the survival rate is maximized.
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    Notes: A wide variety of existing models of spatial agglomeration postulate additive-interaction effects among agents. In this paper, a synthesis of such models is achieved by establishing certain mathematical equivalences between them. In particular, it is shown that Rockafellar's conjugacy theory of concave functions yields a symmetric one-to-one correspondence between three classes of existing models, here designated as spatial-accessibility models, endogenous-contact models, and fixed-contact models. These correspondences not only allow the transference of results between models, but also suggest new economic interpretations of each model in terms of its conjugate model. A series of examples are drawn from the literature to illustrate these results.
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    Notes: In this paper, we use a two-stage intercity hedonic model to estimate household demand for public safety. This approach is shown to readily address the identification problem inherent in the hedonic model. Data from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample are used to estimate a willingness-to-pay function for the public-safety good. Income is found to be the primary determinant of willingness to pay. Indeed, the influence of income outweighs the combined impact of family life-cycle considerations.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: . This article examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution, using CPS data from 1979 to 1988. Metropolitan growth increases the poorest quintile's income by a greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan growth also increases the value of property owned by the richest quintiles. Economic development programs to increase local growth will have a net progressive effect if the cost per job created is low, and these costs are financed by personal taxes. But programs with a high cost per job, or financed by cutting welfare, will reduce the net income of the poorest quintile.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: . During the last thirty years there has been much research effort in regional science devoted to modeling interactions over geographic space. Theoretical approaches for studying these phenomena have been modified considerably. This paper suggests a new modeling approach, based upon a general nested sigmoid neural network model. Its feasibility is illustrated in the context of modeling interregional telecommunication traffic in Austria, and its performance is evaluated in comparison with the classical regression approach of the gravity type. The application of this neural network approach may be viewed as a three-stage process. The first stage refers to the identification of an appropriate network from the family of two-layered feedforward networks with 3 input nodes, one layer of (sigmoidal) intermediate nodes and one (sigmoidal) output node (logistic activation function). There is no general procedure to address this problem. We solved this issue experimentally. The input-output dimensions have been chosen in order to make the comparison with the gravity model as close as possible. The second stage involves the estimation of the network parameters of the selected neural network model. This is performed via the adaptive setting of the network parameters (training, estimation) by means of the application of a least mean squared error goal and the error back propagating technique, a recursive learning procedure using a gradient search to minimize the error goal. Particular emphasis is laid on the sensitivity of the network performance to the choice of the initial network parameters, as well as on the problem of overfitting. The final stage of applying the neural network approach refers to the testing of the interregional teletraffic flows predicted. Prediction quality is analyzed by means of two performance measures, average relative variance and the coefficient of determination, as well as by the use of residual analysis. The analysis shows that the neural network model approach outperforms the classical regression approach to modeling telecommunication traffic in Austria.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: . Assessing regional economic impacts of recreation trips is important to public agencies' decisions about using recreation as a rural development tool. Minimizing the total cost of recreation trip production implies that households will spatially distribute their purchases of inputs to trip production, including both trip-specific inputs and durable recreation equipment. A recreation site contributes to a region's economic growth through household purchases of trip inputs. The site's cost effects, price information effects, and recreation and retail agglomeration effects cause changes in household recreation purchases and ultimately generate regional economic impacts.
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    Journal of regional science 34 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: . This paper describes statistics for model criticism in spatial econometrics. The purpose of these statistics is to evaluate how well a chosen model fits the data and to identify influential cases and how they affect the aggregate picture. The paper reviews results in Martin (1992) for the regression model with correlated errors where the coefficients of the variance matrix are assumed either known or fixed. The problems of applying the statistics in spatial econometric modeling are discussed. An application is reported which considers diagnostics for the mean function and highlights cases that might influence estimates of the parameter of the error model. Different ways of assessing the influence of cases are also described.
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    Notes: . Recent research suggests that in nonmonocentric cities compensation for commutes takes the form of both lower housing prices and higher wages. This paper develops a random utility model that predicts the probability of an actor choosing to commute between each residence and job in a metropolitan area conditional on the observed location of housing units and job sites. The model allows commuting time, origin-specific amenities, land prices, destination-specific amenities and wages to influence actors' choices. We estimate the model using maximum likelihood and generalized least squares techniques and data on commuting between each of 38 origin and 15 destination jurisdictions in the Tokyo metropolitan area.The empirical results show that, all else equal, a one percent increase in commuting time reduces the probability that a route (origin-destination combination) will be chosen by almost five percent. Origin-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into land prices and destination-specific amenities are not completely capitalized into wages. Desirable residential amenities include school quality and a low ratio of day to night population. Desirable workplace amenities include a large share of white collar jobs and a high density of employment.
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