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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (1,270)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,270)
  • 1990-1994  (1,270)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
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    The Use of High Spectral Resolution Bands for Estimating Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (A Par) (1994)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-07
    Description: Most remote sensing estimations of vegetation variables such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (APAR), and phytomass are made using broad band sensors with a bandwidth of approximately 100 nm. However, high resolution spectrometers are available and have not been fully exploited for the purpose of improving estimates of vegetation variables. A study directed to investigate the use of high spectral resolution spectroscopy for remote sensing estimates of APAR in vegetation canopies in the presence of nonphotosynthetic background materials such as soil and leaf litter is presented. A high spectral resolution method defined as the Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index (CARI) was developed for minimizing the effects of nonphotosynthetic materials in the remote estimates of APAR. CARI utilizes three bands at 550, 670, and 700 nm with bandwidth of 10 nm. Simulated canopy reflectance of a range of LAI were generated with the SAIL model using measurements of 42 different soil types as canopy background. CARI obtained from the simulated canopy reflectance was compared with the broad band vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Simple Ratio (SR)). CARI reduced the effect of nonphotosynthetic background materials in the assessment of vegetation canopy APAR more effectively than broad band vegetation indices.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: GSFC-E-DAA-TN72921 , CNES, Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing; p 299-306
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  • 2
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    The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a cooperative effort between National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan and NASA of the USA. TRMM is designed to measure rain rates from space using a combination of high resolution radar, passive microwave radiometer and visible-infrared radiometer measurements from a spacecraft in a rapid precession, 350 km orbit inclined at 35 deg. These measurements, averaged over a 500 km grid for a month, are expected to provide monthly mean rainfall to an accuracy of 10 to 15 percent. TRMM will also make it possible to analyze the diurnal component of the rainfall and to derive the vertical distribution of latent heating. An accurate measure of the oceanic rainfall distribution will provide unprecedented insight into the halocline distribution and the stability of the oceanic surface layers. A status of the program is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 14; 3; p. (3)159-(3)165
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  • 3
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    NASA to Use Telepresence to Explore Antarctic Lakes (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Scenes of Antarctic lakes using telepresence are contained in this video. Dr. Carol Stroker, a scientist from Ames Research Center, explains how images from a camera on a remote vehicle are projected directly into your eyes so that your entire field of view is filled with the information from these images. She also states that Virtual Reality would help to expand the range of access we have to Mars and would allow robots to do scientific work.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-110567 , AAV-1427 , NONP-NASA-VT-95-46002
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  • 4
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    Looking at Earth from space: Direct readout from environmental satellites (1994)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Direct readout is the capability to acquire information directly from meteorological satellites. Data can be acquired from NASA-developed, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-operated satellites, as well as from other nations' meteorological satellites. By setting up a personal computer-based ground (Earth) station to receive satellite signals, direct readout may be obtained. The electronic satellite signals are displayed as images on the computer screen. The images can display gradients of the Earth's topography and temperature, cloud formations, the flow and direction of winds and water currents, the formation of hurricanes, the occurrence of an eclipse, and a view of Earth's geography. Both visible and infrared images can be obtained. This booklet introduces the satellite systems, ground station configuration, and computer requirements involved in direct readout. Also included are lists of associated resources and vendors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-EP-300 , NAS 1.19:300
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  • 5
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    Views from Space (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This video shows how views from the shuttle provide valuable information as to the condition of earth.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ASR-252 , NASA-TM-109634 , NONP-NASA-VT-93-190432
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  • 6
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    Looking at Earth from space (1994)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This vendor equipment list was developed with NASA funding by the Dallas Remote Imaging Group (DRIG) and the Maryland Pilot Earth Science and Technology Education Network (MAPS-NET) project as a reference guide to low-cost ground station equipment for direct readout, the capability to acquire information directly from environmental satellites. Products were tested with the following standards in mind: ease of use; user friendliness and completeness of manual and instructions; total system cost for computer, geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES), and automatic picture transmission (APT) capability under $4000; and vendor stability in the industry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-EP-301 , NAS 1.19:301
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  • 7
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    The use of a vegetation index for assessment of the urban heat island effect (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A vegetation index and radiative surface temperature were derived from NOAA-11 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data for the Seattle, WA region from 28 June through 4 July 1991. The vegetation index and surface temperature values were computed for locations of weather observation stations within the region and compared to observed minimum air temperatures. These comparisons were used to evaluate the use of AVHRR data to assess the influence of the urban environment on observed minimum air temperatures (the urban heat island effect). AVHRR derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and radiant surface temperature data from a one week composite product were both related significantly to observed minimum temperatures, however, the vegetation index accounted for a greater amount of the spatial variation observed in mean minimum temperatures. The difference in the NDVI between urban and rural regions appears to be an indicator of the difference in surface properties (i.e., evaporation and heat storage capacity) between the two environments that are responsible for differences in urban and rural minimum temperatures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 11; p. 2223-2230.
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  • 8
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    A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A remote sensing research agenda designed to expand the knowledge of the spatial distribution of species richness and its ecological determinants and to predict its response to global change is proposed. Emphasis is placed on current methods of mapping species richness of both plants and animals, hypotheses concerning the biophysical factors believed to determine patterns of species richness, and anthropogenic processes causing the accelerating rate of extinctions. It is concluded that biodiversity should be incorporated more prominently into the global change and earth system science paradigms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 10; p. 1839-1860.
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  • 9
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    Spatial structure, sampling design and scale in remotely-sensed imagery of a California savanna woodland (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This article describes research related to sampling techniques for establishing linear relations between land surface parameters and remotely-sensed data. Predictive relations are estimated between percentage tree cover in a savanna environment and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the Thematic Mapper sensor. Spatial autocorrelation in original measurements and regression residuals is examined using semi-variogram analysis at several spatial resolutions. Sampling schemes are then tested to examine the effects of autocorrelation on predictive linear models in cases of small sample sizes. Regression models between image and ground data are affected by the spatial resolution of analysis. Reducing the influence of spatial autocorrelation by enforcing minimum distances between samples may also improve empirical models which relate ground parameters to satellite data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 11; p. 2137-2164.
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  • 10
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    Detection of soil erosion within pinyon-juniper woodlands using Thematic Mapper (TM) data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Multispectral measurements collected by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were correlated with field measurements, direct soil loss estimates, and Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) estimates to determine the sensitivity of TM data to varying degrees of soil erosion in pinyon-juniper woodland in central Utah. TM data were also evaluated as a predictor of the USLE Crop Management C factor for pinyon-juniper woodlands. TM spectral data were consistently better predictors of soil erosion factors than any combination of field factors. TM data were more sensitive to vegetation variations than the USLE C factor. USLE estimates showed low annual rates of erosion which varied little among the study sites. Direct measurements of rate of soil loss using the SEDIMENT (Soil Erosion DIrect measureMENT) technique, indicated high and varying rates of soil loss among the sites since tree establishment. Erosion estimates from the USLE and SEDIMENT methods suggest that erosion rates have been severe in the past, but because significant amounts of soil have already been eroded, and the surface is now armored by rock debris, present erosion rates are lower. Indicators of accelerated erosion were still present on all sites, however, suggesting that the USLE underestimated erosion within the study area.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 45; 3; p. 233-248.
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  • 11
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    Modeling crop responses to environmental change (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Potential biophysical responses of crops to climate change are studied focusing on the primary environmental variables which define the limits to agricultural crop growth and production, and the principal methods for predicting climate change impacts on crop geography and production. It is concluded that the principal uncertainties in the prediction of the impacts of climate change on agriculture reside in the contribution of the direct effects of increasing CO2, in potential changes inclimate variability, and the effects of adjustments mechanisms in the context of climatic changes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ; : Astrophysical mase
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  • 12
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    The application of geologic remote sensing to vertebrate biostratigraphy - General results from the Wind River Basin, Wyoming (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Since 1986, remote sensing images derived from satellite and aircraft-borne sensor data have been used to study the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the vertebrate-bearing Wind River and Wagon Bed formations in the Wind River Basin (Wyoming). Landsat 5 TM and aircraft Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner data were combined with conventional geologic analyses. The remote sensing data have contributed significantly to: (1) geologic mapping at the formation, member, and bed levels; (2) stratigraphic correlation; (3) reconstruction of ancient depositional environments; and (4) identification of structural complexity. This information is critical to vertebrate paleontology in providing the stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and structural framework required for evolutionary and paleoecologic studies. Of primary importance is the ability to map at minimal cost the geology of large areas (20,000 sq km or greater) at a high level of precision. Remote sensing data can be especially useful in geologically and paleontologically unexplored or poorly understood regions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Mountain Geologist (ISSN 0027-254X); 28; 2-3; p. 75-82.
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  • 13
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    Registration of interferometric SAR images (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) is a new way of performing topography mapping. Among the factors critical to mapping accuracy is the registration of the complex SAR images from repeated orbits. A new algorithm for registering interferometric SAR images is presented. A new figure of merit, the average fluctuation function of the phase difference image, is proposed to evaluate the fringe pattern quality. The process of adjusting the registration parameters according to the fringe pattern quality is optimized through a downhill simplex minimization algorithm. The results of applying the proposed algorithm to register two pairs of Seasat SAR images with a short baseline (75 m) and a long baseline (500 m) are shown. It is found that the average fluctuation function is a very stable measure of fringe pattern quality allowing very accurate registration.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1579-1581.
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  • 14
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    New developments of a knowledge based system (VEG) for inferring vegetation characteristics (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An extraction technique for inferring physical and biological surface properties of vegetation using nadir and/or directional reflectance data as input has been developed. A knowledge-based system (VEG) accepts spectral data of an unknown target as input, determines the best strategy for inferring the desired vegetation characteristic, applies the strategy to the target data, and provides a rigorous estimate of the accuracy of the inference. Progress in developing the system is presented. VEG combines methods from remote sensing and artificial intelligence, and integrates input spectral measurements with diverse knowledge bases. VEG has been developed to (1) infer spectral hemispherical reflectance from any combination of nadir and/or off-nadir view angles; (2) test and develop new extraction techniques on an internal spectral database; (3) browse, plot, or analyze directional reflectance data in the system's spectral database; (4) discriminate between user-defined vegetation classes using spectral and directional reflectance relationships; and (5) infer unknown view angles from known view angles (known as view angle extension).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 763-765.
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  • 15
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    Gap probability - Measurements and models of a pecan orchard (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Measurements and models are compared for gap probability in a pecan orchard. Measurements are based on panoramic photographs of 50* by 135 view angle made under the canopy looking upwards at regular positions along transects between orchard trees. The gap probability model is driven by geometric parameters at two levels-crown and leaf. Crown level parameters include the shape of the crown envelope and spacing of crowns; leaf level parameters include leaf size and shape, leaf area index, and leaf angle, all as functions of canopy position.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 760-762.
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  • 16
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    On the relationship between thermal emissivity and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index for natural surfaces (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The spatial variation of both the thermal emissivity (8-14 microns) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was measured for a series of natural surfaces within a savanna environment in Botswana. The measurements were performed with an emissivity-box and with a combined red and near-IR radiometer, with spectral bands corresponding to NOAA/AVHRR. It was found that thermal emissivity was highly correlated with NDVI after logarithmic transformation, with a correlation coefficient of R = 0.94. This empirical relationship is of potential use for energy balance studies using thermal IR remote sensing. The relationship was used in combination with AVHRR (GAC), AVHRR (LAC), and Landsat (TM) data to demonstrate and compare the spatial variability of various spatial scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 6; p. 1119-1131.
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  • 17
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    Functional patterns in an annual grassland during an AVIRIS overflight (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This study relates Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery to ground measurements of vegetation distribution, physiology, and productivity at Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Primary efforts focused on a 9-ha region of annual grassland where we completed a detailed ground-based study in conjunction with a 15 May 1991 AVIRIS overflight. Spectral mixture analysis and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) calculated from AVIRIS data were used to evaluate spatial patterns of vegetation type, productivity, and potential physiological activity. Concurrent ground sampling revealed a high degree of correlation between NDVI and estimates of canopy chemistry, structure, productivity, and CO2 flux, supporting the use of imaging spectrometry to estimate spatial and temporal trends in vegetation physiology and productivity in this relatively simple grassland ecosystem. Geostatistical analyses of both ground and AVIRIS data supported the conclusion that the AVIRIS pixel size was suitable for describing the influence of major landscape features in this grassland and that spatial detail would be lost at slightly larger pixel sizes typical of other imaging spectrometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 3-Feb; p. 239-253.
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  • 18
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    Firefly system concept (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The 'Firefly' project has developed and implemented an infrared (IR) remote sensing prototype system based on the concept presented. The Firefly system produces images through smoke that will provide near real-time wildland fire information for fire management and suppression. The prototype will be tested through the 1991 fire season. Results of the testing will be incorporated into the final system design for operational use at the end of 1992.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: Infrared technology XVII; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, July 22-26, 1991 (A93-38376 15-35); p. 202-206.
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  • 19
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    Remote sensing of ferric iron minerals as guides for gold exploration (1991)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The relationship between the surficial iron mineralogy and economic mineralization is investigated, using data from an airborne imaging spectrometer (the 63-channel Geophysical and Environmental Research Imaging Spectrometer) to map the distribution of iron minerals in the Cripple Creek mining district in Colorado. The airborne image data were coregistered with the field map data for the distribution of iron oxides in the district, in a geographic information computer system, in order to compare their information content. It is shown that the remote imagery was able to uniquely identify the mineral hematite, a mixture of goethite/jarosite, and a mixture of hematite/goethite.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, 8th, Denver, CO, Apr. 29-May 2, 1991, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-28978 10-43); p. 197-205.
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  • 20
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    Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, 8th, Denver, CO, Apr. 29-May 2, 1991, Proceedings. Vols. 1 & 2 (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The proceedings contain papers discussing the state-of-the-art exploration, engineering, and environmental applications of geologic remote sensing, along with the research and development activities aimed at increasing the future capabilities of this technology. The following topics are addressed: spectral geology, U.S. and international hydrocarbon exporation, radar and thermal infrared remote sensing, engineering geology and hydrogeology, mineral exploration, remote sensing for marine and environmental applications, image processing and analysis, geobotanical remote sensing, and data integration and geographic information systems. Particular attention is given to spectral alteration mapping with imaging spectrometers, mapping the coastal plain of the Congo with airborne digital radar, applications of remote sensing techniques to the assessment of dam safety, remote sensing of ferric iron minerals as guides for gold exploration, principal component analysis for alteration mappping, and the application of remote sensing techniques for gold prospecting in the north Fujian province.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ; p. Vol. 1, 736 p.; v
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  • 21
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    Assessing spatial and seasonal variations in grasslands with spectral reflectances from a helicopter platform (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The helicopter system data acquisition technique has shown to be a viable means of gathering surface data with spectral detail adequate for intersite, intrasite, and temporal characterizations and for assessing temporal and spatial variability throughout the FIFE 1987 IFCs. The successful employment of nadir measurements for grassland assessments is notable given the reflectance anisotropy (Middleton, 1992). Though only five sites were repetitively observed, the conclusions reached from this particular sample of sites agree well with assessments from other data sources (Sellars et al., 1990 and Kittel et al., 1990).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,905-18,912.
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  • 22
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    Soil surface CO2 fluxes and the carbon budget of a grassland (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Measurements of soil surface CO2 fluxes are reported for three sites within the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) area, and simple empirical equations are fit to the data to provide predictions of soil fluxes from environmental observations. A prototype soil chamber, used to make the flux measurements, is described and tested by comparing CO2 flux measurements to a 40-L chamber, a 1-m/cu chamber, and eddy correlation. Results suggest that flux measurements with the prototype chamber are consistent with measurements by other methods to within about 20 percent. A simple empirical equation based on 10-cm soil temperature, 0- to 10-cm soil volumetric water content, and leaf area index predicts the soil surface CO2 flux with a rms error of 1.2 micro-mol sq m/s for all three sites. Further evidence supports using this equation to evaluate soil surface CO2 during the 1987 FIFE experiment. The soil surface CO2 fluxes when averaged over 24 hours are comparable to daily gross canopy photosynthetic rates. For 6 days of data the net daily accumulation of carbon is about 0.6 g CO2 sq m/d; this is only a few percent of the daily gross accumulation of carbon by photosynthesis. As the soil became drier in 1989, the net accumulation of carbon by the prairie increased, suggesting that the soil flux is more sensitive to temperature and drought than the photosynthetic fluxes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,845-18,853.
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  • 23
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    Prairie grassland bidirectional reflectances measured by different instruments at the FIFE site (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Land surface reflectance measurements were obtained during the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) field campaigns utilizing a variety of airborne and ground-based spectral radiometers. To study the validity of the assumption that the values obtained by the several different teams and instruments were interchangeable, the surface radiation measurement teams converged on a common site for one day during the fifth intensive field campaign in 1989. The bidirectional reflectances from the various instruments were basically found to be comparable.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,887-18,903.
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  • 24
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    An overview of surface radiance and biology studies in FIFE (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The use of satellite data to study and to understand energy and mass exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere requires information about various biological processes and how various reflected or emitted spectral radiances are influenced by or manifested in these processes. To obtain such information, studies were conducted by the First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) surface radiances and biology (SRB) group using surface, near-surface, helicopter, and aircraft measurements. The two primary objectives of this group were to relate radiative fluxes to biophysical parameters and physiological processes and to assess how various management treatments affect important biological processes. This overview paper summarizes the results obtained by various SRB teams working in nine different areas: (1) measurements of bidirectional reflectance and estimation of hemispherical albedo; (2) evaluation of spatial and seasonal variability reflectance and vegetation indices; (3) determination of surface and radiational factors and their effects on vegetation indices and photosynthetically active radiation relationships; (4) use of surface temperatures to estimate sensible heat flux; (5) controls over photosynthesis and respiration at small scales; (6) soil surface CO2 fluxes and grassland carbon budget; (7) landscape variations in controls over gas exchange and energy partitioning; (8) radiometric response of prairie to management and topography; and (9) determination of nitrogen gas exchanges in a tallgrass prairie.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,829-18,835.
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  • 25
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    Leaf gas exchange of Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Panicum virgatum L., and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash in a tallgrass prairie (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Net CO2 assimilation as a function of internal CO2 and stomatal conductance to water vapor were measured on blades of the C4 grasses Andropogon gerardii Vitman, Panicum virgatrum L., and Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash in northeast Kansas over two growing seasons to determine the comparative physiological responses of these dominant grasses of the tallgrass prairie to environmental variables. The response of dark respiration to temperature and of net assimilation to CO2 concentration and absorbed quantum flux differed little among species. A. gerardii had lower potential photosynthetic rates at internal CO2 concentrations below saturation than P. virgatum and S. nutans, but net assimilation under ambient conditions was similar in the three species. Net assimilation and both the initial slope of assimilation versus internal CO2 curves and the maximum potential assimilation rate decreased as leaf water potential declined in blades of A. gerardii and S. nutans. Changes in assimilation capacity were paralleled by changes in stomatal conductance that were similar in all three species. The strong correlations among processes regulating leaf CO2 assimilation and transpiration in A. gerardii, P. virgatum, and S. nutans suggest that the processes are tightly and similarly coupled in these grasses over a wide range of environmental conditions encountered in the tallgrass prairie.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,837-18,844.
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    Spatial heterogeneity in vegetation canopies and remote sensing of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation - A modeling study (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A 3D radiative transfer model is used to investigate the relationship between spectral indices and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in horizontally heterogeneous vegetation canopies. Canopy reflection at optical wavelengths and PAR absorption are simulated. Data obtained indicate that the leaf area index of a canopy is less of an instructive parameter than the ground cover and clump leaf area index for these canopies. It is found that the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index and fraction of absorbed PAR is almost linear and independent of spatial heterogeneity.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 41; 3-Feb
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    Directional and temporal variability of the APAR/VI relationships - The case of a sunflower canopy (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Detailed biomass and structure measurements as well as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) balance and bidirectional and polarized reflectances in various wavebands from 450 nm to 1750 nm have been conducted over a sunflower canopy in France. Preliminary results show that the vegetation indices (NDVI or TSAVI) computed from the red and near-infrared reflectances exhibit strong directional and temporal (variation with the sun zenith angle) features. The relationship between the vegetation indices and the PAR fraction absorbed or intercepted by the canopy is likely to vary greatly with these factors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1468-1470.
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    Quantitative modeling of soil genesis processes (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: For fine spatial scale simulation, a model is being developed to predict changes in properties over short-, meso-, and long-term time scales within horizons of a given soil profile. Processes that control these changes can be grouped into five major process clusters: (1) abiotic chemical reactions; (2) activities of organisms; (3) energy balance and water phase transitions; (4) hydrologic flows; and (5) particle redistribution. Landscape modeling of soil development is possible using digitized soil maps associated with quantitative soil attribute data in a geographic information system (GIS) framework to which simulation models are applied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1030-1032.
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    Polarimetric signatures of a coniferous forest canopy based on vector radiative transfer theory (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Complete polarization signatures of a coniferous forest canopy are studied by the iterative solution of the vector radiative transfer equations up to the second order. The forest canopy constituents (leaves, branches, stems, and trunk) are embedded in a multi-layered medium over a rough interface. The branches, stems and trunk scatterers are modeled as finite randomly oriented cylinders. The leaves are modeled as randomly oriented needles. For a plane wave exciting the canopy, the average Mueller matrix is formulated in terms of the iterative solution of the radiative transfer solution and used to determine the linearly polarized backscattering coefficients, the co-polarized and cross-polarized power returns, and the phase difference statistics. Numerical results are presented to investigate the effect of transmitting and receiving antenna configurations on the polarimetric signature of a pine forest. Comparison is made with measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 773-775.
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  • 30
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    Mutual shadowing and directional reflectance of a rough surface - A geometric-optical model (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A Monte Carlo simulation of mutual shadowing effects is presented. Results of these simulations and the corresponding modeling efforts are also presented. Simulation results show that the assumption that all illumination shadows will preferentially occupy the lower surface of crowns is not realistic enough and may cause a considerable discrepancy between modeled results and simulation. Therefore, the model was modified by making the probability that a point on the surface of the crown is illuminated to be a function of height from the base of the crown, while still accounting for the fact that at the hotspot the probability that all illuminated points are viewed is one. With this change, modeled results show better agreement with the simulations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 766-768.
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  • 31
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    Properties of radar backscatter of forests measured with a multifrequency polarimetric SAR (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Fully polarimetric airborne synthetic aperture radar (AIRSAR) data, collected in Germany during the MAC Europe campaign, are calibrated using software packages developed at the Joint Research Center (JRC) in Italy for both L- and C-bands. During the period of the overflight dates, extensive ground truth was collected in order to describe the physical and statistical parameters of the canopy, the understory, and the soil. These parameters are compiled and converted into electromagnetic parameters suitable for input to the new polarimetric three-layer canopy model developed at the Wave Scattering Research Center (WSRC) at the University of Texas at Arlington. Comparisons between the theoretical predictions from the model and the calibrated data are carried out. Initial results reveal that the trend of the average phase difference can be predicted by the model, and that the backscattering ratio *shh/ svv is sensitive to the distribution of the primary branches.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 533-535.
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    Remote sensing of the earth's surface with an airborne polarized laser (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Attention is given to the Airborne Laser Polarization Sensor (ALPS), which makes multispectral radiometric and polarization measurements of the earth's surface using a polarized laser light source. Results from data flights taken over boreal forests in Maine at two wavelengths (1060 and 532 nm) using an Nd:YAG laser source show distinct depolarization signatures for three broadleaf and five coniferous tree species. A statistically significant increase in depolarization is found to correlate with increasing leaf surface roughness for the broadleaf species in the near-IR. The ALPS system 3 employs 12 photomultiplier tube detectors configurable to measure desired parameters such as the total backscatter and the polarization state, including the azimuthal angle and ellipticity, at different UV to near-IR wavelengths simultaneously.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 31; 2; p. 438-446.
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    Green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation, and soils in AVIRIS data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of distinguishing between green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV, such as dry grass, leaf litter, and woody material), and soils in imaging-spectrometer data is addressed by analyzing an image taken by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve (California) on September 20, 1989, using spectral mixture analysis. Over 98 percent of the spectral variation could be explained by linear mixtures of three endmembers, green vegetation, shade, and soil. NPV, which could not be distinguished from soil when included as an endmember, was discriminated by residual spectra that contained cellulose and lignin absorptions. Distinct communities of green vegetation were distinguished by (1) nonlinear mixing effect caused by transmission and scattering by green leaves, (2) variations in a derived canopy-shade spectrum, and (3) the fraction of NPV.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 3-Feb; p. 255-269.
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    Intercomparisons between passive and active microwave remote sensing, and hydrological modeling for soil moisture (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Soil moisture estimations from a distributed hydrological model and two microwave sensors were compared with ground measurements collected during the MAC-HYDRO'90 experiment. The comparison was done with the purpose of evaluating the performance of the hydrological model and examining the limitations of remote sensing techniques used in soil moisture estimation. An image integration technique was used to integrate and analyze rainfall, soil properties, land cover, topography, and remote sensing imagery. Results indicate that the hydrological model and microwave sensors successfully picked up temporal variations of soil moisture and that the spatial soil moisture pattern may be remotely sensed with reasonable accuracy using existing algorithms.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 5; p. 167-176.
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    High dimensional reflectance analysis of soil organic matter (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Recent breakthroughs in remote-sensing technology have led to the development of high spectral resolution imaging sensors for observation of earth surface features. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of organic matter content and composition on narrowband soil reflectance across the visible and reflective infrared spectral ranges. Organic matter from four Indiana agricultural soils, ranging in organic C content from 0.99 to 1.72 percent, was extracted, fractionated, and purified. Six components of each soil were isolated and prepared for spectral analysis. Reflectance was measured in 210 narrow bands in the 400- to 2500-nm wavelength range. Statistical analysis of reflectance values indicated the potential of high dimensional reflectance data in specific visible, near-infrared, and middle-infrared bands to provide information about soil organic C content, but not organic matter composition. These bands also responded significantly to Fe- and Mn-oxide content.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Soil Science Society of America, Journal (ISSN 0038-0776); 56; 3; p. 865-872.
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    Developing satellite-derived estimates of surface moisture status (1993)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: An evaluation is made of the remotely sensed surface temperature (Ts)/normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relationship in studies of the influence of biome type on the slope of Ts/NDVI, and of the automation of the process of defining the relationship so that the surface moisture status can be compared with Ts/NDVI at continental scales. The analysis is conducted using the NOAA AVHRR over a 300 x 300 km area in western Montana, as well as biweekly composite AVHRR data. A strong negative relationship is established between NDVI and Ts over all biome types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0894-8763); 32; 3; p. 548-557.
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    Remote sensing of vegetation canopy photosynthetic and stomatal conductance efficiencies (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The problem of remote sensing the canopy photosynthetic and stomatal conductance efficiencies is investigated with the aid of one- and three-dimensional radiative transfer methods coupled to a semi-empirical mechanistic model of leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Desertlike vegetation is modeled as clumps of leaves randomly distributed on a bright dry soil with partial ground cover. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), canopy photosynthetic (Ep), and stomatal efficiencies (Es) are calculated for various geometrical, optical, and illumination conditions. The contribution of various radiative fluxes to estimates of Ep is evaluated and the magnitude of errors in bulk canopy formulation of problem parameters are quantified. The nature and sensitivity of the relationship between Ep and Es to NDVI is investigated, and an algorithm is proposed for use in operational remote sensing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 42; 3; p. 217-238.
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    Determining successional stage of temperate coniferous forests with Landsat satellite data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Thematic Mapper (TM) digital imagery was used to map forest successional stages and to evaluate spectral differences between old-growth and mature forests in the central Cascade Range of Oregon. Relative sun incidence values were incorporated into the successional stage classification to compensate for topographic induced variation. Relative sun incidence improved the classification accuracy of young successional stages, but did not improve the classification accuracy of older, closed canopy forest classes or overall accuracy. TM bands 1, 2, and 4; the normalized difference vegetation index; and TM 4/3, 4/5, and 4/7 band ratio values for o|d-growth forests were found to be significantly lower than the values of mature forests. The Tasseled Cap features of brightness, greenness, and wetness also had significantly lower old-growth values as compared to mature forest values .
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: PE&RS - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 59; 2; p. 239-246.
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  • 39
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    A catchment scale water balance model for FIFE (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A catchment scale water balance model is presented and used to predict evaporation from the King's Creek catchment at the First ISLSCP Field Experiment site on the Konza Prairie, Kansas. The model incorporates spatial variability in topography, soils, and precipitation to compute the land surface hydrologic fluxes. A network of 20 rain gages was employed to measure rainfall across the catchment in the summer of 1987. These data were spatially interpolated and used to drive the model during storm periods. During interstorm periods the model was driven by the estimated potential evaporation, which was calculated using net radiation data collected at site 2. Model-computed evaporation is compared to that observed, both at site 2 (grid location 1916-BRS) and the catchment scale, for the simulation period from June 1 to October 9, 1987.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,997-19,007.
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    A simple analytical function for bidirectional reflectance (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A simple bidirectional reflectance model based on physical scattering laws is developed to calculate the bidirectional reflectance of a wide variety of surfaces. Chandrasekhar's radiative transfer solution, obtained for the anisotropically scattering semi-infinite medium, is used to compute the multiple-scattered radiances. However, since the radiative transfer solution does not take architectural effects into consideration, we adopt Hapke's (1986) approach and add an empirical term to explain the hot-spot phenomenon and use Cox and Munk's (1954) formulation to take into account the specular reflection. The physical parameters of the model are retrieved from bidirectional reflectance measurements. For each surface, only one set of model parameters is needed for application to all illumination and viewing geometries. The validity of the model is established by comparing the computed and measured reflectances for sets of viewing and illumination angles that were not included in the inversion algorithm. Good agreement is shown between the model-computed and the observed reflectances for dense prairie vegetation canopies, a sparse desert scrub community, a plowed agricultural field, and an alkali flat.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,867-18,886.
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  • 41
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    Surface reflectance retrieval from satellite and aircraft sensors - Results of sensors and algorithm comparisons during FIFE (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Visible to shortwave infrared radiometric data collected by a number of remote sensing instruments on aircraft and satellite platforms were compared over common areas in the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE) site on August 4, 1989, to assess their radiometric consistency and the adequacy of atmospheric correction algorithms. The instruments in the study included the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM), the SPOT 1 high-resolution visible (HRV) 1 sensor, the NS001 Thematic Mapper simulator, and the modular multispectral radiometers (MMRs). Atmospheric correction routines analyzed were an algorithm developed for FIFE, LOWTRAN 7, and 5S. A comparison between corresponding bands of the SPOT 1 HRV 1 and the Landsat 5 TM sensors indicated that the two instruments were radiometrically consistent to within about 5 percent. Retrieved surface reflectance factors using the FIFE algorithm over one site under clear atmospheric conditions indicated a capability to determine near-nadir surface reflectance factors to within about 0.01 at a reflectance of 0.06 in the visible (0.4-0.7 microns) and about 0.30 in the near infrared (0.7-1.2 microns) for all but the NS001 sensor. All three atmospheric correction procedures produced absolute reflectances to within 0.005 in the visible and near infrared. In the shortwave infrared (1.2-2.5 microns) region the three algorithms differed in the retrieved surface reflectances primarily owing to differences in predicted gaseous absorption. Although uncertainties in the measured surface reflectance in the shortwave infrared precluded definitive results, the 5S code appeared to predict gaseous transmission marginally more accurately than LOWTRAN 7.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,785-18,795.
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    Atmospheric correction of remotely sensed image data by a simplified model (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The interaction of radiation with the atmosphere is complex and has proved difficult to calculate without reference to measurements made at or close to the time and location of interest. In this paper we describe the use of data from an airborne-tracking sunphotometer mounted on a NASA C-130 aircraft to derive optical properties of the atmospheric aerosols above the aircraft when it is on the ground as well as when the aircraft is at altitude collecting remote sensing data. Furthermore, we describe the use of these optical properties for quantitative atmospheric correction of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and NS001 TM simulator radiances in a simplified radiative transfer model appropriate for each pixel of entire images. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons of results from use of the model show it provides good to excellent correction for atmospheric effects in TM and NS001 TM simulator data. Quantitative comparisons with measurements of surface radiances measured near the time of the TM overpass showed agreement within a few percent for bands 2, 3, and 4. Band 1 yielded radiances within 15 percent of the surface radiances. We think the simplified atmospheric correction model shows great promise for applying atmospheric corrections to entire images instead of individual points within images to yield surface radiances within a few percent in a computationally efficient manner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D17; p. 18,797-18,814.
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    Spectral mixture analysis of multispectral thermal infrared images (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Remote spectral measurements of light reflected or emitted from terrestrial scenes is commonly integrated over areas sufficiently large that the surface comprises more than one component. Techniques have been developed to analyze multispectral or imaging spectrometer data in terms of a wide range of mixtures of a limited number of components. Spectral mixture analysis has been used primarily for visible and near-infrared images, but it may also be applied to thermal infrared data. Two approaches are reviewed: binary mixing and a more general treatment for isothermal mixtures of a greater number of components.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 42; 2; p. 137-145.
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    Emissivity of terrestrial materials in the 8-14 microns atmospheric window (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Remotely sensed infrared radiance emitted by a surface is a function both of its kinetic temperature and its spectral emissivity. Consequently, assumptions are usually made about the emissivity of earth surface materials to allow their temperatures to be determined, or vice versa. To increase the accuracy of these assumptions, the directional hemispherical spectral reflectance of a wide range of natural earth surface materials has been measured and is summarized here. These include igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, desert varnish, soils, vegetation, water, and ice. Kirchhoff's Law can be used to predict directional spectral emissivity from these data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 42; 2; p. 83-106.
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    Effects of habitat map generalization in biodiversity assessment (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Species richness is being mapped as part of an inventory of biological diversity in California (i.e., gap analysis). Species distributions are modeled with a GIS on the basis of maps of each species' preferred habitats. Species richness is then tallied in equal-area sampling units. A GIS sensitivity analysis examined the effects of the level of generalization of the habitat map on the predicted distribution of species richness in the southern Sierra Nevada. As the habitat map was generalized, the number of habitat types mapped within grid cells tended to decrease with a corresponding decline in numbers of species predicted. Further, the ranking of grid cells in order of predicted numbers of species changed dramatically between levels of generalization. Areas predicted to be of greatest conservation value on the basis of species richness may therefore be sensitive to GIS data resolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: PE&RS - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 58; 11; p. 1587-1591.
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    Interactive boundary delineation of agricultural lands using graphics workstations (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A review is presented of the computer-assisted stratification and sampling (CASS) system developed to delineate the boundaries of sample units for survey procedures. CASS stratifies the sampling units by land-cover and land-use type, employing image-processing software and hardware. This procedure generates coverage areas and the boundaries of stratified sampling units that are utilized for subsequent sampling procedures from which agricultural statistics are developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: PE&RS - Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 58; 10; p. 1439-1443.
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    The search for crustal resources - MAGSAT and beyond (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: In the decade since global satellite magnetic field data have been available from MAGSAT, notable progress has been made in processing these data for purposes of mapping crustal anomalies. Several regional magnetic anomaly maps compiled using these new techniques (e.g. Kursk region, U.S.S.R.; central Africa; Kiruna, Sweden; and the U.S.A. midcontinent) provide insight into the nature and tectonic evolution of the crust that contribute to conceptual crustal models useful in regional resource exploration. A recent mail survey of geopotential-field specialists involved in resource exploration indicates interest in MAGSAT data and future satellite missions with improved resolution. It is apparent that magnetic anomalies derived from satellite observations can aid in the search for crustal resources.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 12; 7; p. 5-11, 13-15.
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    EOS/AMSU-A NASA/Aerojet Interface Meeting (1993)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: an instrument and changes overview; mechanical requirements; thermal requirements; electrical command and data handling; contamination; software; integration and test; and environmental requirements assessments.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-108234 , NAS 1.15:108234 , May 11, 1993
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    ATMOS: Long term atmospheric measurements for mission to planet Earth (1992)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A long-term, space-based measurement program, together with continued balloon and aircraft-borne investigations, is essential to monitor the predicted effects in the atmosphere, to determine to what extent the concentration measurements agree with current models of stratospheric chemistry, and to determine the condition of the ozone layer. The Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Experiment is currently making comprehensive, global measurements of Earth's atmosphere as part of the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) program on the Space Shuttle. Part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, ATLAS is a continuing series of missions to study Earth and the Sun and provide a more fundamental understanding of the solar influences on Earth's atmosphere. The ATMOS program, instruments, and science results are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-108720 , NAS 1.15:108720
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    Mission to Planet Earth (1992)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) is NASA's concept for an international science program to produce the understanding needed to predict changes in the Earth's environment. NASA and its interagency and international partners will place satellites carrying advanced sensors in strategic Earth orbits to gather multidisciplinary data. A sophisticated data system will process and archive an unprecedented amount of information about the Earth and how it works as a system. Increased understanding of the Earth system is a basic human responsibility, a prerequisite to informed management of the planet's resources and to the preservation of the global environment. An overview of the MTPE, flight programs, data and information systems, interdisciplinary research efforts, and international coordination, is presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA, Environment Observation and Climate Modelling Through International Space Projects. Volume 3: Earth Observation Space Programmes, SAFISY Activities, Strategies of International Organisations, Legal Aspects; p 1439-1442
    Format: text
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