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  • Articles  (7)
  • Maps
  • earthquakes  (7)
  • 1990-1994  (7)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1935-1939
  • Geography  (7)
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  • Articles  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tsunamigenic zones in the Mediterranean Sea (1990)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 3 (1990), S. 183-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; earthquakes ; Mediterranean Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A list of 300 tsunamis and similar phenomena known in the Mediterranean is given. Data reliability and wave intensity are estimated; mechanisms of tsunami generation are indicated and data from literature sources on the coordinates and magnitudes of tsunamigenic earthquakes are cited. Eighteen zones of excitation and manifestation of tsunamis are identified which can be integrated into four groups with respect to the recurrence period and maximum intensity of the tsunamis. The strongest tsunamis are excited in the Aegean Sea, and the Hellenic and Calabrian island arcs. The focal depth of the earthquake-generating tsunamis in the Mediterranean is, on average, less than that in the Pacific. Correspondingly, the magnitude of tsunamigenic earthquakes is lower. According to preliminary estimates, the Mediterranean tsunamis attenuate with distance more rapidly than do those in the Pacific Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140432
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of tsunami hazard in the Italian seas (1991)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 4 (1991), S. 267-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; earthquakes ; hazard assessment ; Italian Seas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A method for the evaluation of tsunami potential in the seas surrounding Italy is presented. A major difficulty for performing reliable estimates of tsunami occurrence is that the existing tsunami catalog for Italy includes a small number of cases. This is due partly to the catalog incompleteness, strangely more pronounced in our century, and partly to the relative infrequency of tsunamis along the Italian seas. Evaluation of tsunami activity is therefore deduced by complementing the tsunami catalog data with data on seismicity that are by far more abundant and reliable. Analysis of seismicity and assessment of earthquake rate in coastal and submarine regions form the basis of the present method to perform tsunami potential estimates for Italy. One essential limitation of the method is that only tsunamis of seismic origin are taken into account, which leads to an underestimation of the tsunami potential. Since tsunamis generated by earthquakes are much more frequent than events produced by slumps or volcanic eruptions, the underestimation is not dramatic and very likely affects only a limited portion of the Italian coasts. In the present application of the method, eight separate regions have been considered that together cover all the coasts of Italy. In each region, seismicity has been independently examined and the earthquake potential has been calculated in small 20′ × 20′ cells. Then, on the basis of suitable assumptions, tsunami potential has been evaluated in each cell. According to this study, the Italian coasts that are the most exposed to the attacks of locally generated tsunamis are to be found in the Messina Straits, in Tyrrhenian coasts of Calabria, in the Ionian Sicilian coasts around Catania, and in the Gargano promontory in the Southern Adriatic Sea. Furthermore, this study confirms that the Northern Adriatic Sea has a low level of tsunami potential, in agreement with recent studies emphasizing that the large historical events concerning this region included in the first versions of the Italian tsunami catalog are largely overestimated and must be decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162792
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonseismic phenomena in the generation and augmentation of tsunamis (1990)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 3 (1990), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; earthquakes ; volcanoes ; landslides ; causes ; subsidence ; pyroclastics ; submarine eruptions ; base surges ; tsunami warning systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract While earthquakes generate about 90% of all tsunamis, volcanic activity, landslides, explosions, and other nonseismic phenomena can also result in tsunamis. There have been 53 000 reported deaths as a result of tsunamis generated by landslides and volcanoes. No death tolls are available for many events, but reports indicate that villages, islands, and even entire civilizations have disappeared. Some of the highest tsunami wave heights ever observed were produced by landslides. In the National Geophysical Data Center world-wide tsunami database, there are nearly 200 tsunami events in which nonseismic phenomena played a major role. In this paper, we briefly discuss a variety of nonseismic phenomena that can result in tsunamis. We discuss the magnitude of the disasters that have resulted from such events, and we discuss the potential for reducing such disasters by education and warning systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124396
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic hazard maps for Jordan and vicinity (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 201-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; Jordan ; earthquakes ; uncertainty ; Bayesian method ; intensity attenuation ; expert opinion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Probabilistic methods are used to quantify the seismic hazard in Jordan and neighbouring regions. The hazard model incorporates the uncertainties associated with the seismicity parameters and the attenuation equation. Seven seismic sources are identified in the region and the seismicity parameters of these sources are estimated by making use of all the available information. Seismic hazard computations and the selection of peak ground acceleration and modified Mercalli intensity values at the nodes of a 25 × 25 km mesh covering the region under study are carried out by two different computer programs. The results of the study are presented through a set of seismic hazard maps displaying iso-acceleration and iso-intensity contours corresponding to specified return periods. The first set of maps is derived based on the seismicity data assessed in this study and display our ‘best’ estimate of the seismic hazard for Jordan and the neighbouring areas. The second set of maps which shows the ‘alternative’ estimate of seismic hazard is based solely on the seismicity parameters reported by other researchers. The third set of maps, called the ‘Bayesian’ estimate of seismic hazard, reflects the influence of expert opinion involving more conservative assumptions regarding the Red Sea and Araba faults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129509
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seismic hazard analysis with randomly located sources (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 215-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; random source location ; random boundary ; source zone boundary ; seismic sources ; uncertainty ; earthquakes ; statistical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Demarcation of areal and linear seismic sources involves a certain degree of uncertainty and this should be reflected in the final seismic hazard results. The uncertainty associated with the description of the geographical coordinates of a source zone boundary is modeled by introducing the concept of ‘random boundary’, where the location of the boundary is assumed to exhibit a spatial bivariate Gaussian distribution. Here the mean vector denotes the best estimate of location and the variance reflects the magnitude of location uncertainty, which may be isotropic or may show spatial directivity. The consideration of spatial randomness in the boundaries smooths the seismicity parameters and permits the gradual transitions of these to occur across border zones. Seismic sources modeled as lines can also be attributed random geometrical properties. The sensitivity of seismic hazard results to the isotropic and direction dependent location uncertainty is examined on the basis of hypothetical case studies. Area and line source location uncertainties are examined separately because they are reflected in the eventual outcome of the analyses in a complicated manner. The effect of random source zone boundaries on the expected peak ground acceleration is tested for a specific site in Turkey by conducting a comprehensive seismic hazard analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662600
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional fracture analysis south Latitude 29° N of Egypt and their influence on earthquakes (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 9 (1994), S. 235-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Egypt ; earthquakes ; fracture density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Egypt had been subjected to earthquakes of various degrees but earthquake observation in this country started only in 1899. Earthquakes were found in the locations where fractures have relatives high densities. The Fracture pattern of Egypt south Latitude at 29° N was studied regionally based on Landsat images and aerial photomosaics. Fractures in the Eastern Desert have the prominent trends, NW, EW, NNW and ENE, showing high density in the northern and southern parts. These fractures control the distribution of mineral deposits and radioactivity in the basement rocks. Fractures in Western Desert are less remarkable with the main trend NNW, E-W, N-S and NW, showing high density in the central part. The NNW trending fractures have the same direction of sand dunes which cover larger areas in the northwestern part of Western Desert. Based on the geographical distribution of earthquakes in the seismic maps and centers of high fractures density on the structural contour maps, the area south of latitude 29° N of Egypt was divided into three regions: The Red Sea, Western Desert and Aswan Environs. This correlation led to the conclusion that the fractures have an effect on earthquake activity, are trending ENE and WNW in the Red Sea, NW and N-S in the Western Desert and E-W and NNW in Aswan Environs. It should be emphasized that fractures with higher density are more susceptible to earthquakes in the locations characterized by two dominant sets of fractures especially at their intersections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00662601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a geological region for earthquakes using syntactic pattern recognition of seismograms (1994)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 10 (1994), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: SPARS ; seismograms ; pattern recognition ; earthquakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A relational database has been developed which permits the storage and retrieval of waveforms, together with essential parameters of events. The capability of the method is tested by applying it to broad-band records from the Geoscope Noumea station (New Caledonia).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643448
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