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  • Bone
  • Springer  (79)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • 1990-1994  (48)
  • 1965-1969  (31)
  • 1960-1964
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  • Springer  (79)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (2)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 530-535 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Bone ; collagen ; fulvic acids ; DNA ; ancient DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The amount of DNA in ancient bone was determined by ethidium bromide staining after the removal of the potent Taq inhibitor, fulvic acid. A complete decalcification and a perfusion protocol were used to recover DNA from bone. A variety of purification techniques including molecular sieve, hydroxyapatite binding and ‘Magic’ preparations yielded DNA that spanned from 3.4μg/g of bone to below detectable limits. Fulvic acid was shown to interfere with the quantification of DNA derived from ancient human skeletal material one hundred to over seven thousand years old. Scanning UV in the 300 to 230 nm range is a simple and sensitive technique for documenting fulvic acid contamination in ancient bone extracts.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 103-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mitochondrion ; Calcium ; Excretion ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Carbonate ; Bone ; Fish ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D'après la littérature, il semble que les poissons soient obligées d'hyperventiler en CO2, pour recevoir suffisamment d'oxygène. Ils présenteraient par suite une quantité faible de bicarbonate circulant. Dans cet ordre d'idée, les arêtes de truites et de carpes ont été analysés pour établir si la composition du minéral osseux traduit la faible concentration en bicarbonate sérique. Le contenu en CO2 d'arêtes de poissons n'est pas significativement différent de celui des os normaux de mammifères. Des crîstaux d'apatite synthétique, préparés dans des conditions identiques de T, μ et (HCO 3 − ), ne contiennent que 1/7ème à 1/8ème du CO2 d'arêtes de poissons. Ces résultats indiquent que la composition des liquides dans l'os ne réfléchit pas simplement la composition du sérum circulant, ainsi qu'on l'admet généralement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es ist in der Literatur berichtet worden, daß Fische, um genügend Sauerstoff zu erhalten, einen Überschuß von Kohlensäure einatmen müssen und folglich einen niedrigen Gehalt an Bicarbonaten im Kreislauf aufweisen. Knochen von Forellen und Karpfen wurden analysiert, um festzustellen, ob ihre Mineralsalzzusammensetzungen die niedrigen Serum-bicarbonate-konzentrationen wiederspiegeln. Die Resultate zeigten keinen wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen dem Carbonatgehalt der Knochen von Fischen und Säugetieren. Synthetische Apatitkristalle, die unter ähnlichen Bedingungen von T, μ und HCO3 bereitet wurden, wiesen nur 1/7–1/8 des Carbonatgehaltes der Fischknochen auf. Diese Ergebnisse deuten zweifellos darauf hin, daß zwischen der Zusammensetzung der Gewebeflüssigkeit der Knochen und des Serums kein einfacher Zusammenhang besteht.
    Notes: Abstract It has been reported in the literature that fish, to get sufficient oxygen, must overventilate with respect to CO2 and therefore exhibit a low circulating level of bicarbonate. Accordingly, the bones of trout and carp were analyzed to learn if the composition of their bone mineral reflects the low serum level of bicarbonate. It was found that the CO2 content of fish bone is not significantly different from that of normal mammalian bone. Synthetic apatite crystals, made under comparable conditions of T, μ, and (HCO 3 − ) were found to contain only 1/7th to 1/8th the CO2 of fish bone. These data strongly suggest that the composition of the fluids in bone does not reflect, in a simple way, the composition of the circulating serum as is generally assumed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Exchange ; Radioisotopes ; Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une hypothèse, destinée à rendre compte de façon semi-quantitative, des grandes variations de temps nécessaire à équilibrer, au niveau du squelette, divers produits radioactifs, introduits dans le torrent circulatoire, est mise au point. Cette hypothèse est basée sur le fait que 3 facteurs interviennent dans les échanges osseux: a) la vitesse de perfusion de l'os, b) la concentration ionique du plasma, et c) la concentration ionique de l'os. Partant de cette hypothèse et de résultats publiés dans la littérature, “des temps de cyclage” sont calculés par Cl−, Na+, K+ et Ca++. Ils varient selon quatre ordres de grandeur (de 10 min pour Cl− à 64 jours Ca++, chez le rat). Ces résultats ont été vérifiés pour des échanges de22Na et de45Ca dans une colonne d'apatite minéralin vitro. Des échanges de36Cl et de42K ont été étudiésin vivo au niveau du fémur de rat. La disparition sanguine du22Na a été suivie chez l'Homme. Enfin des résultats d'échanges de45Ca, au niveau de molaires de rat, publiés dans la littérature, ont été recalculés. Dans chaque cas, les résultats expérimentaux ont confirmé les prédictions de l'hypothèse du cyclage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Hypothese aufgestellt, um auf semi-quantitative Weise die breite Variabilität der Zeit zu erklären, die benötigt wird, um im Skelett ein Gleichgewicht von verschiedenen radioaktiven in den Kreislauf eingeführten Substanzen herzustellen. Diese Hypothese beruht auf der Annahme, daß der geschwindigkeitsbeschränkende Faktor beim Knochenaustausch durch 3 Variablen definiert ist: a) das Maß der Knochenperfusion, b) die Konzentration der Ionen im Plasma und c) die Konzentration der Ionen im Knochen. Auf Grund dieser Annahme und gestützt auf Angaben aus der Literatur wurden die “cycling times” für Cl−, Na+, K+ und Ca++ berechnet. Diese variieren in 4 Größenordnungen, beispielsweise von 10 min für Cl− bis zu 64 Tagen für Ca++ bei der Ratte. Diese Annahmen wurden für den Austauschin vitro von22Na und45Ca in Apatitmineral in einer Säule geprüft. Der Austausch von36Cl und von42K wurdein vivo am Rattenfemur studiert. Die Abnahme von22Na im menschlichen Blut wurde ebenfalls verfolgt. Schließlich wurden Literaturangaben über den Austausch von45Ca in Rattenbackenzähnen überprüft. Die Versuchsresultate kamen dabei sehr nahe an die auf Grund des “cycling concept” erwarteten. Einige der Zusammenhänge dieser Befunde werden kurz besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract An hypothesis has been developed to explain in a semi-quantitative fashion the wide variations in time required for the equilibration in the skeleton of various radioactive substances when they are introduced into the circulation. The basis for the hypothesis rests on the assumption that three variables define the rate-limiting step in bone exchange: a) the rate of perfusion of bone, b) the concentration of the ion plasma, and c) the concentration of the ion in bone. Using this idea and data from the literature, “cycling times” were calculated for Cl−, Na+, K+, and Ca++. They were found to vary by four orders of magnitude (from 10 min for Cl− to 64 days for Ca++ in the rat). These predictions were tested for22Na- and45Ca-exchange in a column of apatite mineralin vitro. In vivo 36Cl- and42K-exchange in rat femur was studied. The blood disappearance of22Na in man was also examined. Finally, data in the literture of45Ca-exchange in the rat molar was redrawn. In every case, experimental results closely approximated the predictions of the cycling concept. Some of the implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Glycosaminogloycans ; Hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glycosaminoglycanes de l'os compact ont été identifiés, par la méthode de précipitation au chlorure de cetylpyridinium, chez le chien normal et des chiens soumis à 20 ou 30 U.S.P. d'extrait parathyroïdien pendant 5 et 3–4 jours. Les concentrations d'héxosamines totales ainsi que les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycoaminoglycanes acides, précipités par chlorure de cetylpyridinium, sont déterminées. En outre, la répartition du glycosaminoglycane de la zone d'ossification épiphysaire ainsi que l'incorporation du35S-sulfate dans les glycosaminoglycanes du tissu osseux et du cartilage épiphysaire, après administration de35S-sulfatein vivo, ont été étudiées. Dans l'os compact, les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycosaminoglycances acides, constitutent environ un tiers de la concentration totale en héxosamine et environ 0,05–0,06% du poids sec total. Le constituant principal des glycosaminoglycances acides osseux est formé par le chondroitine-4-sulfate. Ce dernier est plus riche en sulfate et présente un poids moléculaire plus élevé que le chondroitine sulfate du cartilage épiphysaire, qui, selon des travaux antérieurs, présente des caractéristiques infra-rouges du chondroitine-4-sulfate et du chondroitine-6-sulfate, avec prédominance du premier. Les poids moléculaires du chondroitine sulfate osseux varient surtout d'environ 45000 et 56000. L'acide hyaluronique constitute une faible fraction des glycosaminoglycanes osseux. Des différences marquées de l'activité spécifique des fractions de cohondroitine sulfate de l'os et du cartilage épiphysaire, à poids moléculaires variables, on tété notées de façon répétée. L'administration d'extrait parathyroïdien à des chiens n'a pas d'effet sur les poids moléculaires en chondroitine sulfate de l'os ou du cartilage épiphysaire. Elle n'influence pas non plus les concentrations en héxosamines totales ou en glycosaminoglycances acides. Dans ces tissus, il ne se produit pas d'effect de stimulation ou de dépression concernant l'incorporation de35S-sulfate dans le chondroitine sulfate our sur la séparation moléculaire de molécules transformées en sulfates et/ou de molécules synthétiques de sulfate chondroitine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An normale Hunden und an Hunden die unter 5 respektive 3–4 Tagen 20 oder 30 U.S.P./kg Parathyreoidea-Extract erhalten hatten, wurden im kompakten Knochen die Glykosaminoglykane unter Anwendung der Cetylpyridiniumchlorid-Fällungsmethode identifiziert und die Konzentration des Total-Hexosamins und des Hexosamins, entsprechend den Cetylpyridiniumchlorid fällbaren sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, wurde bestimmt. Außerdem wurden das Glykosaminoglykanmuster der Epiphysenplatte und der Einbau von35S-Sulfat in die Glykosaminoglykane des Knochengewebes und des Epiphysenknorpels nach Zufuhr von35S-Sulfatin vivo studiert. Im kompakten Knochengewebe macht des Hexosamin, entsprechend den sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, ungefähr ein Drittel der totalen Hexosaminkonzentration und ungefähr 0,05–0,06% des totalen Trockengewichtes aus. Der Hauptanteil der sauren Glykosaminoglykane im Knochen war Chondroitin-4-Sulfat. Dieses war in höherem Grad sulfatiert und hatte ein höheres Molekülgewicht als das Chondroitinsulfat der Epiphysenplatte, welches, in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Untersuchungen, Infrarot spektra kennzeichnend für sowohl Chondroitin-4-sulfat als auch für Chondroitin-6-sulfat, das Erstere überwiegend, hatte. Das Molekülgewicht des Hauptanteiles des Knochen-Chondroitinsulfates lag zwischen ungefähr 45000–56000. Ein kleiner Teil der Knochen-Glykosaminoglykane war Hyaluronsäure. Sowohl im Knochengewebe als auch im Epiphysenknorpel wurde in verschiedenen Fraktionen des Chondroitinsulfates, mit unterschiedlichem Molekülgewicht, grße und regelmäßig reproduzierbare Unterschiede in der spezifischen Aktivität gefunden. Behandlung der Hunde mit Parathyreoideaextrakt gab keinen Ausschlag in den Molekülgewichten des Chondroitinsulfates, weder des Knochens noch des Epiphysenknorpels. Ebenso wurde kein eindeutiger Effekt auf die Konzentration des totalen Hexosamins oder der sauren Glykosaminoglykane gefunden. Kein offenbarer, weder anregender noch senkender, Effekt auf den Einbau von35S-Sulfat in das Chondroitinsulfat oder in der molekularen Verteilung der neulich sulfatierten und/oder synthetisierten Moleküle des Chondroitinsulfates dieser Gewebe wurde gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract In normal dogs and in dogs treated with 20 or 30 U.S.P. parathyroid extract for 5 and 3–4 days, respectively, the glycosaminoglycans of compact bone tissue were identified using the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method, and the concentrations of total hexosamines and the hexosamines corresponding to cetylpyridinium chloride precipitable acid glycosaminoglycans were determined. Further, the glycosaminoglycan pattern of the epiphyseal plate and the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the glycosaminoglycans of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage after administration of35S-sulphatein vivo was studied. In compact bone tissue, the hexosamines corresponding to acid glycosaminoglycans constuted approximately one third of the total hexosamine concentration and approximately 0.05–0.06% of the total dry weight. The main component of the acid glycosaminoglycans in bone was chondroitin-4-sulphate. This was sulphated to a higher degree and also of a higher molecular weight than thechondroitin sulphate of the epiphyseal cartilage, which in accordance with earlier investigations was found to have infrared characteristics of both chondroitin-4-sulphate and chondroitin-6-sulphate, with the former dominating. The molecular weights of the main part of bone chondroitin sulphate ranged from approximately 45,000 to 56,000. A small component of the bone glycosaminoglycans was hyaluronic acid. Large regularly recurring differences in the specific activity of fractions with differences in molecular weight in the condroitin sulphate of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage were noted. Treatment of the dogs with parathyroid extract gave no effect on the molecular weights of the chondroitin sulphate of the bone matrix or of the epiphyseal cartilage. Nor was there any unequivocal effect on the concentrations of total hexosamines or on the acid glycosaminoglycans. No evident stimulatory or depressant effect on the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the chondroitin sulphate or in the molecular distribution of newly sulphated and/or synthesized molecules of the condroitin sulphate within these tissues occurd.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 327-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Density ; Analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une technique nouvelle, permettant l'analyse de la densité de faibles quantités de tissus calcifiés pulvérisés, est décrite. Cette technique utilise un analyseur électronique de taille de particules et de volume (»Compteur de Coulter«), pour déterminer les volumes relatifs des fractions pulvérisées, isolées par fractionnement densitométrique, après centrifugation dans des mélanges de solvants organiques. Certains des paramètres, responsables de la distribution densitométrique des poudres d'os, sont étudiés et la reproductibilité du fractionnement et de l'analyse est démontrée. L'application de cette méthode à l'os humain est illustrée par des résultats.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik zur Bestimmung der Dichteverteilung von kleinen Mengen pulverisiertem Knochengewebe beschrieben. Für diese Technik wird ein Apparat zur elektronischen Messung von Partikelgröße und-Volumen (Coulter Counter) verwendet; damit wird das totale relative Volumen der pulverisierten Fraktionen bestimmt, die durch Aufteilung der verschiedenen Dichten mittels Zentrifugieren in Mischungen von organischen Lösungsmitteln isoliert werden. Einige der Parameter, welche die Dichteverteilung von Knochenpulver beeinflussen, wurden untersucht und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Fraktionierung und der Analysen aufgezeigt. Die Anwendung dieser Technik auf Proben von Menschenknochen wird veranschaulicht und die Resultate werden besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A new technique for the density distribution analysis of small quantities of powdered hard tissues is described. The technique uses an electronic particle size and volume analyser (“Coulter Counter”) to determine the total relative volumes of the powder fractions isolated by centrifugal density fractionation in organic solvent mixtures. Some of the parameters controlling the density distributions of bone powders are examined and the reproducibility of the fractionation and analysis demonstrated. The application of this technique to human bone samples is illustrated and the results discussed.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 340-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcium ; Fluoride ; Ingestion ; compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des expériences ont été faites sur le rat afin de tester les possiblités d'ingestion perorale simultanée de fluor (F) et de calcium (Ca) en proportions calculées pour traitement de certaines ostéopénies humaines. F sous forme de Na2PO3F et Ca sous forme de gluconate de calcium (CaGluc) n'influençaient pas l'un l'autre quant à l'utilisation par le squelette (fémur). Une viscosité élevée, produite par l'addition d'amidon ou de cellulose carboxyméthylée (CMC) à la solution ou dilution ingérée, augmentait l'utilisation du F même si CaGluc était remplacé par citrate de calcium, qui en soi avait un effet réducteur modéré sur l'utilisation du F. Le glycérophosphate de calcium réduisait fortement l'utilisation du F même en présence de CMC. L'utilisation du F comme NaF était fortement réduite par CaGluc, même en présence de CMC. Les concentrations testées de Na2PO3F, NaF ou CMC n'influençaient pas l'utilisation squelettique de Ca comme CaGluc.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Rattenexperimente mit markierten Substanzen durchgeführt, um die Auswirkung simultaner peroraler Gaben von Fluor (F) und von Calcium (Ca) zu prüfen, und zwar in einem Verhältnis, das für die Behandlung gewisser menschlicher Osteopenien berechnet wurde. Fluor in Form von Na2PO3F und Ca in Form von Calciumgluconat (CaGluc) interferieren gegenseitig nicht bei der Verwertung durch das Skelet (Femur). Eine hohe Viscosität der eingegebenen Lösung oder der Aufschlämmung, die durch Zusatz von Stärke oder Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) erzielt wurde, erhöhte die Verwertbarkeit von F sogar wenn CaGluc durch Calciumcitrat ersetzt wurde, welches die F-Verwertung leicht reduzierte. Calcium-glyzerophosphat verminderte die Fluoraufnahme in den Knochen stark, sogar in Anwesenheit von CMC. Die Verwertung von F als NaF war stark herabgesetzt durch CaGluc, selbst beim Vorhandensein von CMC. Die untersuchten Konzentrationen von Na2PO3F, NaF oder CMC hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Calciumaufnahme im Skelet in Form von CaGluc.
    Notes: Abstract Rat experiments with labelled compounds were carried out in order to test the possibilities of simultaneous peroral supply of fluorine (F) and calcium (Ca) in proportions calculated for treatment of certain human osteopenias. F in the form of Na2PO3F and Ca in the form of calcium gluconate (CaGluc) did not interfere with each other's utilisation by the skeleton (femur). A high viscosity produced by adding starch or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to the ingested solution or slurry increased the utilisation of F even when CaGluc was replaced by calcium citrate, which moderately reduced F utilisation. Calcium glycerophosphate strongly reduced F utilisation even in the presence of CMC. The utilisation of F as NaF was strongly reduced by CaGluc, even in the presence of CMC. The tested concentrations of Na2PO3F, NaF or CMC did not influence the skeletal utilisation of Ca as CaGluc.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 94-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acid ; Base equilibrium ; Acidosis ; Bone ; Resorption ; Metabolism ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'administration chronique de chlorure d ammonium à des rats adultes normaux, soumis à un régime contenant un taux approprié de vitamine D, provoque une ostéoporose. Celle-ci est provoquée par une perte de substance d'os et de minéral osseux, associée à l'augmentation de la résorption osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Chronische Verabreichung von Ammoniumchlorid an normale ausgewachsene männliche Ratten, die eine entsprechende Vitamin-D-haltige Diät erhalten, verursacht die Entwicklung einer Osteoporose. Die Osteoporose entsteht auf Grund eines Verlustes von Knochensubstanz und Knochenmineral, in Begleitung einer erhöhten Knochenresorption.
    Notes: Abstract Excessive administration of ammonium chloride to normal adult male rats receiving a diet adequate in vitamin D caused the development of osteoporosis. The osteoporosis was due to loss of bone substance and bone mineral associated with increased bone resorption.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Isotope ; Turnover ; Radiosodium ; Radiocalcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection intraperitonéale de22Na, la rétention de l'isotope a été déterminée dans l'organisme entier de rasé et dans leur tissu osseux, pendant une période allant jusqu'à 650 jours. Contrairement au45Ca, qui est rapidement concentré dans l'os, puis lentement éliminé, la presque totalité du22Na absorbée par l'os le quitte avec une demie-période de 3–5.5 jours. Cependant, environ 5% de la charge squelettique présente une vitesse de mobilisation lente, avec une demie-période d'environ 700 jours. Etant donné que cette vitesse est comparable à celle de45Ca, il semble que la faible fraction de Na osseux fasse partie de la structure du cristal. Seuls deux des procédés expérimentaux utilisés ont un effet significatif sur la mobilisation du Na. Il s'agit de la consommation prolongée d'un régime pauvre en calcium et d'un changement de l'activité parathyroidienne. Une augmentation du Na alimentaire affecte l'augmentation de la vitesse de mobilisation du sodium dans son composé rapide, alors que le composé lent est peu ou pas affecté. Les calculs effectués, à partir de nos résultats, indiquent que, contrairement au calcium, le squelette ne sert pas de réservoir significatif pour le maintien du milieu liquide extracellulaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten intraperitoneal22Na, und die Retention dieses Isotopes wurde während einer Zeitspanne bis zu 650 Tagen im ganzen Körper und in den Knochen bestimmt. Im Gegensatz zu45Ca, welches sehr rasch von den Knochen aufgenommen und dann nur langsam abgegeben wird, verschwindet der größte Teil des vom Knochen aufgenommenen22Na in einer Halbwertzeit von 3–5,5 Tagen. Jedoch zeigen etwa 5% des Knochengerüstes einen sehr langsamen Turnover mit einer Halbwertzeit von ungefähr 700 Tagen. Da dieser Anteil jenem von45Ca vergleichbar ist, kann daraus geschlossen werden, daß diese kleine Fraktion des Na vom Knochen einen integralen Teil der Kristallstruktur ausmacht. Nur zwei der verschiedenen experimentellen Anordnungen, welche ausprobiert wurden, ergaben eine signifikante Wirkung auf den Na-Turnover im Knochen. Diese bestanden einerseits aus einer langzeitigen Verfütterung von Ca-armer Diät, andererseits aus einer Veränderung der Parathyreoidea-Aktivität. Eine Erhöhung der Na in der Nahrung beeinflußte die schnelle Komponente des Na-Turnover im Knochen; sie zeigte aber wenig bis keine Wirkung auf die langsame Komponente. Berechnungen aus unseren Resultaten lassen vermuten, daß — im Gegensatz zum Ca — das Skelet keine signifikante Reservoir-Funktion zur Erhaltung des Na in der extracellulären Flüssigkeit ausübt.
    Notes: Abstract Rats were given22Na intraperitoneally and the retention of the isotope was determined in whole body and in bone for periods up to 650 days. In contrast to45Ca, which is rapidly taken up by bone and then very slowly released, most of the22Na taken up by bone leaves, with a halftime of 3–5.5 days. However, about 5% of the skeletal burden exhibits a very slow turnover, with a half-time of about 700 days. Since this rate is comparable to that of45Ca, it is concluded that this small fraction of bone Na is an integral part of the crystal structure. Only two of the several experimental procedures which were tried produced a significant effect on bone Na turnover. These were prolonged feeding of a low calcium diet and a change in parathyroid activity. An increase in dietary Na affected the fast component of bone Na turnover, but there was little if any effect on the slow component. Calculations from our data suggest that, in contrast to Ca, the skeleton does not serve a significant reservoir function for the support of extracellular fluid Na.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 330-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Electric current ; Electrolysis ; Precipitation ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet du courant électrique sur la collagène soluble, en solution dans l'acide acétique dilué, a été étudié pour des voltages, variant de O à 25 volts. Au-dessus de 2,6 volts, la vormation des bandes collagéniques (définies dans ce travail) parait inversement proportionelle, dans le temps, au voltage appliqué. La formation des bandes parait liée au processus d'électrolyse. Les auteurs démontrent que les pH élevés se situent au niveau de la cathode et qu'ils sont suffisants pour induire une précipitation du collagène. Les résultats antérieurs, publiés dans la littérature, décrivant l'action de courant électrique implanté, sont interpretés en fonction du mécanisme étudié au cours de ce travail.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung eines elektrischen Stromes auf verdünnte essigsaure Lösungen von löslichem Kollagen wurde bei Spannungen zwischen O und 25 Volt untersucht. Über 2,6 Volt wurde die Bildung von Kollagenbanden (in der Arbeit näher beschrieben) beobachtet, und zwar nach Zeiten, die der angewandten Spannung entgegengesetzt proportional verliefen. Die Bandenbildung wird dem Elektrolyseprozeß zugeschrieben. Wir konnten zeigen, daß sich die hohen pH-Werte rund um die Kathode entwickelten und daß diese genügen, um die Kollagenfällung zu veranlassen. Die Natur dieses Vorganges ist solcher Art, daß erin vivo als Antwort auf durch Stress verursachte Biopotentiale nicht vorkommen kann. Der hier beschriebene Mechanismus erlaubt es, Literaturangaben über den Effekt von implantierten Spannungsquellen zu interpretieren.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of electric current on dilute acetic acid solutions of soluble collagen has been studied for impressed voltages of from 0 to 25 volts. Above 2.6 volts the formation of collagen bands (herein defined) were observed at times inversely proportional to the applied voltage. Band formation is attributed to the process of electrolysis. It has been shown that the high pH values are generated in the area of the cathode, and that they are sufficient to induce collagen to precipitate. The nature of the process is such that it cannot occurin vivo as a response to stress induced biopotentials. Reports in the literature describing the effect of implanted voltage sources are interpreted in terms of the mechanism described here.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Osteocytes ; Lysosomes ; Collagenase
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 20-38 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Epiphyseal Cartilage ; Bone ; Electrolytes ; Organic matrices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un procédé de dissection a été mis au point pour permettre l'analyse zonale du cartilage de l'épiphyse des os de la jambe d'un foetus bovin. Des échantillons de tissu complet et lavé venant des différentes zones ont été analysés pour déterminer leur contenu en électrolyte et en constituants organiques, ainsi que pour leur densité, cendres et humidité. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque la quantité de cendres et la densité augmentaient, l'eau contenu dans le tissu diminuait. Les quantités de cendres dans les zones de cartilage en voie de calcification étaient plus grandes qu'il avait été. Quand elles étaient exprimées comme un pourcentage du poids sec, elles étaient les plus importantes dans le cartilage lavé calcifié que dans le autre zones. Au début de la minéralisation du cartilage, la quantité de Na (m moles/l de tissu frais) diminuait tandis que celles du Ca et du P inorganique augmentaient. Les niveaux de Mg augmentaient pendant que la calcification se poursuivait, mais seulement à une faction du taux du Ca et du P. Les rapports Ca/P inorganique étaient les plus grands dans le cartilage au repos (Cartilage non-différentié hyalin), suggérant un lien initiale entre Ca et les chrondromucoprotéines. Cependant, au début de la calcification, pendant la prolifération du cartilage les rapports Ca/P étaient beaucoup plus petits (ca. 1.50) mais augmentaient graduellement avec l'advancement de la minéralisation. Des changements importants survenaient dans la composition de la phase organique, pendant la calcification endochondrale. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'hydroxyproline la quantité de collagéne diminuait progressivement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais augmentait rapidement pendant la formation d'os. Comme il a été déterminé par l'analyse de l'héxosamine et du sulfute les chrondromucoprotéines étaient aux niveaux les plus éléves pendant la prolifération du cartilage et diminuaient constamment au cours de la calcification. Cependant, bien que la calcification était déja très avancée dans le cartilage hypertrophique, de grandes quantites de mucopolysaccharides étaient encore présentes. Les rapports sulfure/hhéxosamine montraient un léger déclin pendant les premiéres étapes de la calcification, mais augmentaient beaucoup pendant le cours de la minéralisation. Les quantités d'acide sialique étaient plus grandes dans le cartilage de l'épiphyse que dans le cartilage au repos ou dans l'os. Les lipides augmentaient rapidement pendant la calcification du cartilage, mais étaient très réduites dans l'os complètement formé. La signification de ces résultats est discutée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Seziermethode, die eine Schichten-Analyse der Beinepiphysenplatte von Rinderfeten erlaubt, wurde entwickelt. Proben vor und nach Waschen des Gewebes der verschiedenen Schichten werden untersucht in bezug auf Elektrolyte und organische Bestandteile, als auch in bezug auf Dichte, Aschengehalt und Feuchtigkeit. Die Resultate zeigten eine Zunahme des Aschengehaltes und der Dichte, während der Wassergehalt abnahm. Unerwartet hoch waren die Aschenwerte im in Verkalkung begriffenen Knorpel. Ausgedrückt in Prozent Trockengewicht, ergab gewaschener, verkalkter Knorpel den höchsten Wert aller Zonen. In den Frühstadien der Knorpelmineralisation nahm der Natriumgehalt (m Mol/l Frischgewebe) ab, während Ca und anorganischer P zunahmen. Mit fortschreitender Verkalkung erhöhte sich auch der Magnesium-Spiegel, allerdings nur zu einem Bruchteil des Ausmaßes, in welchem Ca und P zunahmen. Die höchsten Ca/P anorg. Verhältnisse wurden im Ruheknorpel (undifferenzierter hyaliner Knorpel) gefunden, was auf eine initiale Bindung von Ca durch Chondromucoproteine hinweist. Die Ca/P-Verhältnisse proliferierenden Knorpels waren jedoch bei Verkalkungsbeginn viel tiefer (ca. 1.50). Diese nahmen allerdings mit fortschreitender Mineralisierung stetig zu. In der endochondralen Verkalkungsphase fanden markante Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung des organischen Anteils statt. Basierend auf der Hydroxyprolinanalyse nahm der Collagengehalt in der knorpeligen Verkalkungsperiode fortschreitend ab, während er jedoch bei der Knochenbildung rasch zunahm. Die an Hand von Hexosamin- und Schwefelanalysen bestimmten Chondromucoproteingehalte ergaben Höchstwerte im proliferierenden Knorpel und fielen stetig ab mit zunehmender Verkalkung. Trotz der im hypertrophischen Knorpel schon weit fortgeschrittenen Verkalkung waren immer noch große Mengen an Mucopolysacchariden vorhanden. Die Schwefel/Hexosamin-Verhältnisse zeigten eine minimale Abnahme in den frühen Verkalkungsphasen, nahmen jedoch markant zu bei fortschreitender Mineralisation. Der Sialinsäurespiegel war im Epiphysenknorpel, verglichen mit demjenigen des Ruheknorpels oder Knochens, erhöht. In der knorpeligen Verkalkungsphase nahmen die Lipide rasch zu, während jedoch die Werte des vollständig ausgebildeten Knochens stark vermindert waren. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A dissection procedure has been devised to permit zonal analysis of the epiphyseal plate of fetal calf leg bones. Samples of whole and washed tissue from the various zones were analyzed for their content of electrolyte and organic constituents, as well as for density, ash and moisture. Results showed that as ash content and density increased, water content decreased. Ash levels in calcifying cartilage zones were unexpectedly high. When expressed as a percentage of dry weight, washed calcified cartilage had the highest content of any zone. In the early stages of the mineralization of cartilage, Na content (mmoles/l of fresh tissue) decreased as Ca and inorganic P increased. Magnesium levels increased as calcification proceeded, but only at a fraction of the rate of Ca and P. Ratios of Ca/inorganic P were highest in resting cartilage (non-differentiated hyaline cartilage), suggesting an initial binding of Ca to chondromucoproteins. However, at the onset of calcification in proliferating cartilage, Ca/P ratios were much lower (ca. 1.50), but gradually increased with advancing mineralization. Marked changes occurred in the composition of the organic phase during endochondral calcification. As determined by hydroxyproline analysis, collagen content progressively decreased during cartilaginous calcification, but increased rapidly during bone formation. As determined by hexosamine and sulfur analysis, chondromucoproteins were at highest levels in proliferating cartilage and decreased steadily as calcification increased. However, although calcification was already well advanced in hypertrophic cartilage, large amounts of mucopolysaccharide still were present. Sulfur/hexosamine ratios showed a slight decline during the early stages of calcification, but increased markedly with further mineralization. Sialic acid levels were elevated in epiphyseal cartilage over those in resting cartilage or bone. Lipids increased rapidly during cartilaginous calcification, but were greatly reduced in fully-formed bone. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 524-526 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Verapamil ; Bone ; Osteopenia ; Rat ; Female ; Intestinal calcium absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Verapamil inhibits the intestinal absorption of calcium (Ca) and increases serum parathyroid hormone in rats. The effects of verapamil on bone tissue after long-term treatment is, however, not well described. Adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats received verapamil in their drinking water at a dosage of 0.075 mg/ml (low dose) or 0.75 mg/ml (high dose) for 12 weeks; control rats received only drinking water. All rats were fed a diet containing 0.1% Ca and 0.5% P. In female rats, the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly reduced from 0.742 g/ml in controls to 0.713 g/ml after low-dose treatment of verapamil, and to 0.667 g/ml following high-dose treatment (P〈0.01). The tibial length was increased from 39.7 mm in controls to 40.3 mm or to 40.7 mm after low or high doses (P〈0.01). The tibial volume increased from 0.385 ml in controls to 0.397 ml after low doses and to 0.429 ml after high doses (P〈0.01). In contrast, in male rats the amount of bone ash per volume was significantly increased from 0.578 g/ml in controls to 0.580 g/ml after low doses and to 0.620 g/ml after high doses of verapamil (P〈0.01). The tibial bone volume in males as decreased from 0.633 ml in controls to 0.641 ml after low doses and to 0.583 ml after high doses (P〈0.05). The tibial length in the males was not changed by verapamil. The intestinal absorption of Ca was reduced in male rats from 5.28 in controls to 4.03 (serosa/mucosa) after low-dose treatment and to 2.46 after high-dose treatment with verapamil (P〈0.05). In female rats, the intestinal absorption of Ca did not change after verapamil treatment. Thus, chronic treatment with verapamil in female rats induced osteopenia whereas in male rats bone growth was inhibited.
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  • 14
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 391-396 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Matrix ; Phosphoproteins ; Biomineralization ; Calcium ; Nucleation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and bone acidic glycoprotein-75 are three acidic phosphoproteins that are isolated from the mineralized phase of bone matrix, are synthesized by osteoblastic cells, and are generally restricted in their distribution to calcified tissues. Although each is a distinct gene product, these proteins share aspartic/glutamic acid contents of 30–36% and each contains multiple phosphoryl and sialyl groups. These properties, plus a strict relationship of acidic macromolecules with cell-controlled mineralization throughout nature, suggest functions in calcium binding and nucleation of calcium hydroxyapatite crystal formation. However, direct proof for such roles is still largely indirect in nature. The purpose of this review is to present two speculative hypotheses regarding acidic phosphoprotein function. The goal was to use new sequence information along with database comparisons to develop a structural rationalization of how these proteins may function in calcium handling by bone. For example, our analysis has identified a conserved polyacidic stretch in all three phosphoproteins which we propose mediates metal binding. Also, conserved motifs were identified that are analogous with those for casein kinase II phosphorylation sites and whose number correlates well with that of phosphoryl groups/protein. A two-state conformational model of calcium binding by bone matrix acidic phosphoproteins is described which incorporates these findings.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Resorption ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Young male Sprague-Dawley rats (5–7 weeks old, 80–120 g) were hypophysectomized (HX) and maintained on thyroxin and dexamethasone replacement therapies. Ten days after surgery, some HX rats received a single injection of human growth hormone (hGH), and others five daily injections of hGH. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry was employed in order to evaluate the number of cells of resorptive potential in the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibiae of HX rats and was compared with normal rats and HX rats that further received hGH replacement therapy. In normal rats, two populations of TRAP-positive cells were identified: multinuclear cells, which showed histological characteristics of osteoclasts, and small mononuclear cells, the number of which was overwhelming when compared with the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells. Both populations were reduced in the HX rat, but more so the mononuclear cells, which were assumed to represent the precursor pool of mature osteoclasts and chondroclasts (P〈0.005). Five daily injections of hGH to HX rats brought about a significant increase in the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells, the number of nuclei of these cells, and the number of mononuclear TRAP-positive cells, throughout the metaphyseal bone (P〈0.05). A single injection of hGH increased only the number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells in the trabecula/bone marrow interface (P〈0.05), indicating a very rapid fusion of precursor cells into mature osteoclasts in that particular location. It was concluded that GH depletion caused a major reduction in the number of cells presenting resorption capacity and that a short hGH replacement regimen resulted in a gradual restoration of these cells n the metaphyseal bone of the proximal tibia of the HX rat.
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  • 16
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin K ; Osteocalcin ; γ-carboxyglutamic acid ; Bone ; Calcium excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to identify subjects in whom vitamin K has an effect on markers for calcium and bone metabolism and to detect hitherto-unnoticed correlations between vitamin K-induced changes in these markers. Participants in our studies were apparently healthy women, in whom we measured serum-immunoreactive osteocalcin (irOC) before and after adsorption to hydroxylapatite; total serum alkaline phosphatase (T-AP) and bonespecific alkaline phosphatase (B-AP); and fasting urinary calcium and creatinine. We describe a trial among 145 women who were treated with vitamin K (1 mg/day) for 2 weeks, and a prospective placebo-controlled trial among two groups each of 70 postmenopausal women with a treatment period of 3 months. It turned out that in elderly women vitamin K induced increased levels of serum irOC with a high affinity for hydroxylapatite (irOCbound), whereas that with low affinity (irOCfree) remained unaffected. In placebo-treated women the ratio irOCfree/irOCbound shifted from 0.38 to 0.65 around the 50th year of age. This shift was not found in vitamin K-treated women. After 3 months of treatment the vitamin K-induced changes in irOCbound were correlated with changes in B-AP, whereas irOCfree was correlated to urinary calcium excretion. In fast losers of urinary calcium vitamin K induced a 30% decrease of calcium excretion. The hypothesis is put forward that irOCbound may be a marker for bone formation, that serum irOCfree may be a marker for bone resorption, and that the serum irOCfree/irOCbound ratio may become a marker for skeletal remodeling. It is concluded that vitamin K administration may help to reduce urinary calcium loss in postmenopausal women, notably in the fast losers of calcium. The ratio irOCfree/irOCbound provides more information than total irOC and may become a practical marker for bone metabolism.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Nandrolone decanoate ; Ovariectomy ; Bone mechanics ; IGF-I ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is an anabolic steroid with a positive effect on bone mass in osteoporotic patients. The mechanism of action, (i.e., reduction of bone resorption and/or Stimulation of bone formation), the ultimate effect on mechanical properties, and the most effective dosage are not yet clear. To address these issues, dose-related effects of the long-term effect of ND on Serum and bone biochemistry, bone mineral content, and bone mechanical properties in ovariectomized (OVX) rats (12 weeks old at the Start of the experiment) were Studied for 6 months. The results were compared with those obtained in agematched, intact, and OVX rats. OVX caused in the femur a significant increase in net periosteal bone formation and net endosteal bone resorption of bone collagen content and torsional strength, and of Serum alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels, whereas cortical bone density and calcium/creatinine and phosphorus/creatinine in 24-hour urine were Significantly reduced. Treatment of OVX rats with 1 mg ND/14 days resulted in a Significant increase in periosteal bone formation, femur length, cortical and trabecular bone mineral content and density, torsion stiffness and Strength, and bone IGF-I content, and a decrease in Serum osteocalcin, urinary calcium/creatinine levels, and bone collagen content compared with OVX controls. The higher ND dosage of 2.5 mg/14 days did not improve the results. ND treatment did not reverse all changes induced by OVX to the level of the intact controls. These results indicate that ND acts as an antiresorptive drug and as a bone formation Stimulating drug. Furthermore, the increased bone mass and bone mineral density is associated with improved bone Strength and stiffness and the presence of an increased amount of IGF-I. IGF-I is a growth factor considered to play a role in the maintenance of normal skeletal balance by a paracrine or autocrine mechanism.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Histamine ; Polyamines ; Mast cells ; Histidine decarboxylase ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for determining histamine and polyamines in various tissues was devised. The method, however, could not be applied to calcified tissues, because the high concentration of Ca2+ in the extract interferes with the chromatographic separation of these amines. By treating the extracts from calcified tissues with K2CO3, we succeeded in removing the Ca2+, and the method could then be applied to determine the amines in bone tissues of mice. By using this method, we examined the contribution of mast cells and histidine decarboxylae (HDC) to the amount of histamine in the bone. The results indicate that (1) the HDC activity in the bone is the highest among the tissues of normal mice, and the histamine produced by the HDC in the bone is metabolized rapidly; (2) a major part of HDC in the bone is present in the bone marrow cells other than mast cells, and most of histamine in the bone is attributable to the histamine pooled in mast cells; (3) mast cells in the diaphysis are located largely along the endosteal lining; and (4) the method devised in this study may be useful for studying the roles of histamine (or mast cells) and polyamines in calcified tissues.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iron ; Bone ; Osteoblasts ; Ferritin ; Electron energy loss spectroscopy ; Electron spectroscopic imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Iron overload occurs frequently in thalassemia as a consequence of regular blood transfusions, and iron has been found to accumulate in bone, but skeletal toxicity of iron is not clearly established. In this study, bone biopsies of thalassemic patients were investigated by light (n = 6) and electron microscopy (n = 8) in order to analyze iron distribution and possible iron-associated cellular lesions. Sections (5 μm thick) were used for histomorphometry and iron histochemistry. Ultrathin sections were examined with an energy filtering transmission electron microscope. Iron was identified by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and iron distribution was visualized by electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) associated with computer-assisted treatment (two-window method). This study shows that EELS allows the detection of 4500–9000 iron atoms, and that computer-assisted image processing is essential to eliminate background and to obtain the net distribution of an element by ESI. This study shows also that stainable iron was present along trabecular surfaces, mineralizing surfaces, and on cement lines in the biopsies of all patients. Moreover, iron was detected by EELS in small granules (diffusely distributed or condensed in large clusters), in osteoid tissue, and in the cytoplasm of bone cells, but not in the mineralized matrix. The shape and size (9–13 nm) of these granules were similar to those reported for ferritin. As for iron toxicity, all patients had osteoid volume and thickness and osteoblast surface in the normal range. Stainable iron surfaces did not correlate with osteoblast surfaces, plasma ferritin concentrations, or the duration of transfusion therapy. Numerous osteoblasts contained damaged mitochondria, and impaired osteoblast activity can therefore not be excluded.
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    Methods in cell science 16 (1994), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: Bone ; Bone sialoprotein ; Osteopontin ; Protein purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A protocol to extract and purify osteopontin, a protein with cell adhesion and mineral-crystal binding properties, from mineral-associated tissues is described. This procedure provides for the complete separation of osteopontin from bone sialoprotein, a mineralized tissue-specific protein with similar properties to that of osteopontin.
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineral ; Exchange ; Bone ; Isotope ; Radioactive-Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des produits marqués variés (urée, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 1 3− , Ca++) sont administrés à des groupes de rats jeunes et âgés. Les résultats pour Mg++ sont empruntés à ceux trouvés dans la littérature. Une heure et demic plus tard, des fragments d' os longs sont prélevés et nettoyés minutieusement. La concentration de ces substances marquées et non marquées est déterminée. L'intervalle de temps choisi est utilisé afin de permettre l'équilibre de la phase aqueuse de l'os, tout en réduisant les échanges de surface, la recristallisation, la diffusion solide et la croissance ou la résorption. Avec des intervalles de temps fixes, avec les mêmes espèces ainsi que des specimens osseux et des techniques identiques, une comparaison des échanges entre les divers es substances dans l'os a pu être effectuée. Les résultats ont pu être répartis en trois groupes: a) échange total (urée, Cl− et K+); b) échange partiel, diminuant de façon variable avec l'âge (Na+, CO2 et Mg++); et c) échange faible (Ca++ et PO 4 3− ). La classification classique de sequelette «accessible» et «non accessible» parait peu conforme et dépend des conditions et de la nature de la substance étudiée. Un concept général des échanges osseuxin vivo devrait être élaboré. Des calculs concernant la concentration apparente des divers electrolytes au niveau de la phase aqueuse de l'os montrent qu'elle a une concentration nettement différente de celle du plasma. La concentration du potassium y est, en particulier, remarquablement élevée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gruppen von jungen und alten Ratten erhielten Injektionen von verschiedenen markierten Substanzen (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Die Angaben für Mg++ wurden der Literatur entnommen. 11/2 Std später wurden die Diaphysen der behandelten Tiere gewonnen, sorgfältig gereinigt und deren Gehalt an kalten und radioaktiven Substanzen bestimmt. Dieser Zeitpunkt wurde gewählt, um ein Gleichgewicht innerhalb der wäßrigen Phase des Knochens sicherzustellen und ein gleichzeitiges Mitwirken des Oberflächenaustausches, der Rekristallisation, der festen Diffusion, des Wachstums oder der Resorption möglichst einzuschränken. Wurden Variablen wie Zeit, Rattenart, Knochenproben und Methodik festgelegt, so konnten eindeutige Vergleiche hinsichtlich des Austausches dieser verschiedenen Substanzen im Knochen gezogen werden. Die erhaltenen Resultate konnten in drei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: a) vollständiger Austausch (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+); b) teilweiser Austausch, je nach Alter unterschiedlich abnehmend (Na+, CO2 und Mg++); c) minimaler Austausch (Ca++ und PO 4 3− ). Offenbar ist die klassische Einteilung in “verfügbares” und “nichtverfügbares” Skelet zweideutig und abhängig von den Bedingungen sowie von den Ionen oder Substanzen, die für den Versuch gewählt wurden. Es liegt auf der Hand, daß ein neues, allgemeingültiges Konzept für den Knochenaustauschin vivo dringend benötigt wird. Berechnungen der scheinbaren Konzentration der verschiedenen Elektrolyte in der Knochenflüssigkeit ergaben, daß die wäßrige Phase des Knochens eine deutlich andere Zusammensetzung als die Plasmaflüssigkeit hat. Insbesondere konnte in der Knochenflüssigkeit eine bemerkenswert hohe Kaliumkonzentration festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Groups of young and old rats were injected with a variety of labelled substanzes (urea, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Data for Mg++ were taken from the literature. One and a half hours later, compact shafts of long bones were removed and cleaned scrupulously, and analyses were performed for both “cold” and isotopic concentrations of substances. This time point was chosen to insure equilibration of the aqueous phase of bone while minimizing contributions from surface exchange, recrystallization, solid diffusion, growth or resorption. With fixed variables of time, species, bone specimen, and methodology, uambiguous comparisons of the exchange in bone could be made between the many substances studied. The exchange data could be divided into three categories: a) complete exchange (urea Cl−, and K+); b) partial exchange, decreasing variably with age (Na+, CO2, and Mg++); and c) minimal exchange (Ca++ and PO 4 3− ). Clearly the traditional classification of “available” and “unavailable” skeleton is ambiguous and determined by the conditions and the ion or substance chosen for study. Clearly also, a new overall concept of bone exchangein vivo is badly needed. Calculations of the apparent concentration of the various electrolytes in bone water reveal that the aqueous phase of bone has a composition markedly different from plasma water. In particular, the concentration of potassium in bone water was found to be remarkably high.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 78-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcification ; Osteomalacia ; Phosphorus ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effects d'une dose de 1 mg de vitamine D3 (40 000 Unités,) administrée par voie intra-veineuse, ont été étudiés sur l'histologie osseuse et le métabolisme du phosphore chez 19 sujets contrôles dont l'histologie était normale et 28 malades présentant les caractères histologiques de l'ostéomalacie par carence vitaminique D. L'administration de la vitamine D n'a entraîné aucune modification histologique ou biologique significative chez les sujets contrôles. Mais chez les ostéomalaciques, il est apparu en moins de sept jours une augmentation très significative du front de calcification à l'interface tissue-ostéoïde-tissue-calcifié. Cette modification s'accompagnait d'une ascension progressive de la phosphatémie et de la réabsorption tubulaire du phosphore atteignant dans le même délai des valeurs normales.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei 19 Patienten mit normaler Knochenhistologie und bei 28 Patienten mit histologisch gesicherter Osteomalacie wurde die Wirkung von 1 mg Vitamin D3 (40000 Iv) i.v. auf die Knochenhistologie und den Phosphatmetabolismus untersucht. Bei den Kontrollpatienten konnten keine signifikanten Änderungen nach Vitamin D festgestellt werden, wogegen die Osteomalacie-patienten innerhalb von 7 Tagen eine deutliche Zunahme der Verkalkungszone an der Grenze zwischen Osteoid- und Knochengewebe zeigten. Diese Änderung war von einer fortschreitenden Zunahme des Serum-Phosphates, verbunden mit einer gesteigerten renalen tubulären Rückabsorption des Phosphates begleitet; beide kehrten anschließend gleichzeitig wieder zur Norm zurück.
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a 1 mg dose of intravenous Vitamin D3 (40,000 i.u.) on bone histology and phosphate metabolism was investigated in 19 patients with normal bone histology and 28 patients with histological evidence of osteomalacia. No significant changes occurred in the control patients after Vitamin D but the patients with osteomalacia showed a marked increase, within seven days, in the proportion of osteoid having a calcification front. This was accompanied by a progressive rise in the serum phosphate, which was associated with an increase in the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate to normal.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Strontium ; Bone ; Mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os est à peu près la même que dans le sérum tandis que les poudres d'hydroxyapatite suspendues dans des solution physiologiques font une distinction contre le strontium. On trouva que la proportion Sr/Ca des fractions de différentes densités d'os compact de tibia de rat en forme de poudre augmentait avec augmentation de la densité jusqu'à une valeur un peu supérieure à celle observée dans le sérum. L'explication pourrait être qu'une barrière cellulaire ôte le calcium par préférence au strontium du fluide d'os ou bien qu'une accentuation précoce de la proportion Sr/Ca dans l'os se réfléchit dans les fractions de densité supérieure.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis Sr/Ca im Knochen ist annähernd dasselbe wie es im Serum vorliegt, während in einer physiologischen Lösung von pulverisiertem Hydroxyapatit das Sr zugunsten des Ca benachteiligt wird. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Sr/Ca-Verhältnis von Fraktionen verschiedener Dichte von pulverisierten Rattentibiae mit zunehmender Dichte anstieg, und zwar bis zu einem Wert, der etwas höher lag als der im Serum beobachtete. Dies ließe sich so erklären, daß eine Zellbarriere beim Entzug aus der Knochenflüssigkeit Ca dem Sr vorzieht; oder aber daß sich eine frühzeitige Betonung des für den Knochen typischen Sr/Ca-Verhältnisses in den Fraktionen höherer Dichte widerspiegelt.
    Notes: Abstract The Sr/Ca ration in bone is approximately the same as in serum, whereas hydroxyapatite powders suspended in physiological solutions discriminate against strontium. It was found that the Sr/Ca ratio of various density fractions of powdered compact bone of rat tibia increased with increasing density to a value slightly higher than that observed in the serum. The explanation could be that a cellular barrier removes calcium preferentially to strontium from the bone fluid, or that early accentuation of the bone Sr/Ca ration is reflected in the higher density fractions.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 245-256 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; X-ray ; Diet ; Calcium ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ingestion quotidienne de calcium of été déterminée en interrogeant 398 individus, âgés de 15 à 90 ans. Le rapport entre l'ingestion de calcium et la minéralisation vertébrale, mesurée par densitométrie radiographique quantitative, est fiable mais cependant significatif. Chez 53 personnes, atteintes d'ostéoporose, comparées à un nombre égal d'individus, d'âges similaires, les valeurs de la minéralisation vertébrale sont 60 pour cent plus faibles que celles du groupe témoin. L'ingestion totale moyenne de calcium est plus faible de 21 per cent chez les ostéoporotiques. Chez les sujets, à ingestion unique de calcium, les patients du groupe témoin ingèrent preque le double de calcium que le groupe des ostéoporotiques. Une diminution moyenne de l'ingestion calcique est notée avec l'âge. Il semble qu'il existe une diminution de l'absorption calcique avec l'âge, l'ostéoporose ou les deux, ainsi qu'un besoin plus grand en calcium chez les sujets âgés pour assurer l'équilibre en calcium. Indépendamment de l'homéostase calcique, un équilibre négatif en calcium augmente la résorption osseuse, et diminue l'ostéogenèse. De nombreux facteurs interviennent dans l'étiologie et la pathogénie de l'ostéoporose: les résultats de cette étude indique que la présence de calcium alimentaire est l'un de ces facteurs.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die tägliche Calciumeinnahme wurde anhand einer Befragung von 398 Personen im Alter von 15–90 Jahren geschätzt. Die Korrelation der Calciumeinnahme und der Mineralisation der Wirbelsäule, wie sie röntgenologisch durch quantitative Messung der Dichte festgestellt wurde, war niedrig, aber durchwegs signifikant. Bei 53 Osteoporose-Patienten, die mit 53 Kontrollpersonen gleichen Alters verglichen wurden, waren die Mineralisationswerte der Wirbelsäule um 60% niedriger als jene der Kontrollgruppe, und die durchschnittlich geschätzte Gesamt-Calciumeinnahme der Osteoporotiker war um 21% tiefer. Von den Exploranden, die Angaben über eine gleichmäßige Calciumaufnahme machten, nahmen die Kontrollpersonen beinahe doppelt so viel Calcium ein als diejenigen mit Osteoporose. Im Durchschnitt wurde eine Verminderung der Calciumeinnahme mit fortschreitendem Alter festgestellt. Es ergibt sich deutlich, daß die Calciumabsorption mit dem Alter, bei Osteoporose oder in der Kombination dieser beiden Faktoren abnimmt, und daß eine größere Calciumeinnahme bei älteren Personen nötig wäre, um eine positive Calciumbilanz aufrechtzuerhalten. Ungeachtet der Komplexität der Calciumhomöostase, kann eine negative Calciumbilanz schließlich dazu führen, daß mehr Knochen resorbiert als gebildet wird. Demzufolge sollte bei erkanntem Bedürfnis eine adäquate Calciumeinnahme gesichert sein. Es ist eine Tatsache, daß viele Faktoren an der Ätiologie und Pathogenese der Osteoporose beteiligt sind; die Resultate dieses Berichtes unterstützen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, daß das Calciumangebot in der Nahrung einer dieser Faktoren ist.
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime daily calcium intake was estimated through interview of 398 individuals from 15 to 90 years of age. The correlation of calcium intake with vertebral mineralization as determined by quantitative radiographic densitometry was low but persistently significant. In 53 persons with osteoporosis matched by age with 53 individuals from the control group, vertebral mineralization values were 60% lower than those of the control group, and the mean estimated total calcium intake in osteoporotics was 21% lower. In those persons reporting a single lifetime calcium intake, the control patients ingested almost twice as much calcium as those with osteoporosis. A mean decrease in calcium intake with advancing years has been shown. Evidence points to a decrease in calcium absorption with age, osteoporosis, or both, as well as a greater need for calcium intake in the elderly to maintain a positive calcium balance. Regardless of the intricacies of calcium homeostasis, a negative calcium balance leads eventually to greater bone resorption than formation, hence the rationality of insuring an adequate calcium intake with recognized nutritional needs. Evidence suggests that many factors are involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of osteoporosis; the data in this report support the likelihood that availability of calcium in the diet is one of them.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 339-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Calcitonin ; Organ culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode quantitative pour étudier les effets précoces des hormones et autres agents sur la mobilisation du calcium osseux a été mise au point. Des moitiés de calottes craniennes de souris de 6 jours, ayant reçu du45Ca quatre jours auparavant, sont explantéesin vitro et placées dans des récipients séparés, en milieu liquide; une moitié sert de témoin, l'autre moitié est utilisée pour l'expérimentation. Ce mode d'action dans le temps, de chaque produit testé, est déterminé en prélevant aseptiquement de petits échantillons dans le milieu et en dosant l'isotope. L'hormone parathyroidienne et la vitamine A provoquent une résorption osseuse étendue ainsi qu'un passage augmenté du45Ca des os traités dans le milieu, au bout de 2 heures, si on les compare aux témoins. La calcitonine inhibe rapidement la mobilisation du45Ca des os résorbés: l'intervalle de temps est similaire à celui obtenuin vivo en abaissant le calcium sérique. Nos résultats indiquent que les agents, qui induisent la résorption osseuse, augmentent à la fois le nombre des ostéoclastes et l'efficacité des cellules existantes, en ce qui concerne la mobilisation du calcium. La calcitonine inhibe la libération du45Ca des explants vivants, maintenus dans un milieu contrôle. Cette réduction est attribuée à la suppression de la résorption endogène, en cours au moment de la transplantation: un échange isotopique est toujours observé, comme au niveau des explants sur vivants.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Methode zur Bestimmung der Früheffekte von Hormonen oder andern Wirkstoffen auf die Wanderung von Calcium in den oder aus dem Knochen wurde entwickelt. Calvarien-Hälften von 6 Tagen alten, 4 Tage früher mit45Ca markierten Mäusen werden explantiert und in getrennten Schalen mit flüssiger Nährlösungin vitro belassen. Die eine Hälfte dient als Kontrolle, die andere wird für das Experiment eingesetzt. Anhand kleiner Proben, die den Medien aseptisch entnommen und auf ihren Isotopengehalt geprüft werden, kann die Wirkung der verschiedenen Agentien im Verlaufe der Zeit beobachtet werden. Sowohl Parahormon als auch Vitamin A verursachen eine ausgedehnte Knochenresorption und es wurde, im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen, innerhalb von 2 Std eine gesteigerte Abgabe von45Ca aus den behandelten Knochen in das Medium nachgewiesen, Die Freisetzung von45Ca aus resorbierenden Knochen wird durch Calcitonin rasch inhibiert. Wirkungsweise und Verlauf bestehen, wiein vivo, in einer Senkung des Serum-Calciums. Unsere Resultate zeigen, daß Wirkstoffe, welche eine Knochenresorption veranlassen, sowohl die Zahl der polynucleären Osteoklasten ansteigen lassen als auch die vorhandenen Zellen zur vermehrten Calcium-Mobilisation anregen. Calcitonin dagegen verhindert die Bildung neuer, polynucleärer Osteoklasten wie auch die Mobilisation von Knochenmineral durch die vorhandenen Osteoklasten. Calcitonin wirkt hemmend auf die Abgabe von45Ca von lebenden Explantaten, die in Kontrollmedium kultiviert werden. Diese Abnahme wird der Unterdrückung der endogenen Resorption zugeschrieben, welche im Moment der Knochenexplantation im Gange ist; der Austausch des Isotopes findet weiterhin statt, wie dies bei einem toten Explantat der Fall ist.
    Notes: Abstract A sensitive method has been developed for studying the early effects of hormones and other agents on the movement of calcium into and out of bone. Half-calvariae from 6-day-old mice that have been pulsed four days previously with45Ca, are explanted into separate dishes of liquid medium and maintainedin vitro; one half serves as control and the other for experimentation. The time course of action of any agent is followed by removing small samples aseptically from the media and analysing for isotope. Both parathyroid hormone and vitamin A cause extensive bone resorption, and as compared with controls an increased release of45Ca from the treated bones into the medium can be detected within 2 hours. Calcitonin rapidly inhibits the release of45Ca from resorbing bones; the time course is similar to that for its actionin vivo in lowering serum calcium. Our results indicate that agents that induce bone resorption increase both the number of multinucleate osteoclasts and the effectiveness of the existing cells in mobilising calcium. Calcitonin prevents the formation of new multinucleate osteoclasts, and also prevents existing osteoclasts from mobilising bone mineral. Calcitonin inhibits the release of45Ca from living explants maintained in control medium. This reduction is attributed to the suppression of the endogenous resorption that is in progress when the bones are explanted; exchange of isotope still occurs, as in a dead explant.
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    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Mechanical properties ; Fatigue microdamage ; Exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The presence of microdamage in the tibiae and femora of rats following repetitive loading in vivo was investigated by subjecting 48 male rats, aged 12 weeks, to treadmill running (26.8 m.min-1 on 10% grade) for 0.56 hours (5,000 cycles, E1), 1.13 hours, (10,000 cycles, E2), 2.27 hours (20,000 cycles, E3), and 3.4 hours (30,000 cycles, E4) with Group C as control. Following exercise, tibiae and femora were excised and the right limbs were tested in torsion at 180°.sec-1. Transverse sections were cut from the proximal, mid- and distal diaphysis of left tibiae and femora, bulk stained in basic fuchsin, cut to 50 μm thick, and examined for the presence of microdamage. Following these periods of loading, tibiae and femora showed no evidence of microdamage initiation, as evidenced by light microscopy, or corresponding alterations in mechanical properties. It was concluded that the magnitude of loading produced by single bouts of intensive exercise, which encompassed up to 30,000 loading cycles, was insufficient to initiate fatigue microdamage in tibiae or femora of rats.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Magnesium ; Calcium ; Apatite crystals ; Enamel ; Dentin ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Magnesium (Mg) is a conspicuous constituent of hard tissues but its possible role in biomineralization is poorly understood. It is possible that Mg2+ adsorbed onto bioapatites may contribute to the modulation of crystal growth as such inhibitory activity has been reported for synthetic apatites. The present study was undertaken to determine the adsorption isotherms of Mg ions onto synthetic apatites and biominerals in tooth and bone tissues in the presence of other ions of natural occurrence. Synthetic crystals used as adsorbents were hydroxyapatite and, as a better prototype for the biomineral, Mg-containing carbonatoapatite. Human enamel and dentin materials were obtained from extracted, caries-free, permanent teeth. Porcine dentin materials at two developmental stages were obtained from erupted deciduous and unerupted permanent teeth of a 6-month-old slaughtered piglet. Porcine bone was obtained from the cortical portion of the mandible of the same animal. All biomineral samples were pulverized and then treated by plasma ashing (deproteination) at about 60°C. Each of the powdered samples was equilibrated in solutions containing various initial concentrations of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+ (or K+) as nitrate salts. Following equilibration, concentrations (and activities) of magnesium and calcium ions in the experimental solution were determined. The pH values of the equilibrium solutions were in the range of 6.2–6.5. Experimental data of the Mg adsorption onto hydroxyapatite were interpreted on the basis of a Langmuir-type model for binary systems assuming competition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ for the same adsorption sites on the crystal surfaces of the apatites. According to this model, the adsorbed Mg is expressed as a function of the ionic activity ratio (Mg2+)/(Ca2+) in the equilibrium solution. The model contains two parameters, the adsorption selectivity constant Ks and the maximum number of adsorption sites N (μmol/g). The numerical values of Ks were similar for all adsorbents used (synthetic and biological) and indicated the preferential adsorption of Ca2+ probably due to spacial restrictions extending to the very surface of the crystals. The initial level of Mg2+ in the surface pool was different in the various biominerals, probably reflecting the composition of fluid in which the biominerals were formed. Whereas the surface pool of Mg of human enamel was marginal, only 5% of the total Mg, significant fractions of the total Mg in human and porcine dentins (about 20–30%), and porcine bone (about 40%) existed on the crystal surfaces. There were significant differences in the total Mg and the value of the parameter N between young (unerupted) and mature (erupted) dentin minerals. It was ascertained that the occupancy of adsorption sites by Mg ions became greater with maturation of the dentin tissues. The overall results suggest that the Mg-mineral interaction in tooth and bone tissues may be a highly tissue-specific process, presumably reflecting differences in fluid composition (particularly Ca and Mg activities) responsible for biomineralization.
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Human ; Aging ; Sex
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    Notes: Summary We describe a detailed study of fluoride distribution with age in the human cortical rib bone. Human ribs were obtained from 110 subjects (M:68,F;42) aged 20–93 years. The fluoride distribution from the periosteal to endosteal surfaces of the ribs was determined by sampling each specimen using an abrasive micro-sampling technique, and the samples were analyzed using the fluoride electrode, as described by Weatherell et al. [1]. The concentration of fluoride was highest in the periosteal region, decreased gradually towards the interior of the tissue where the concentration of fluoride tended toward the plateau, and then rose again towards the endosteal surface. Patterns of fluoride distribution changed with age, and the difference between periosteal and endosteal fluoride levels increased with age. Although average fluoride concentrations increased with age in both sexes, there was a significant difference between males and females at the age of about 55 years (P〈0.05).
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Omeprazole ; Bone ; Resorption ; Inhibition ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Omeprazole is an inhibitor of gastric H+, K+-ATPase. Although the major proton transport of osteoclast is mediated by a vacuolar-type H+-ATPase which is different from the gastric H+, K+-ATPase,in vitro studies have demonstrated that omeprazole inhibits bone resorption. In this study, the effect of omeprazole on bone resorption was evaluated in patients who had a history of gastric ulcer and were treated with maintenance doses of H2 blocker without any gastric complaints at the study time. H2 blocker administration was changed to omeprazole treatment in the study group and to no treatment in the control group. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium decreased after omeprazole treatment in the study group. Serum intact PTH, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased in this group. In the control group, there were not any changes in these parameters. The discrepancy between serum TRAP and urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and calcium in the study group was thought to be due to the suppression of bone resorption by omeprazole, which probably interfered the acidification at resorption lacunae and resulted in the inactivation of TRAP and other lysosomal enzymes. The results of our study suggest the possibility that the specific inhibitors of the osteoclastic proton pump (such as bafilomycins) will more effectively suppress bone resorption and be useful for the treatment of metabolic bone diseases with increased bone resorption.
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 44-49 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Stress ; Elasticity ; Mechanical properties ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Magnesium (Mg) participates in the normal formation and remodeling of bone. However, little is known about effects of Mg status on the biomechanical function of bone. We examined gross morphometry and composition as well as biomechanical properties of the femurs of male rats fed diets adequate or deficient in Mg. Comparison of deficient animals and controls yielded a number of differences (all significant at P〈0.05). Mg-depleted animals exhibited slow growth, inefficient food utilization, and greatly reduced concentrations of Mg in both serum and femur ash. Compared with controls, femurs from depleted animals were shorter, but wet weights, diameters, and midfemoral cross-sectional areas showed no differences. Bone length was reduced to a greater degree than could be accounted for by differences in body weights between the groups. Bones of Mg-deficient rats contained less dry matter and less ash (which contained more Ca/g) than those of controls, along with a higher percentage of moisture. Significantly reduced bone strength in depleted animals was evident from the lighter loads supported at the elastic limit (yield point) and at fracture and from decreased stresses accompanying those loads. Modulus of elasticity, however, was not affected by Mg depletion. Different yield and breaking loads were related to different body weights of groups, but stresses were reduced for deficient bones even after adjusting for body size. Our data establish abnormal biomechanical behavior of cortical bone in Mg-deficient animals and emphasize the importance of measuring such functional properties of bone in the assessment of responses to altered metabolic conditions under experimental conditions.
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrasound attenuation ; Bone ; Osteoporosis
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultrasound transmission measurement through the os calcis is an emerging technique and a promising clinical tool for early assessment of osteoporosis. However, several previous studies showed that broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) is sensitive to small variations in bone mass or structure. The os calcis is an inhomogeneous bone and therefore, the attenuation depends on the location in the os calcis. BUA distribution within the os calcis can be measured by rectilinear scanning over the entire bone. We used a mechanical scanning device with both unfocused and focused transducers. The spatial resolution of these was about 25 mm and 4 mm, respectively. There was good agreement (r=0.97) between the results with unfocused and focused transducers. In addition, imaging the variations of BUA is possible with the focused transducers, and high quality images are obtained. These images permit the selection of optimal regions of interest for ultrasound attenuation measurement.
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nucleation ; Mineralization ; Bone ; Collagen ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons utilisé de la collagène d'os de mounton et de tendons de queues de rats et des cristaux d'apatite pour étudier dans un système modèle la catalysation de la nucléation et la déposition de minéral dans un tampon métastabile. La collagène d'os de mouton se trouvait être un bon catalysateur, tandis que des expériences antérieures ont démontré que la collagène de tendons de queues de rats était un catalysateur très faible. Le phase rapide de la déposition de l'apatite dans la collagène se termine aussitôt que le contenu du minéral a attaint au plus 50 à 60 pour cent, bien que la supersaturation du tampon est encore bien èlevée. Les résultats montrent que dans un tel système modèle la quantité du depôt minéral est réglée par des facteurs semblables à ceux qui opèrent pendant la calcification biologique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen aus Schafsknochen und Rattenschwanzsehnen und Apatitkeime wurden verwendet in einem Modell-System zur Untersuchung der katalytischen Nukleation und der Fällung von Mineral in einem metastabilen Calciumphosphatpuffer. Kollagen aus Schafsknochen war ein guter Katalysator für die Nukleation, während in früheren Versuchen sich herausstellte, daß Rattenschwanzkollagen ein ganz schlechter Katalysator ist. Die schnelle Phase der Apatitfällung im Kollagen war beendet, wenn der Mineralgehalt bis zu 50–60% angestiegen war, obwohl der Puffer noch stark übersättigt war. Die Resultate weisen daraufhin, daß die Menge des gefällten Minerals in einem solchen Modell-System von ähnlichen Faktoren reguliert wird wie die biologische Verkalkung.
    Notes: Abstract Sheep bone collagen, rat tail tendon collagen and apatite seeds were used in a model system to study nucleation catalysis and mineral deposition in a metastable calcification buffer. Sheep bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst, while earlier experiments have shown that rat tail tendon collagen was a very poor catalyst. The rapid phase of apatite deposition in the collagen was terminated as soon as a mineral content of not more than 50–60 per cent was reached, although the buffer was still highly supersaturated. The results suggest that the amount of mineral deposited in such a model system is regulated by factors similar to those operating in biological calcification.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 249-260 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nucleic acid ; Callus ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Extraction des acides ribonucléiques (RNA) à pH 7,6 et à pH 9,0 en presence du phénol donne 70–75 p. 100 de la teneur en RNA total du tissu osseux du Lapin regénérant après une ostéotomie standardisée, dans l'extrait à pH 7,6 et 10–15 p. 100 dans l'extrait à pH 9,0. 50–70 p. 100 du RNA des diaphyses des os du Lapin qui n'était pas soumis à une ostéotomie sont extraits à pH 7,6 avec une quantité très faible à pH 9,0. Fractionnement des extraits par chromatographie sur 2 p. 100 agarose ou par précipitation avec du NaCl (3M) donne une fraction constituée par du rRNA et characterisée par la composition nucléotidique. Cette fraction correspond à 70 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 7,6 et à 65–75 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 9,0 de l'os regénérant et à 85 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal. 10 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os regénérant et 5 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal sont de poids moleculaire plus haut que le rRNA. Les RNA de poids moleculaire plus bas que le rRNA représentent 20 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 7,6 et 25–35 p. 100 du RNA extrait à pH 9,0 de l'os regénérant et 10 p. 100 du RNA extrait de l'os normal. Les résultats de centrifugation en gradients de saccharose entre 5 et 20 p. 100 correspondent aux résultats des études de fractionnement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wird die RNS aus Kaninchenknochengewebe, das sich in der Regenerationsphase nach standardisierter Osteotomie befindet, mit wäßrigen Phenollösungen, extrahiert, so werden bei einem pH-Wert des Extraktes von 7,6 70–75% des totalen RNS-Gehaltes erhalten, gegenüber 10–15% bei einem, pH-Wert von 9,0. Von der normalen Kaninchenradiusdiaphyse ist die Ausbeute an RNS 50–70% bei einer Extraktion im Bereich von pH 7,6 und nur wenige Prozente bei pH 9,0. Eine Fraktionierung der Extrakte mittels Gelchromatographie auf 2% Agarose und durch Behandlung mit 3M Natriumchlorid ergab eine Fraktion, die der rRNS entspricht und durch ihre Nucleotidzusammensetzung charakterisiert ist. Diese Fraktion erreicht bei regenerierenden Knochen 70% der RNS in den bei pH 7,6 gewonnenen Extrakten, 65–75% in jenen bei pH 9,0. während bei normalen Knochen die Ausbeute an RNS 85% bei pH 7,6 betrug. Im Extrakt von pH 7,6 waren beim regenerierenden Knochen 10% und bei normalen Knochen 5% der RNS von höherem Molekulargewicht als rRNS. Kleiner molekular als rRNS waren 20% der RNS in den Extrakten des regenerierenden Knochens bei pH 7,6 und 25–35% bei pH 9,0, während die entsprechenden Extrakte beim normalen Knochen nur 10% dieser kleinmolekularen RNS enthielten. Das Sedimentationsbild mit 5–20% linearen Saccharosegradienten entsprach den Ergebnissen der Fraktionierungsversuche.
    Notes: Abstract Extraction of RNA with aqueous phenolic solutions of pH 7.6 and pH 9.0 yielded 70–75% of the total RNA content of rabbit bone tissue, regenerating after standardized osteotomies, in the pH 7.6 extract and 10–15% in the pH 9.0 extract. From normal rabbit radius diaphysis, 50–70% of the RNA was extracted at pH 7.6 and oly a few per cent at pH 9.0. Fractionation of the extracts by gel chromatography on 2% agarose and by treatment with 3M sodium chloride gave a, fraction corresponding to rRNA and characterized by base composition. This fraction amounted to 70% of the RNA in the pH 7.6 extracts, to 65–75% of the RNA in pH 9.0 extracts from regenerating bone and to 85% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts from normal bone. 10% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts from regenerating bone and 5% of that in extracts from normal bone were of larger size than rRNA. 20% of the RNA in pH 7.6 extracts and 25–35% in pH 9.0 extracts from regenerating bone and 10% in those from normal bone were of lower size than rRNA. The sedimentation pattern in 5–20% linear sucrose gradients corresponded to the results of the fractionation studies.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 308-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Enamel ; Hydroxyapatite ; X-ray Diffraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'objet de cette étude a été de déterminer l'effet du mode de préparation (par meulage) sur la largeur des raies de diffraction de l'émail. La préparation d'émail, par meulage, en utilisant divers procédés ainsi qu'une pièce à main dentaire conventionnelle provoque un élargissement des pics obtenus (002, 211, 200 et 202) lorsqu'on la compare avec de la poudre d'émail, obtenue par meulage à l'aide de billes. L'élargissement des raies n'est pas observé lorqu'un monocristal d'hydroxylapatite est meulé à l'aide d'un diamant fin. En général, l'élargissement est moins important, lorsque le meulage est effectué à l'aide de turbines dentaires. L'importance du meulage dépend de façon variable d'un ou plusieurs des facteurs suivants: rugosité des instruments coupants, vitesse de meulage, direction de meulage, et la présence ou l'absence d'eau. Le meulage prolongé par billes de l'émail provoque aussi un élargissement dans les mêmes conditions, cependant, l'os n'est pas endommagé. Ces résultats indiquent que l'émail est plus sensible que l'hydroxylapatite et l'os. L'élargissement de raies peut être dû soit à une déformation de la maille cristalline, soit à une diminution de taille des cristaux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Untersuchung durchgeführt, um den Einfluß der Probenvorbereitung (Zerreibungsmethode) auf die Breite des Linienprofil-Querschnittes von Zahnschmelz zu bestimmen. Gewinnung von Zahnschmelz mit den verschiedenen Schneidinstrumenten einer konventionellen Bohrmaschine verursachte eine Verbreiterung aller untersuchten Peaks (002, 211, 200 und 202) im Vergleich zum gleichen Schmelz, der mit dem Rosenbohrer zerrieben wurde. Eine Verbreiterung der Linie konnte nicht beobachtet werden, wenn ein einzelner Kristall von Hydroxyapatit mit einem ganz feinen Diamanten zerrieben wurde. Im allgemeinen war die Verbreiterung weniger ausgesprochen, wenn die hochtourige Bohrtechnik zur Anwendung kam. Das Ausmaß der Verbreiterung, das durch Zahnbohrer verursacht wurde, war abhängig von einem oder mehreren der folgenden Faktoren: Rauheit des Schneidinstrumentes, Zerreibungsgeschwindigkeit, Zerreibungsrichtung und das Vorhandensein oder Fehlen von Wasser. Verlängerte Zerreibung von Schmelz mit dem Rosenbohrer verursachte ebenfalls eine Verbreiterung. Unter identischen Bedingungen blieb der ausgeglühte Knochen jedoch unversehrt. Diese Beobachtungen zeigen, daß Schmelz für Zerreibungsschäden anfälliger ist, als Hydroxyapatitkristalle oder ausgeglühter Knochen. Die eigentliche Ursache der Linienverbreiterung kann entweder eine Schädigung infolge Distortion des Gitters oder eino Reduktion der Größe der individuellen Kristalle sein.
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effect of sample preparation (grinding method) upon breadth of the diffraction profile of enamel. Collecting enamel by grinding with various cuttin tools in the low-speed dental handpiece caused broadening of all peaks (002, 211, 300 and 202) examined, compared to ball, ground, counter-part enamel. Line broadening was not observed when a single crystal of mineral hydroxyapatite was ground with a very fine diamond. In general, broadening was less pronounced with the high-speed air turbine technique. The amount of broadening caused by dental burs depended upon one or more of the following factors: coarseness of cutting instrument, grinding speed, grinding direction, and the presence or absence of water. Prolonged ball grinding of enamel also caused broadening; under identical conditions, however, annealed bone remained undamaged. These findings indicate that enamel is more sensitive to grinding damage than the mineral hydroxyapatite crystal or annealed bone. The actual cause of line broadening may be either strain due to lattice distortions or a reduction in size of individual crystallites.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 136-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcification ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Poultry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'activité des cellules osseuses et la composition du fémur de pondeuses furent examinées pendant sept jours de déficience calcique (diète contenant 0,13% de calcium) et sept jours de réplétion (diète contenant 3,2% de calcium). Du point de vue histologique, seul l'os cortical donnait des signes nets de résorption et d'activité ostéoclastique. Le nombre d'ostéoclastes dans l'os médullaire différait peu des valuers témoin pendant les périodes de déficience et de réplétion subséquente, sauf pour une augmentation significative au premier jour de déplétion. L'effect histologique le plus important dans l'os médullaire était une augmentation marquée en nombre d'ostéoblastes aux troisième, cinquième, et un peu moins au septième jours de déplétion. Le nombre d'ostéoblastes était en corrélation positive avec la teneur de l'os médullaire en ostéoide et négative avec son degré de calcification. L'activité de l'os médullaire en phosphatase alcaline augmentait avec la longueur de la déficience calcique. Un jour après le retour des pondeuses à une diète contenant 3,2% de calcium, la calcification de l'os médullaire avait augmenté de façon significative, le nombre d'ostéoblastes avait diminué au niveau ou au-dessous du niveau de contrôle et l'activité de la phosphatase alcaline avait baissé considérablement. L'importance de ces résultats est discutée par rapport au controle des populations des cellules dan l'os et au rôle de l'os médullaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Zahl der Knochenzellen und die Zusammensetzung des Femurs von Legehennen wurden während einer siebentägigen Calciumentzugsperiode (Calciumgehalt des Futters 0,13%) und einer siebentägigen Ersatzperiode (Calciumgehalt des Futters 3,2%) untersucht. Histologisch zeigte nur die Cortex eindeutige Knochenresorption und osteoklastische Aktivität. Abgesehen von einer signifikanten Zunahme am 1. Tag des Calciumentzuges, variierte die Zahl der Osteoklasten im Markknochen sowohl während der Entzugs- als auch während der nachfolgenden Ersatzperiode wenig. Die wichtigste histologische Änderung im Markknochen bestand in einer starken Zunahme in der Zahl der Osteoblasten am 3., 5. und etwas weniger am 7. Tag der Entzugsperiode. Die Zahl der Osteoblasten zeigte eine positive Korrelation mit dem Osteoidgehalt des Markknochens und eine negative mit dem Grade seiner Verkalkung. Die Aktivität der alkalischen Phosphatase im Markknochen war desto größer je länger den Hennen die calciumarme Ration verfüttert worden war. Die Wiederverabreichung der Ration, welche 3,2% Calcium enthielt, verursachte innerhalb eines Tages eine signifikante Zunahme in der Verkalkung des Markknochens, ein Absinken der Osteoblastzahl auf die Kontrollwerte oder unter sie und eine drastische Verringerung der alkalischen Phosphataseaktivität. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in bezug auf die Kontrolle des Knochenzellenbestandes und auf die Funktion des Markknochens wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract Bone cell activity and the composition of the femur of laying hens were studied during 7 days of calcium depletion on a 0.13% calcium diet and 7 days of calcium repletion on a 3.2% calcium diet. Histologically, only cortical bone showed clear signs of bone resorption and osteoclastic activity during the depletion period. The number of osteoclasts in medullary bone varied little from control values throughout both calcium depletion and repletion, except for a significant increase on the first day of depletion. The major histologicalchange in medullary bone was a marked increase in the number of osteoblasts on the third, fifth and, to a lesser extent, seventh, day of depletion. The number of osteoblasts in medullary bone was positively correlated with its osteoid content and negatively correlated with its degree of calcification. Alkaline phosphatase activity of medullary bone increased with the time the hens had been on the calcium-deficient diet. Returning the hens to the 3.2% calcium ration caused, within one day, a significant increase in medullary bone calcification, a decrease of osteoblast numbers to, or below, control levels, and a drastic reduction in alkaline phosphatase activity of medullary bone. The significance of these findings in relation to the control of bone cell populations and the functions of medullary bone is discussed.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 180-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Strontium ; Calcium ; Bone ; Shell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des poules ont été nourries avec une alimentation riche en strontium stable. Des concentrations de strontium de 3000 p.p. m. à 50000 p.p.m. montre une augmentation nette en strontium du tibia, alors que le contenu en calcium n'est pas modifié. Les concentrations en calcium sérique diminue, lorsque le strontium alimentaire augmente. Le calcium des coquilles d'oeufs diminue progressivement avec l'augmentation du strontium alimentaire, alors que le contenu en strontium des coquilles présente une augmentation correspondante. Des analyses de diffraction par rayons X des os et des coquilles ne permettent pas de déterminer sous quelle forme le strontium est déposé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Resultate einer Verfütterung von hohen stabilen Strontiumdosen an Hühnern werden erläutert. Strontiumzusätze zur Nahrung in der Höhe von 3000–50000 p.p.m. führten zu einer signifikanten Zunahme des Strontiumgehaltes der Tibia und verursachten keine wesentlichen Änderungen des Calciumgehaltes. Die Calciumkonzentration im Plasma verminderte sich, wenn der Nahrung ansteigende Strontiummengen zugegeben wurden. Mit zunehmendem Strontiumzusatz zur Nahrung zeigte der Calciumgehalt der Eischale eine fortlaufende Abnahme, während sich der Strontiumgehalt entsprechend erhöhte. Durch Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen der stark Strontium-haltigen Knochen und Eischalen konnte nicht festgestellt werden, in welcher Form das Strontium abgelagert wurde.
    Notes: Abstract The results of feeding high dietary levels of stable strontium to hens are reported. Dietary levels of strontium from 3,000 p.p.m. to 50,000 p.p.m. showed a significant increase in strontium content of the tibia bone and essentially no change in the calcium content. Plasma calcium concentration was shown to decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment. Egg shell calcium showed a progressive decrease with increasing dietary strontium treatment, whereas the strontium content has a corresponding increase. X-ray diffraction analyses of bones and shells containing large amounts of strontium were unsuccessful in evaluating the from in which strontium was deposited.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 202-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Radiocalcium ; Ascorbic acid ; Scintillimetry ; Radiocarbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs on décrit des méthodes pour la détermination de45Ca plus L-1-14C acide asorbique dans les os d'animaux aprés administration des deux isotopes. Calcium et acide asorbique ont été extraits totalement par l'acide trichloracétique a 6% des os a l'état frais en évitant de détruire l'acide asorbique. La détermination chimique du calcium et de l'acide asorbique selon les méthodes classique a été faite dans des portions de l'échantillon. La détermination de la radioactivité du calcium et de l'acide asorbique a été faite ensuite dans des portions du même échantillon. Du Triton a servi pour le scintillant liquide dans le compteur de scintillation liquide. Un procédé de détermination des deux isotopes dans le meme echantillon a été décrit. Différents critéres on été appliques a chacque étape afin d'établir la validité et les limites d'application de la méthode.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode ist beschrieben, die die quantitative und radioaktive Bestimmung von45Ca und L-[-L14C] Ascorbinsäure in Knochen von Tieren, denen die beiden Isotopen verabreicht worden sind, erlaubt. Calcium und Ascorbinsäure werden quantitativ mit 6% Trichloressigsäure ausgezogen, wobei die Ascorbinsäure erhalten bleibt. Quantitative Analysen für Calcium und Ascorbinsäure werden nach bekannten Methoden in einem Teil des Extraktes bestimmt und die Bestimmung der Radioaktivität in einem anderen Anteil mit Hilfe eines Flüssigkeits-Szintillations-Zählers durchgeführt. Dem flüssigen Szintillanten wird Triton zugesetzt. Diese Versuchsanordnung ermöglicht außerdem die gleichzeitige Bestimmung der beiden Isotopen im Knochen-Extrakt. Die Methode wurde sorgfältig auf ihre Verwendbarkeit ausgewertet.
    Notes: Abstract Methods were developed for the determination of45Ca plus L-[1-14C] asorbic acid in bones of animals following administration of both isotopes. Asorbic acid and calcium were extracted quantitatively with 6% trichloracetic acid from fresh bone under such mild conditions that asorbic acid was not destroyed. The chemical determinations of calcium and ascorbic acid according to standard procedures were performed in aliquots of the same extract. The determination of the radioactivity of calcium and ascorbic acid were then carried out in aliquots of the same extract. A Triton-containing liquid scintillation fluid was employed for the radioassay of45Ca and L-[1-14C] ascorbic acid in the liquid scintillation spectrometer. A procedure allowing the determination of both isotopes in the same extract is described. A number of criteria were applied to each step, in order to determine the validity and limitations of the procedure.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 350-358 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcitonin ; Resorption ; Species ; Discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une méthode quantitativein vitro est utilisée pour étudier l'efficacité relative des préparations de calcitonine, provenant de diverses espèces. La méthode est basée sur le fait que la calcitonine inhibe de façon nette la libération de45Ca de moitiés de calottes craniennes de souris, âgées de 6 jours, ayant été marquées auparavant; cet effect est lié à la suppression de la résorption endogène, qui se déroule, lorsque les os sont explantés et qui se continuein vitro en l'absence de calcitonine. Des différences nettes de l'effect d'inhibition des préparations de calcitonine ont été trouvées, qu'elles proviennent de corps ultimobranchiaux ou de thyroides de mammifères. La calcitonine humaine et la calcitonine porcine, standard A, se comportent de façon identique et sont environ dix fois plus actifs que la calcitonine porcinek standard B, en se basant sur les critéres unitaires utilisés au cours de cette étude chez le rat. Les calcitonines de corps ultimobranchiaux sont plus efficaces à doses faibles, pendant des périodes plus longues, que les préparations thyroidiennes et elles sont au moins dix fois plus efficaces que la calcitonine porcine standard A et cent fois plus actives que la calcitonine porcine standard B. Les explants traités par la calcitonine libère l'isotope dans le milieu d'une manière identique à celle de l'os mort, tant que la calcitonine reste active: pour la calcitonine de saumon, on observe pendant 20 heures un échange d'isotope entre l'os vivant, traité avec ce produit et le calcium du milieu, ainsi que cela se produit pour des fragments d'os congelé. Ces résultats sont utiles pour des études quantitatives, devant déterminer le mode d'action d'autres produits influençant la résorption et l'apposition osseuse. L'adjonction de calcitonine permet, en effet, de mesurer l'échange d'isotope libéré de l'os, ainsi traité à tous les stades, sans tuer les tissus ou sans avoir recours à des inhibiteurs spécifiques du métabolisme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein quantitativerin vitro-Versuch wurde angewandt, um die relative Wirksamkeit von Calcitonin-Präparaten aus verschiedenen Spezies zu untersuchen. Der Versuch beruht auf der Feststellung, daß Calcitonin einen ausgeprägten Hemmeffekt auf die Freisetzung von45Ca aus markierten Calvarien-Hälften von 6tägigen Mäusen hat. Dieser Effekt kommt wegen der Unterdrückung der endogenen Resorption zustande, die im Moment der Knochenexplantation im Gange ist, undin vitrobei Abwesenheit von Calcitonin weiter fortschreitet. Auffallende Unterschiede des Hemmeffektes konnten bei Calcitonin-Präparaten sowohl von Ultimobranchialkörpern als auch von Säuger-Thyreoideae festgestellt werden. Menschliches Calcitonin sowie Standard A Schweine-Calcitonin verhalten sich gleich und sind ungefähr 10mal wirksamer als Standard B Schweine-Calcitonin, ausgedrückt in Einheiten bezogen auf den Rattenversuch. Die von Ultimobranchialkörpern stammenden Calcitonin-Präparate sind wirksamer in niedrigerer Dosierung und während einer längeren Zeitspanne als die Thyreoidea-Präparate. Sie wirken zudem mindestens 10mal stärker als Standard A Schweine-Calcitonin und 100mal stärker als Standard B Schweine-Calcitonin. Explantate, welche mit Calcitonin behandelt wurden, geben das Isotop auf die gleiche Weise wie totes Knochengewebe in das Medium ab, solange das Calcitonin wirksam ist. Für Calcitonin vom Lachs besteht eine Zeitpsanne von 20 Std, während welcher die lebenden, mit diesem Präparat behandelten Knochen das Isotop mit dem Calcium des Medium austauschen, in gleicher Weise wie durch Einfrieren und Auftauen getöteten Knochens. Diese Methode wird vermutlich sehr nützlich sein für quantitative Untersuchungen über den Aktionsmodus anderer Stoffe, welche Knochenresorption und-wachstum beeinflussen, da der Calcitonin-Zusatz es ermöglicht, die Austauschkomponente des aus dem behandelten Knochen freigesetzten Isotopes jederzeit zu messen, ohne daß dabei Gewebe zerstört oder weniger spezifische Inhibitoren des Metabolismus herangezogen werden müssen.
    Notes: Abstract Anin vitro method has been used to investigate the relative effectiveness of calcitonin preparations from different species. It is based on the finding that calcitonin has a marked inhibitory effect on the release of45Ca from prelabelled half-calvariae from 6-day-old mice; this effect is due to the suppression of the endogeneous resorption that is in progress when the bones are explanted, and which continuesin vitro in the absence of calcitonin. Striking differences have been found in the inhibitory effect of calcitonin preparations from either ultimobranchial bodies or from mammalian thyroids. Human calcitonin and porcine standard A calcitonin behave similarly and are about ten times more potent than porcine standard B calcitonin in terms of units based on the rat assay. The calcitonins of ultimobranchial origin are more effective at lower doses for a longer period of time than the thyroid preparations, and are at least ten times more potent than porcine standard A calcitonin or 100 times more potent than porcine standard B. Explants treated with calcitonin release isotope into the medium in a similar manner to that of dead bones, as long as the calcitonin remains effective; for salmon calcitonin there is a twenty-hour period in which the release of isotope from living bones treated with this preparation exchange isotope with the calcium in the medium like frozen-thawed bone. This finding should be very useful in quantitative studies on the mode of action of other compounds that influence bone resorption and accretion, since the addition of calcitonin will enable the exchange component of the isotope released from treated bones, to be measured at any stage without killing the tissue or resorting to less specific inhibitors of metabolism.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 72-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fixation ; FT-IR microscopy ; Infrared spectroscopy ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fourier transform infrared microscopy is a powerful tool for the characterization of mineral and protein in histologic sections of bone. This study was concerned with determining whether techniques used to preserve these tissties and to prepare them for sectioning had an effect on spectral properties. The υ1, υ3 phosphate bands in the 900–1200 cm-1 spectral region were used to evaluate the structure of the apatitic mineral in fresh-frozen, ethanol-fixed, and formalin-fixed 35-day-old rat femurs; fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed 20-day-old fetal rat femurs; ground 35-day-old rat diaphyseal bone samples; and formalin-fixed, methacrylate-embedded ground diaphyseal bone. The crystallinity (crystal size and perfection) of the bone apatite was assessed by a curve-fitting analysis of the υ1, υ3 phosphate bands. Results indicate that ethanol or formalin fixation of the 35-day-old intact rat femur, and formalin fixation and embedding of the ground rat bone do not significantly alter the crystallinity of the apatite. However, formalin fixation of the fetal rat bone did alter the structure of the apatite mineral phase. In addition, evaluation of protein secondary structure in the 35-day-old rat femur from the Amide I and Amide II vibrations near 1650 and 1550 cm-1, respectively, revealed that protein conformation was altered by ethanol fixation.
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Menopause ; Estrogens ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Biochemical parameters reflecting bone resorption [urinary calcium/creatinine (Ca/Cr) and hydroxyproline/ creatinine (OH/Cr)] were related to serum estrogens [estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2)] in 262 healthy women including 158 patients receiving estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for at least 6 months, 49 eugonadal women, and 55 untreated postmenopausal women. A significant (P〈0.001) correlation exists between serum E2 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.00044 E2 (pg/ml)+0.129 (n=262; r=-0.37), serum E2 and OH/Cr: (OH/Cr (mg/g)=-0.049 E2 (pg/ml)+18.76 (n=262; r=-0.36), serum E1 and Ca/Cr: Ca/Cr (mg/dl)=-0.0003 E1 (pg/ml)+0.127 (n=261; r=-0.28) but not between serum E1 and OH/Cr. Women with circulating levels of E2 between 60 and 90 pg/ml have a significant (P〈 0.01) reduction of Ca/Cr and OH/Cr when compared with those with lower levels of E2. Higher values of E2 do not provide additional benefit. We conclude that in postmenopausal women receiving an estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), a significant reduction of bone resorption is achieved when circulating levels of estradiol reach a value (60 pg/ml) corresponding to the one measured, in eugonadal women, during the last days of the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We suggest that oral or percutaneous ERT should induce a minimal value of 60 pg/ml to prevent postmenopausal bone loss.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 291-297 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteoblast ; Cyclosporin A ; Attachment ; Proliferation ; Alkaline phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) were evaluated on ROS 17/2.8 cells in vitro. ROS cells were treated with CsA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml) for 3 days with and without bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) 10 nM. CsA at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 μg/ml without PTH and at 5.0 μg/ml in the presence of PTH significantly inhibited proliferation, as determined by a tetrazolium colorimetric assay. In addition, ROS cell number was significantly reduced at 3 and 4 days with CsA (5.0 μg/ml) without affecting cell viability. Incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA was significantly reduced by 3.0 and 5.0 μg/ml CsA after 12 and 24 hours exposure. Basal and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated alkaline phosphatase levels in confluent ROS cells were reduced (P〈0.05) with CsA (1.0 and 3.0 μg/ml). Pretreatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells with CsA did not alter PTH-stimulated cAMP levels or [125I]-PTHrP binding to ROS cells. CsA treatment of ROS 17/2.8 cells induced a spindle-shaped appearance with loss of attachment in confluent cultures. When ROS cells were cultured in CsA-containing media, cellular attachment at 6 and 12 hours was reduced (P〈0.05) compared with untreated ROS cells. These findings indicate that CsA was capable of inhibiting proliferation, cell number, mitogenesis, alkaline phosphatase levels, and cell attachment of ROS cells without affecting PTH binding or cAMP levels. This direct effect of CsA on osteoblasts may be important in changes of bone remodeling observed in CsA-treated humans and animals.
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  • 42
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Densitometry ; Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ; Lateral spine scanning ; Reproducibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Reproducibility of lateral spine dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (LAT DEXA) scans using a Lunar DPX-L scanner was assessed in a cadaveric phantom and in patients. One hundred phantom measurements over 7 months demonstrated a longitudinal stability of 1.7% (coefficient of variation, CV). Additional scans were performed with the phantom rotated by up to 20° in each of the three orthogonal planes to assess the effects of variable patient positioning. Horizontal and vertical rotation of the spine had little effect on the estimated bone mineral density (BMD), however, axial rotation of greater than 8° led to errors in the BMD measurement. One hundred consecutive patients had two lateral scans performed within 1 month. BMD (range 0.10–1.6 g/cm2) was determined for each scan by one operator. Significant overlap from ribs and pelvis was often seen with L2 and L4 vertebrae but one vertebra (L3) could be measured in every case. Intraoperator and interoperator variability was assessed by three experienced operators, each analyzing 10 patients' scans on five separate occasions, and was found to be less than 1.1% for a single vertebra. BMD estimation of vertebral bodies and midslices by lateral DEXA scans (CV% of 3.8% and 4.6%) have a 95% confidence interval of 0.074 g/cm2 and 0.096 g/cm2, respectively for two vertebrae. This variability is due mainly to axial rotation, with operator variability, horizontal rotation, and vertical rotation having little effect on BMD estimation.
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  • 43
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 162-173 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Parathyroid ; Bird
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'os médullaire des poules au moment de la ponte ainsi que l'os néoformé de coqs soumis à des substances oestrogéniques, ont été examinés par les méthodes de l'histologie, de l'histochimie, de la microradiographie et de l'alpharadiographie afin de comparer la résorption naturelle à celle produite par la parathormone. Chez les pondeuses, la résorption a été provoquée par la formation de la coquille; chez les coqs, elle s'est produite à la suite de la diminution du taux des oestrogènes. La résorption naturelle de l'os médullaire a été marquée par un accroissement de la basophilie, de l'azurophilie et de la metachromasie, par la diminution graduelle de la densité organique et minérale. Ces modifications ont été observées d'abord dans la portion distale de l'os médullaire; elles se sont progressivement propagées à la région sous corticale. L'extrait parathyroidien semble avoir favorisé tous ces phénomènes, en stimulant l'ostéolyse ostéocytaire et l'ostéoclasie. Il ne nous a pas été possible cependant de nous rendre compte si les ostéoclastes ne se sont attaqués qu'aux portions des travées déja modifiées par l'ostéolyse. Ces résultats concordent avec l'idée que la résorption normale de l'os médullaire de la poule au temps où la coquille de l'oeuf se dépose, est déclanchée par la parathormone. Il en est de même chez le coq à la suite du retrait des oestrogènes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Substantia spongiosa der Femora von Legehennen und von Hähnen die mit Östrogen behandelt waren, wurde während spontaner und künstlicher, mit Extrakten von Epithelkörperchen induzierter, Resorption einer histologischen, histochemischen, alpharadiographischen und mikroröntgenographische Untersuchung unterworfen. Die natürliche Resorption wurde bei den Hennen durch die Eischalenproduktion und bei den Hähnen durch Östrogenentzug hervorgerufen. Die natürliche Resorption war durch erhöhte Basophilie, Azurphilie und Metachromasie, sowohl als auch durch verminderter alpharadiographischer und mikroröntgenographischer Dichte der Trabeculae der Substantia spongiosa charakterisiert. Diese Veränderungen wurden zuerst in den zentralen, dem Cavum medullare nächstgelegenen, Teilen der Spongiosa wahrgenommen. Später waren auch die peripheren Teile, mit geringerer Osteocytenkonzentration, betroffen. Diese Veränderungen konnten durch Gaben von Epithelkörperchenextrakten verstärkt werden. Die Resorption der Spongiosa wird durch osteocytische Osteolyse und Osteoklasie bewirkt. Es konnte aber nicht entschieden werden ob diese beiden Prozesse gleichzeitig stattfinden, oder ob die Osteoklasten die Trabeculae erst angreifen, nachdem sie bereits teilweise durch Osteolyse abgebaut worden sind. Diese Resultate stimmen mit der Hypothese überein, daß die natürliche Resorption von Spongiosa während der Eischalenproduktion bei Hennen und nach Entzug von Östrogen bei Hähnen, durch Epithelkörperchenhormonen bedingt ist.
    Notes: Abstract The medullary bone in the femora of laying hens and of oestrogen-treated cocks has been examined by histological, histochemical, alpharadiographic and microroentgenographic techniques while undergoing both natural resorption and resorption induced by injection of parathyroid extract. In the hens, natural resorption was brought about by egg-shell formation and in the cocks by withdrawal of oestrogen. Natural resorption was accompained by increasing basophilia, azurophilia and metachromasia and by decreasing alpharadiographic and microradiographic density of the trabeculae of the medullary bone. These changes were observed initially in the central region (towards the marrow cavity) and subsequently in the peripheral regions also, where the number of osteocytes per unit area of bone was less. Parathyroid extract enhanced all these effects. It appears that resorption of medullary bone was brought about by osteocytic osteolysis and by osteoclasis, but it was not possible to determine whether both processes occurred concurrently or whether the osteoclasts attacked the trabeculae only after they had been partially degraded by osteolysis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the natural resorption of medullary bone during egg-shell formation in hens and following the withdrawal of oestrogen in cocks is induced by parathyroid hormone.
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 291-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Fluorescence ; Resorption ; Deposition ; Calcium ; Microradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Divers agents chimiques, colorés, fluorescents et se localisant dans les os, à savoir la tétracycline, l'alazazine rouge S et le DCAF, ont été administré en série à des rats sevrés et on a mesuré le taux de la formation et de la résorption osseuse sur les coupes transversales du tiers supérieur de la diaphyse. Ici la formation osseuse périostale s'effectue progressivement avec peu de changement endostéal. Avec alimentation carnée, la croissance des rats est significativement restreinte pendant la première semaine, mais se rétablit ensuite. Bien qu'il y ait croissance des os, ceux-ci ne se minéralisent pas normalement et ils deviennent rapidement fragiles et amincis. La résorption osseuse est lente d'abord, puis s'accelère pendant 2–3 semaines pour atteindre un taux de 15μ par jour, après quoi elle se ralentit de nouveau. Bien que le taux de formation osseuse soit réduit, en comparaison avec celui des os normaux, la résorption s'effectue environ deux à trois fois plus rapidement que la croissance osseuse. Des études microradiographiques sur des rats à régime carné mais carencés en calcium ont permis la constatation suivante: tandis que la résorption s'effectue à la marge endostéale et que la formation osseuse a lieu sur l'aspect périostéal, la matière osseuse nouvellement formée est moins calcifiéc que chez les témoins.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einige farbige, fluoreszierende, knochensuchende Chemikalien, z. B. Tetracyclin, Alazarin-Rot S und CDAF, wurden nacheinander an entwöhnten Ratten verabreicht, worauf man die Knochenbildungs- und Knochenresorptionswerte an hartgeschliffenen Schnitten des oberen Drittels der Diaphyse gemessen hat. Hier findet fortschreitend periostale Knochenbildung statt, mit geringer Veränderung des Endosteums. Bei Fleischdiät wird das Körperwachstum während der ersten Woche erheblich beschränkt; danach aber normalisiert es sich wieder. Obwohl die Knochen noch wachsen, zeigen sie keine normale Mineralisierung und werden schnell zerbrechlich und dünn. Die Knochenresorption ist anfangs langsam, dann beschleunigt sie sich während einer Zeitspanne von 2–3 Wochen bis auf 15 μ pro Tag, um sich dann wieder zu verlangsamen. Während die Knochenbildungsgeschwindigkeit relativ zum Normalwert heruntergesetzt wird, verläuft die Resorption ungefähr 2–3mal so schnell wie die Knochenbildung. Mikroradiographische Untersuchungen an mit Fleisch ernährten Ca-armen Ratten haben bestätigt, daß während die Resorption am Endosteumrande stattfindet und sich die Knochenbildung an der Periostenfläche fortsetzt, die neugebildete Knochensubstanz weniger kalzifiziert ist, als die der Kontrolltiere.
    Notes: Abstract Different coloured, fluorescent bone-seeking chemicals, viz., tetracycline, Alizarin Red S, and DCAF, have been administered sequentially to weanling rats and the rate of formation and resorption of bone measured from hard-ground cross sections of the upper third of the diaphysis of the femur. On a meat diet, bodily growth is significantly restricted for the first week and then recovery occurs. While bones grow they fail to mineralize normally and rapidly become fragile and rarefied. Resorption of bone is at first slow, then accelerates for a period of 2–3 weeks to about 15μ/day and then slows again. While the rate of bone formation is reduced relative to normal bone, resorption proceeds at approximately two to three times the rate of bone growth. Microradiographic studies confirm tht while resorption occurs on the endosteal margin and formation proceeds on the periosteal aspect of meat fed Ca-deficient rats, new bone is less calcified than that in control animals.
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  • 45
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Calcification ; Embryo ; Tissue Culture ; Bone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les modes d'utilisation de glucose, le contenu de calcium et d'hydroxyproline et la densité cellulaire du perioste de les os frontaux d'embryons de poulet de 12 et 13 jours de developpement, cultivés sur coagulum de plasma, se presentant différenment à chaque âge. Cultivés avec sulfate de déhydroèpiandrostérone en concentration 1 mM, les frontaux de 12 jours montrent un synthese augmentée du matrice osseuse, celle de 13 jours se calcifient à une vélocité significativement plus grande que celle des os contôles. Le degré de calcification au quatrième jour de culture measuré par la relation calcium/hydroxyproline, suit un fonction lineáire avec le logarithme des doses de sulfate de dehydroepiandrostérone employées (0.5, 1,0 et 2,0 mM). Les renseignements obtenus indiquent que les frontaux de 13 jours, cultivés “in vitro” constituent modeles experimentaux appropriés pour étudier l'effet des androgénes sur le tissue osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Stirnbeine von Hühnerembryonen an ihrem 12. und 13. Entwicklungstag entnommen und in vitro kultiviert zeigen verschiedene Arten der Glucoseverwertung der Periostzellendichte, des Calcium- und Hydroxyprolingehaltes. Wird Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat dem Medium in einer 1 mM-Konzentration zugegeben, so beteiligen sich die 12tägigen Stirnbeine vorwiegend an der Knochengewebesynthese, während die 13tägigen signifikant stärker verkalken als die Kontrollen. Gemessen an der Calcium/hydroxyprolin Ratio bildet die Verkalkung der 13tägigen Stirnbeine eine lineare Funktion mit den Logarithmen der verwendeten Dosen von Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfat (0,5, 1,0 und 2,0 mM). Das in vitro kultivierte 13tägige Stirnbein schein ein geeignetes Experimentiermodell zur Studie der Dehydroepiandrosteronsulfatwirkung auf das Knochengewebe zu sein, weil es das grundlegende Phänomen (erhöhte Verkalkung) wiedergibt, welches man auch bei mit Androgenen behandelten Menschen und Tieren beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract Chick embryo frontal bones at 12 and 13 days of development cultivatedin vitro exhibit different patterns of glucose utilization, periosteal cellular density and calcium and hydroxyproline content. When dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is added to the medium at a concentration 1 mM, 12-day frontals engage primarily in osteoid tissue synthesis while 13-day frontals calcify at a significantly greater rate than controls. Measured with the ratio calcium/hydroxyproline, the calcification of 13-day frontals follows a linear function with the logarithm of the doses of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate employed (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM). The 13-day frontal bone cultivatedin vitro seems to be an adequate experimental model for the study of the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate on bone tissue because it reproduces the basic phenomenon (increased calcification) observed in man and animals treated with androgens.
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  • 46
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Material quality ; Sound transmission ; Frequency of resonance ; Age ; Bone width
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In women before and after the age of peak bone mass, identical values of bone mineral density (BMD) can be obtained. However, there is a much higher incidence of osteoporotic fractures in older women. We investigated whether a deterioration of bone material quality with increasing age might contribute to this phenomenon. Material properties of bone tissue can be characterized by the modulus of elasticity, which is correlated to the square of sound transmission velocity. In this study, sound transmission velocity was determined in cortical bone by measuring the frequency of resonance in the ulna in the direction of the bone's longitudinal axis and correcting the values by multiplying by ulna length. Validation of this method indicated acceptable reproducibility: interobserver variability determined as the mean coefficient of variation was 1.82%. In a clinical study, 21 young women (22.5±1.2 years old) were compared with 21 middle-aged women (52.9±2.7 years old). Pairs were matched that had identical values of BMD in the nondominant forearm at a location representing mainly cortical bone (SPA). The product of ulna length and frequency of resonance in the ulna in the younger women was found to be 61.4±5.8 m/second, and in the middle-aged women 55.7±4.5 m/second. The difference was highly significant with P〈0.005. Our results confirm recent findings indicating a deterioration of bone material quality independent of BMD with increasing age. As shown by comparing ulna width at the site of measurement of bone mineral density between both groups of women, the deterioration of bone material quality in ulnar cortical bone with increasing age might at least in part be functionally compensated by an increase of the moment of inertia due to greater bone width [8, 10].
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Helodermin ; Bone ; Cyclic AMP
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    Notes: Abstract Helodermin and helospectin are peptides structurally similar to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) which were recently isolated from the salivary gland venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum. Pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptide (PACAP) has been isolated from ovine hypothalamus and also shows sequence homology to VIP. A helodermin-like peptide has been detected by combined immunohistochemical and immunochemical techniques in the thyroid C-cells. In the present study, lizard helodermin was found to cause a time- and dose-dependent stimulation of cyclic AMP (cAMP) formation in neonatal mouse calvarial bones. Also, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and the C-terminally extended PACAP 38 stimulated cAMP accumulation in the mouse calvariae. The cAMP rise in response to helodermin was comparable to that induced by VIP, both in terms of potency and magnitude of the response. Helodermin, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and PACAP 38, at concentrations of 1 μmol/liter, stimulated cAMP accumulation in enzymatically isolated mouse calvarial bone cells. A significant response to all peptides was observed in both early and late released bone cells isolated from the calvariae, with low and high alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. Helodermin and VIP stimulated cAMP accumulation in the cloned mouse calvarial osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1, in rat (UMR 106-01), and human (Saos-2) osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell lines, but not in the rat osteosarcoma cell line ROS 17/2.8. The effect of helodermin was synergistically and dose-dependently enhanced by forskolin (0.1 and 1 μmol/liter). These data show that bone cells, including osteoblasts, respond to several peptides of the VIP family, including helodermin, helospectin I, PACAP 27, and PACAP 38. Whether the responses are mediated via one or several receptor populations remains to be established. The finding that VIP and helodermin, at maximally effective concentrations, did not cause additive effect on cAMP formation in intact mouse calvariae suggests that these two agonists may use a common receptor.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: IL-1α ; IL-1β ; IL-1 receptor antagonist ; Bone ; Calcium ; Parathyroid hormone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Both interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are powerful stimulators of bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) binds to many interleukin-1 receptors. It does not activate the receptor and effectively blocks the action of IL-1α and IL-1β. In this study, human recombinant IL-1ra, at 100-fold excess, was found to block bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria due to IL-1β but not IL-1α. These observations may be explained by differential affinities of receptors for IL-1α, IL-1β and rhIL-1ra on target bone cells.
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  • 49
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 376-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Electromagnetic ; Bone ; Calcium ; Osteoblast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Low energy electromagnetic fields (EMF) exhibit a large number of biological effects. A major issue to be determined is “What is the lowest threshold of detection in which cells can respond to an EMF?” In these studies we demonstrate that a low-amplitude combined magnetic field (CMF) which induces a maximum potential gradient of 10-5 V/m is capable of increasing net calcium flux in human osteoblast-like cells. The increase in net calcium flux was frequency dependent, with a peak in the 15.3–16.3 Hz range with an apparent bandwidth of approximately 1 Hz. A model that characterizes the thermal noise limit indicates that nonspherical cell shape, resonant type dynamics, and signal averaging may all play a role in the transduction of lowamplitude EMF effects in biological systems.
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 381-386 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Acoustic microscopy ; Bone ; Collagen fiber ; Elastic anisotropy ; Mineral crystal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has long been thought that collagen fibers within the bone matrix are deposited in an aligned pattern that channels mineral growth. If this model of bone structure is correct, both organic and inorganic phases of bone should have similar elastic anisotropy. Using an acoustic microscope, we measured longitudinal and transverse acoustic velocities of cortical specimens taken from 10 dog femurs before and after removal of either the mineral (using 10% EDTA) or collagen phases (using 7% sodium hypochlorite) and calculated longitudinal (CL) and transverse (CT) elastic coefficients. The anisotropy ratio (CL/CT) decreased significantly after demineralization (1.61 before versus 1.06 after, P〈0.0001, paired t-test). However, there was no significant change after decollagenization (1.51 before versus 1.48 after, P=0.617, paired t-test). We conclude that the orientation of mineral crystals is the primary determinant of bone anisotropy, and the collagen matrix within osteonal bone has little directional orientation.
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; Tissue Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du tissu osseux, cultivé pendant 5 jours dans un milieu chimiquement défini, présente une augmentation de la consommation en O2 et une diminution de la production d'acide lactique lorsqué de l'acide lactique (50 μg/mI) est présent dans le milieu de culture. Ces paramètres ont été mesurés pendant des incubations de courte durée, en cultures de tissus. En n'ajoutant de l'acide lactique qu'au dernier jour de culture ou pendant les 4 premiers jours, et non le dernier jour, les valeurs en O2 et en acide lactique sont identiques à celles observées lorsque la vitamine est présente pendant 5 jours. Des produits similaires à l'acide ascorbique (50 μg/ml), administrés pendant 5 jours donnent des résultats identiques à ceux de la vitamine C. Une expérience préliminaire pour évaleur la vitesse d'oxydation de l'acide ascorbique dans le milieu de culture a permis de montrer que la vitamine doit être remplacée quotidiennement lorsque les cultures sont traitées avec 20% d'O2 et plus fréquemment avec des concentrations d'O2 plus élevées. Les changements dans le métabolisme énergétique, liés à l'acide ascorbique et observés dans cette étude, indiquent que la vitamine pourraît être un facteur important de stimulation du métabolisme squelettique aérobique.
    Notes: Abstract Bones cultured for 5 days in a chemically defined medium showed an increased O2 consumption and decreased lactic acid production when ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) was present in the culture medium. In this and the following experiments these parameters were measured in short-term incubations following tissue culture. Adding ascorbic acid for only the final day of culture or for the first 4 days and not the final day gave O2 and lactic acid results similar to those obtained when the vitamin was present for all 5 days. Ascorbic acid analogs (50 μg/ml) added for 5 days also exhibited results similar to those for vitamin C. A preliminary experiment to evaluate the oxidation rate of ascorbic acid in the culture medium established that the vitamin must be replenished daily when cultures are gassed with 20% O2 and more frequently with higher O2 concentrations. The ascorbic acid-dependent changes in energy metabolism seen in this study suggest that the vitamin may be an important factor in stimulating skeletal aerobic metabolism.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; 14C-Proline ; Growth ; Bone ; Teeth
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von85Sr und von14C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen. Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von14C-Prolin zu14C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt. Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on14C-proline conversion to14C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.
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  • 53
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    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Bone ; Dentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les couches de matrice osseuse entourant les lacunes des osteocytes qui sont apparemment hypermineralisees (radioopaques), peuvent etre eliminees des microradiographies au moyen d'une agitation continue au cours de developpement. Il en va de meme des bordures radioopaques situees le long des felures artificielles dans les coupes. Les structures reellement hypermineralisees, telles que la dentine peritubulaire, les lignes cementantes es les bords internes des osteones ne sont pas modifiees par le traitement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Auftreten einer hypermineralisiert erscheinenden Schicht von Knochengewebe um die Knochenhoehlchen, aber auch dasjenige von dichter erscheinenden Rändern an künstlich erzeugten Spalten in den Gewebsschnitten, konnte verhindert werden durch stetiges Agitieren während der Entwicklung der Historadiogramme. Dagegen hatte die gleiche Behandlung keinen Einfluß auf das Sichtbarbleiben anderer, wirklich hypermineralisierter Gebilde, z. B. der Ränder der Zahnbeinkanälchen, Knochenkittlinien, und Binnensäume von Osteonen.
    Notes: Abstract Apparently hypermineralized (radiopaque) layers of bone matrix surrounding osteocyte lacunae, as well as radiopaque edges along artificial cracks in the sections, could be eliminated from microradiographs by continuous agitation during development. Other hypermineralized structures, such as peritubular dentin, cementing lines and the inner edges of osteons, persisted and were not artefacts of development.
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    Calcified tissue international 3 (1969), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Aspidin ; Bone ; Cartilage ; Dentine ; Evolution ; Fossil
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  • 55
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    Calcified tissue international 4 (1969), S. 48-59 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Solubility ; Microscopy ; Polarization ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Moyennant und systèmein vitro dont la composition liquide fut variée nous avons pu faire grandir ou dissoudre des cristaux osseux. Ces changements qui se manifestent par des changements de la biréfrigence extrinsique du tissu osseux, ont été suivis à l'aide du microscope polarisant et aussi du microscope électronique. De même l'entrée de45Ca dans les cristaux a été mesurée dans certains cas. Les cristaux osseux sont hétérogènes quant à leur solubilité. Le produit de solubilité du minéral osseux, exprimé par la relationp [Ca]+p[P], est de 6.51±0.07 (σ) mesuré par la microscopie polarisante à l'instant où les changements furent les plus petits. Ce chiffre s'accorde avec les résultats des autres chercheurs qui ont mesuré la solubilité de la poudre osseuse par des autres méthodes. La solubilité des cristaux dans notre système varie inversement avec les concentrations des ions hydroxyliques ou fluors, mais varie directement avec la concentration des ions citriques.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein Systemin vitro ermöglichte es durch Veränderung der Zusammensetzung der umgebenden Lösung das Wachstum und die Auflösung von Knochenkristallen herbeizuführen. Die hervorgebrachten Veränderungen konnten dank der doppelbrechenden Eigenschaften des Knochengewebes mit dem Polarisationsmikroskop festgestellt werden. Diese Beobachtungen wurden durch Untersuchungen am Elektronenmikroskop und Bestimmungen der45Ca-Aufnahme gestützt. Die Knochenkristalle erwiesen sich als heterogen in bezug auf ihre Löslichkeit. Wenn die hervorgerufene Kristallveränderung im Polarisationsmikroskop minimal war, so entsprach das Gesamtlöslichkeitsprodukt des Knochenminerals, ausgedrückt als p[Ca]+p[P] 6,51±0,07 (S.D.). Diese Resultate bestätigten die Befunde anderer Forscher, welche die Knochenpulverlöslichkeit mittels konventioneller Methoden bestimmten. Die Löslichkeit der Kristalle bei diesem Systemin vitro variierte entgegengesetzt zur Hydroxyl- und Fluoridionenkonzentration, aber im gleichen Sinne wie die Citrationenkonzentration.
    Notes: Abstract Anin vitro system was used to induce growth and dissolution of bone crystals by manipulating the composition of their fluid environment. The induced changes could be detected with the polarizing microscope because of the extrinsic birefringence of the bone tissue. Supporting observations were made with the electron microscope and by determining45Ca uptake. The bone crystals were found to be heterogeneous with regard to their solubility. When induced crystal changes were minimal by polarization microscopy the overall solubility product of the bone mineral expressed asp [Ca]+p[P] was 6.51±0.07 (S.D.). This result corroborated the findings of other investigators who determined bone powder solubility by conventional methods. Solubility of the crystals in thein vitro system varied inversely with hydroxyl ion and fluoride ion concentration, but directly with citrate ion concentration.
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    Calcified tissue international 51 (1992), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: PTHRP ; Anabolic ; Rat ; Bone ; Potency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) has recently been purified from human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The gene encoding PTHRP has been cloned, and based on predicted amino acid sequence, polypeptides comprising the first 36 [36Tyr(1–36) PTHRP amide] and 74 [(1–74)PTHRP] amino acids have been synthesized. Human (h) PTHRP (1–36) and (1–74) are potent bone-resorbing agents, and are catabolic for bone in vivo when given continuously at high doses. Bovine parathyroid hormone (bPTH) (1–34) is also catabolic for bone at high dose levels, but when given in low doses for weeks to months, it is anabolic. Although PTHRP possess several PTH-like properties in bone, hPTHRP (1–34) is reported to be only weakly anabolic in vivo. As polypeptide length influences PTHRP action, we evaluated hPTHRP(1–74) as an anabolic agent for bone in vivo. Twenty-four 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of hPTHRP(1–74) (1 and 2 nmol/100 g body weight, bw), bPTH(1–34) (4 nmol/100 g bw) or vehicle. Rats were sacrificed on day 12, and serum calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and femoral bone dry weight, calcium content, and hydroxyproline content were measured. Serum calcium and phosphorus were equivalent in all groups. A significant increase in dry bone weight was observed in both PTHRP-treated groups compared with controls. PTHRP also caused a significant, dose-dependent increase in bone calcium and hydroxypro-line content. Results of these studies indicate that PTHRP (1–74) is anabolic for bone in vivo when administered at low-dosage levels for a prolonged period.
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  • 57
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 130-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluoride ; Bone ; Osteoporosis ; Bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A mathematical model was developed that prediets fluoride accumulation and clearance from the skeleton based upon fluoride bioavailability, bone remodeling rate, and the fluoride binding characteristics of bone. It was assumed that fluoride binds to bone in a nonlinear fashion such that a smaller percentage of fluoride is bound to bone if fluoride intake is increased to high levels. Bone resorption rate was assumed to be proportional to the solubility of hydroxyfluorapatite which is inversely related to bone fluoride content. The predictions made by the model compared favorably with experimental results from fluoride uptake and clearance studies. Parametric studies done using the model showed the following: (1) fluoride can be cleared from the skeleton by bone remodeling, but fluoride clearance takes over four times longer than does fluoride uptake; and (2) fluoride uptake by the skeleton was positively associated with bone remodeling rate. However, the concentration of fluoride in newly formed bone does not decrease with reduced remodeling rates and surpasses 10,000 ppm for intakes of fluoride greater than 9 mg/day. For osteoporosis, daily dose and duration of fluoride treatment should be selected to avoid reaching a toxic cumulative bone fluoride content.
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  • 58
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 399-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rhesus monkey ; Bone ; Diet ; Age ; Sex ; Bone mineral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of diet, age, and sex on the mineral content of primate bones was determined for free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from the Caribbean Primate Research Center. Monkeys in this study were of known age and sex and had been provided with either a low protein (15%) or a high protein (25%) diet for most of their lives. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used to assess bone mineral content. Results showed that diet had no significant effect on the bulk mineral composition of Ca, Mg, Br, and Cl in the bones. Of the minerals analyzed, only Na and Mn showed significant diet-related effects. The bone Ca content was found to be lower in females than in males when controlled for age. Finally, Ca content was found to be higher in young adults, lower at middle age, and higher in old age in both male and female monkeys. In conclusion, this study has shown that increasing protein content in the diet does not change the bulk mineral content of primate bones. The nondietary effect that Ca content of monkey bones is lower during middle age has not been previously reported.
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  • 59
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    Calcified tissue international 52 (1993), S. 447-454 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Iliac crest ; Bone ; Histomorphometry ; Baboon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dat in the literature on bone histomorphometry in the baboon are scant. This study provides data from analysis of trabecular bone of the iliac crest of 16 adult male chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in captivity. Five animals were young adults judging by the presence of growth cartilage in the iliac crest biopsy. Bone volume resembled that in humans, but trabeculae were thinner and more closely spaced. Bone turnover appeared somewhat lower than in humans. Coupling of resorption and formation was excellent as judged by cellular and kinetic variables; erosion surface was an unreliable indicator of ongoing coupling. The similarities between human and baboon trabecular bone make the baboon suited for the study of microstructure and bone turnover of trabecular bone with relevance to humans.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclast ; Giant multinucleated cell ; Biomaterials ; Ceramics ; Morphometry ; Bone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The nature of the multinucleated cells involved in the resorption processes occurring inside macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials grafted into rabbit bone was studied using light microscopy, histomorphometric analysis, enzymatic detection of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, scanning, and electron microscopy. Samples were taken at days 7, 14, and 21 after implantation. As early as day 7, osteogenesis and resorption were observed at the surface of the biomaterials, inside the macropores. Resorption of both newly formed bone and calcium-phosphate biomaterials was associated with two types of multinucleated cells. Giant multinucleated cells were found only at the surface of the biomaterials; they showed a large number of nuclei, were TRAP negative, developed no ruffled border, and contained numerous vacuoles with large accumulation of mineral crystals from the biomaterials. Osteoclasts exhibited TRAP positivity and well-defined ruffled border. They were observed at the surface of both newly formed bone and biomaterials, around the implant, and inside the macropores. In contact with the biomaterials, infoldings of their ruffled border were observed between the mineral crystals, deeply inside the microporosity. The microporosity of the biomaterials (i.e., the noncrystalline spaces inside the biomaterials) increased underneath this type of cell as compared with underneath giant cells or to the depth of the biomaterials. These observations demonstrate that macroporous calcium-phosphate biomaterials implanted in bone elicit osteogenesis and the recruitment of a double multinucleated cell population having resorbing activity: giant multinucleated cells that resorb biomaterials and osteoclasts that resorb newly formed bone and biomaterials.
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  • 61
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    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. S113 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Osteocyte ; Femoral neck fractures
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The viability of osteocytes can be demonstrated in sawn decalcified sections of bone by their lactate dehydrogenase activity. In the cancellous bone of the femoral head, the proportion of lacunae containing viable osteocytes decreased from 88 ± 7% (mean ± SD) at 10–29 years to 58 ±12% (P 〈 0.001) by 70–89 years. Viability in the second lumbar vertebra was 88 ± 3% in subjects aged 25–90 years and did not decrease with age. Mean osteocyte viability in the femoral head of 21 hip fracture patients aged 72–94 years was 58 ± 21%, similar to controls of a similar age, though there was greater variation and, in five patients, osteocyte viability was less than 25%. In hip, fracture patients, microfracture callus incidence correlated positively with osteocyte viability, with little or no fracture callus observed if the bone viability was low. Ultimate compressive strength did not correlate with osteocyte viability. In the femoral head there is gradual, age-related reduction in osteocyte viability that can be more pronounced in hip fracture. Osteocyte death may affect bone quality by impairing repair of fatigue damage.
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  • 62
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 34-37 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Magnesium ; Bone ; Aging ; Human
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The present study was undertaken to reveal the magnesium distribution in human bone. Sixty human ribs, obtained from subjects aged 10–80 years of age, were used. Transverse sections were prepared from the middle region of the human ribs. Adjacent sections were ground to a thickness of about 1000 μm. One section was used for magnesium determination by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and the other was used for analysis with X-ray microanalysis. Thirty micron thick samples were abraded continuously from the periosteal and the endosteal surfaces by abrasive microsampling, as previously described by Weatherell et al. [3]. Results showed that magnesium concentrations were higher in both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces and did not change with age in general, although it tended to be higher among teenagers and lower over 80 years old.
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    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Drugs ; Trabecular ; Turnover ; Computer ; Model ; Sensitivity ; Activation frequency
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computer model of trabecular bone turnover has been developed, based on concepts of Jonathan Reeve [1]. This model predicts changes in bone volume by summing bone resorption and formation over a large number of remodeling sites. Clinical data [histomorphometry and bone mineral content (BMC)] from two clinical studies using an antiresorptive drug (etidronate disodium, EHDP) in post-menopausal osteoporosis were used to test the model. The results for BMC obtained from the EHDP and placebo groups in each study at 60 and 120 weeks were correctly predicted by the model from the histomorphometric data obtained from baseline and week 60 biopsies. The parameter in this model having the greatest influence on predicted changes in bone volume was found by sensitivity analysis to be activation frequency. These results suggest that the contribution of bone turnover to BMC can be predicted solely by considering the cell kinetics of the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and that, in the case of antiresorptive drugs, maximal effects on bone volume may be achieved by pharmacological reduction of activation frequency. The results also suggest that the present model may be useful in predicting in clinical studies the effects of EHDP and similar drugs on bone turnover.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Lactate ; Acidosis ; Treadmill ; Bone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of exercise on the serum concentrations of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum PTH and plasma lactate were measured in 15 well-trained men, 9 long-distance runners and 6 fire-fighters, during two running exercises. Test one consisted of 40-minute treadmill running with a stepwise increased load and test two consisted of 50-minute treadmill running with a constant velocity. When the load was step-wise increased, the PTH concentrations increased moderately at the slower running paces but reached a final value that was about 50% higher than the starting value. This rise occurred despite a concomitant increase of total serum calcium from 2.38±0.06 to 2.49±0.05 mmol/liter (P〈0.01). During the constant running exercise, the long-distance runners, but not the fire-fighters, displayed a significant increase in PTH concentrations although the rise in total serum calcium was similar in both groups. There was a weak correlation between the changes in PTH and lactate in both exercises. The findings demonstrate that both high and low intensity exercise enhance release of PTH in long-distance runners through a mechanism that does not involve serum calcium. This relationship might be of importance for bone mass in men performing long-distance training.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diphosphonate ; Osteoporosis
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    Notes: Abstract During intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment, a lower extremity pain syndrome associated with stress fractures was observed in three osteoporotic patients. This report describes the development of stress fractures during initial cycles of treatment, with recurrence of symptoms in two patients when etidronate therapy was resumed. Further studies are needed to confirm whether stress fractures are associated with cyclic etidronate treatment and if so, the incidence and pathophysiology need to be determined.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Pseudohypoparathyroidism ; Thiazide ; Kidney ; Bone ; Parathyroid hormone
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We compared the effect of orally administered 100 mg of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) among eight patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type I, 11 patients with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IHP), and 12 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (1oHPT). Patients with PHP type I or with IHP were studied during the treatment with 1α-hydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D3. HCTZ raised serum levels of calcium (Ca) in 1oHPT (P〈0.001) and PHP type I (P〈0.01) but did not increase urinary excretion of Ca. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) in PHP type I decreased (P〈0.02) after HCTZ administration in response to the increase in serum Ca. HCTZ did not raise serum levels of Ca in IHP but increased urinary excretion of Ca in this group (P〈0.01). HCTZ suppressed tubular reabsorption of phosphate (P) in IHP (P〈0.01) and 1oHPT (P〈0.05) but not in PHP type I. Urinary excretion of cAMP did not change after HCTZ administration in PHP type I, IHP, or 1oHPT. Endogenous PTH modulated the effects of HCTZ on Ca mobilization from bone and renal reabsorption of Ca in PHP type I with normal or high serum levels of PTH and in 1oHPT with high serum levels of PTH. The inhibitory effect of HCTZ on renal tubular reabsorption of P (probably from proximal tubules) was independent of PTH. The resistance to this inhibitory effect of HCTZ on P reabsorption in PHP type I suggested a proximal tubular dysfunction in this disorder.
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    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Noncollagenous ; Proteins ; Bone ; Sialo-protein ; Osteopontin ; Osteocalcin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative analyses of a wide variety of different solvents used for the extraction of several of the noncollagenous proteins of fully mineralized chicken bone powder were carried out to compare both the effectiveness of various procedures and the distribution of specific proteins which were solubilized. Extraction procedures included solutions of 6 M guanidine-HCl, pH 7.0, 0.5 M EDTA, pH 7.4, 0.3 N citric acid, 0.3 N HCl, 0.3 N formic acid, and 0.3 N acetic acid. Chelation of calcium ions by EDTA and dissolution of the mineral phase by acid extraction released 95% or more of the total calcium content of the bone powder by 48 hours, guanidine-HCl released less than 20% or less of the total calcium content even when extraction was carried out by 168 hours. Moreover, although guanidine-HCl solubilized a significant amount of collagen as gelatin, essentially none of the phosphoproteins, osteocalcin, or the proteoglycan decorin were solubilized, as detected by immunological techniques. In contrast, extraction of the mineralized bone powder by HCl and formic acid was very efficient in selectively solubilizing osteocalcin and osteopontin, while bone sialoprotein was selectively released by EDTA, and solubilized to a lesser extent by formic acid. Similarly, EDTA selectively removed decorin compared with HCl, formic, acetic, or citric acids. Only small amounts of osteopontin and osteocalcin were detected in the acetic acid extracts. These results provide methods for the selective solubilization of several different major, noncollagenous proteins from mineralized bone which should significantly aid in maximizing the amount of the specific protein recovered, and the ease with which the various proteins can be purified. The data also provide some insight into the intrinsic solubility characteristics of collaten, the specific noncollagenous proteins, and their potential association with each other and the mineral phase.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Biochemical markers
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of chronic and acute exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH) on formation and breakdown of type I collagen, using two recently developed radioimmunoassays for serum PICP (the carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen) and serum ICTP (the carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen), have been evaluated. Fasting morning values were obtained from 18 women with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) and an equal number of age-matched, healthy controls. A 24-hour infusion of synthetic human parathyroid hormone (PTH 1-38) was performed in 14 healthy females. The patients with HPT had higher values for serum ICTP than the controls (6.0±3.0 and 4.1±2.1 μg/liter; P〈0.05), whereas the serum PICP concentrations were not different (170±72 and 151±65 μg/liter; n.s.). During infusion of PTH in healthy subjects, there was an increase of the serum ICTP concentrations (from 3.6±1.3 to 4.4±1.8 μg/liter; P〈0.001) whereas those of serum PICP decreased (from 185±78 to 118±42 μg/liter; P≤0.0001). The increase of serum ICTP during infusion of PTH was positively related to the increase of serum calcium and other indices of bone resorption, i.e., fasting urinary excretions of hydroxyproline and calcium. The decrease of serum PICP was also related to the changes of serum ICTP and hydroxyproline in urine, serum calcium, and alkaline phosphatase but not to osteocalcin, an established marker of osteoblastic activity. The findings support the fact that serum ICTP is a valuable method for evaluating bone resorption and is also easy to perform. Furthermore, the discordant results for the different markers of osteoblastic activity indicat that they reflect different functions of the cell.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Carbon isotopes ; Arctic fox ; Diet ; Bone ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used stable carbon isotopes to analyse individual variation in arctic fox diet. We extracted collagen from bones (the lower jaw), and measured stable carbon isotopes. The foxes came from three different localities: Iceland, where both microtines and reindeer are rare; west Greenland, where microtines are absent; and Sweden, where scat analyses showed the primary food to be microtine rodents and reindeer. The Icelandic samples included foxes from both coastal and inland habitats, the Swedish sample came from an inland area, and the Greenland sample from coastal sites. The spatial variation in the isotopic pattern followed a basic division between marine and terrestrial sources of protein. Arctic foxes from inland sites had δ13C values of −21.4 (Iceland) and −20.4‰ (Sweden), showing typical terrestrial values. Coastal foxes from Greenland had typical marine values of −14.9‰, whereas coastal foxes from Iceland had intermediate values of −17.7‰. However, there was individual variation within each sample, probably caused by habitat heterogeneity and territoriality among foxes. The variation on a larger scale was related to the availability of different food items. These results were in accordance with other dietary analyses based on scat analyses. This is the first time that stable isotopes have been used to reveal individual dietary patterns. Our study also indicated that isotopic values can be used on a global scale.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Ossification ; Cartilage ; Matrix ; Chondrocytes ; Complement ; Matrix metalloproteinase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The first component of complement $$C\bar 1s$$ has been shown to degrade type I and type II collagens (Yamaguchi et al. 1990), the latter of which is a major constituent of the cartilage matrix. In order to understand the physiological roles of $$C\bar 1s$$ in cartilage resorption, the expression of C1s was examined by immunohistochemistry in the primary ossification center where the matrix is removed and replaced by bone marrow. Hypertrophic chondrocytes, endothelium and hematogenous elements in the capillary buds were intensely stained by a monoclonal antibody against C1s. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9, 92kDa gelatinase/type IV collagenase) was also immunolocalized in hypertrophic chondrocytes, mesenchymal cells in the primitive bone marrow and the cartilage matrix adjacent to the marrow. In addition, $$C\bar 1s$$ was found to activate the zymogen of MMP-9. These observations suggest that $$C\bar 1s$$ and MMP-9 coordinately participate in matrix degradation in cartilage.
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    Cell & tissue research 264 (1991), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Neuropeptide Y (NPY) ; Sensory nerves ; Sympathetic nerves ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In light of the possible role peripheral nerves may play in bone metabolism, the morphology of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, substance P (SP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)-immunoreactive nerve fibers was examined in whole-mount preparations of periosteum of membranous bones (calvaria, mandible) and long bones (tibia) from the rat. Periosteum from animals treated to remove selectively either the sympathetic or fine-caliber primary afferent nerves was also examined to determine the origin of the nerve fibers. We found a consistent and often dense innervation of the periosteum. The innervation patterns of the calvaria and mandible were similar, with networks of nerves spread across the surface of the bone. Nerves in the tibial periosteum were oriented in the longitudinal axis and were more numerous at the epiphyses than in the mid-shaft region. CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were widely and densely distributed. The presence of populations of CGRP-immunoreactive fibers of differing calibers and perivascular arrangements suggests that such nerves in bone tissues may serve different functions. SP-immunoreactivity was present in a fine network of varicose fibers in the superficial layers of the periosteum. CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were dramatically reduced in periosteum of capsaicin-treated animals as compared to controls, indicating the sensory origin of these nerves. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were distributed in the periosteum of mandible and calvaria as small networks and individual fine varicose fibers. In tibial periosteum, larger networks of these fibers were visible. VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the periosteum were associated with both vascular and nonvascular elements within the layers of cells closest to the bone, suggesting that VIP may serve more than one function in periosteal tissues. NPY-immunoreactive fibers were largely confined to vascular elements; occasional fibers were observed among the bone-lining cells. DβH-immunoreactivity was associated only with blood vessels. VIP-, NPY-, and DβH-immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in the periosteum of guanethidinetreated animals, indicating the sympathetic origin of these nerves.
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    Cell & tissue research 273 (1993), S. 381-389 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vigilin ; Cartilage ; Bone ; Differentiation ; In-situ hybridization ; Chicken
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of vigilin was followed during chick embryonal development by in situ hybridization. Vigilin mRNA is abundantly expressed in tissues of mesenchymal and ectomesenchymal origin. The mesenchymal primordial cells of cartilage and bone did not show any significant, expression of vigilin. As tissue differentiation proceeded, vigilin mRNA levels increased in hyaline cartilage and in both endochondral as well as intramembranous bone. The results suggest that the expression of vigilin mRNA in cartilage- and bone-forming cells chondrocytes and osteobalsts, is dependent on the stage of development and cellular differentiation, although not a unique process of bone formation. Most striking is the correlation of the maximum vigilin mRNA expression in osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes to periods when cell-specific genes were highly transcribed and substantially translated, e.g., synthesis of procollagen and formation of extracellular matrix in bone and cartilage.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parathyroid hormone-related peptide ; Osteocalcin-mRNA ; In situ hybridization histochemistry ; Bone ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous studies have indicated that 19-dayold fetal long bones of the rat contain an adenylyl cyclase-stimulating activity antigenically related to parathyroid hormone-related peptide. To ascertain its origin, Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histochemistry were performed. Results demonstrate that mRNA of parathyroid hormone-related peptide is present in RNA extracted from fetal long bones of the rat and that cells responsible for its production are localized in the periosteum. These cells are not mature osteoblasts because they do not synthesize mRNA of osteocalcin. Thus the present study shows that parathyroid hormone-related peptide could be produced locally, at least in part, in the skeleton of fetal rats.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Bone ; Organ culture ; Joints ; Man (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mandibular condyles of human fetuses, 14–21 weeks in utero, were kept in an organ culture system for up to 60 days. After 6 days in culture, the cartilage of the mandibular condyle appeared to have maintained its inherent structural characteristics, including all its various layers: chondroprogenitor, chondroblastic, and hypertrophic. After 12 days in culture, no chondroblasts could be seen; instead, the entire cartilage was occupied by hypertrophic chondrocytes. At the same time, the mesenchymal cells in the vicinity of the chondroprogenitor zone differentiated into osteoblast-like cells that produced type I collagen. The progenitor cells were still actively incorporating 3H-thymidine. The newly formed osteoid-like tissue lacked both metachromatic reactivity and a response to antibodies against chondroitin sulfate. Instead, the tissue reacted positively for osteocalcin (bone gla-protein). The process of new bone formation further progressed and, by the 20th day in culture, the new bone reacted positively for type I collagen, osteonectin, and to a lesser extent for chondroitin sulfate. The osteoid also underwent mineralization as revealed by both the von Kossa stain and vital staining with tetracycline. The above feature appeared even more intense in 40-day-old cultures. After 60 days, the newly formed bone contained osteoblasts and osteocytes, whereas the extracellular matrix revealed a high degree of matrix polarization. The results of the present study recapitulate findings reported for organ cultures of mice mandibular condyles. However, the in vitro process of de novo bone formation in human specimens requires a 6-fold longer culture time than that needed for mice condyles.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone ; Scales ; Development ; Hemichromis bimaculatus (Teleostei, Perciformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the frontal bone and the formation of the first head scales are described during post-embryonic ontogeny of Hemichromis bimaculatus, using light and transmission electron microscopy. The frontal bone originates close to the cartilaginous taenia marginalis in a loose mesenchymal cell condensation (=primordium) lying 1 μm from the epidermis with which it establishes no cell contacts. The anlage appears at 4.2 mm standard length (SL) in the form of the membranodermal component of the bone, and extends first over the brain and then over the eye; the neurodermal component forms later to surround the supraorbital canal. The first head scales appear at 10.0 mm SL in a dense cell condensation (papilla) adjoining the epidermal-dermal junction and, once formed, remain in this position. In both organs, the initial matrix is similarly composed of “woven-fibred” bone that soon mineralizes in a similar manner to other dermal elements. In some areas of the frontal bone, “parallel-fibred” bone is deposited unequally on both surfaces, whereas isopedine is deposited in scales on the deep surface only. Osteoblastic features confirm this eccentric growth. Differences in the shape, organization and localization of the mesenchymal condensations giving rise to the frontal bone and to the scale reflect the existence of two types of dermal cell condensations. Our data are compared with those available for the post-cranial dermal skeleton of fishes both from a developmental and structural viewpoint. Structural differences in the matrices of the frontal bone and scales are discussed in a phylogenetic perspective.
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  • 76
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 404-415 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Bone ; Ultrasound ; Interfacial bonding ; Anisotropy ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical properties of composites are influenced, in part, by the volume fraction, orientation, constituent mechanical properties, and interfacial bonding. Cortical bone tissue represents a short-fibered biological composite where the hydroxyapatite phase is embedded in an organic matrix composed of type I collagen and other noncollagenous proteins. Destructive mechanical testing has revealed that fluoride ion treatment significantly lowers theZ-axis tensile and compressive properties of cortical bone through a constituent interfacial debonding mechanism. The present ultrasonic data indicates that fluoride ion treatment significantly alters the longitudinal velocity in theZ-axis as well as the circumferential and radial axes of cortical bone. This suggests that the distribution of constituents and interfacial bonding amongst them may contribute to the anisotropic nature of bone tissue.
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  • 77
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    Lasers in medical science 5 (1990), S. 365-373 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Erbium-YAG ; Holmium-YAG ; CO2 ; Infrared ; Laser ; Bone ; Ablation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented for the latent heat of ablation of bone using an erbium-YAG laser operating at 2.9Μm, and a holmium-YAG laser operating at 2.1Μm. The values are 8.2±1.0 kJ cm−3 and 18±2.0 kJ cm−3, respectively. Secondary damage to surrounding tissue is found to extend approximately 5Μm with the erbium laser and is greatly increased to 80Μm with significant charring in the case of holmium. These secondary damage zones are much smaller than those produced by the CO2 laser.
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  • 78
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    Journal of statistical physics 77 (1994), S. 125-143 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Bone ; collagen ; Voronoi tesselations ; small-angle scattering ; structure function ; calcified tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Randomly colored space tesselations are considered as models for the mineral/organic structure of bone. First, it is shown that the structure function for such models is always proportional to the average form factor of the individual tiles and hence independent of the mineral density in the sample. Then the structure function is calculated for three such models: for model I, based on a hexagonal, and model 2, on a Poisson-Voronoi tesselation of the plane and for model 3, based on a random tesselation of the line. These results are compared to experimental structure functions measured by small-angle scattering and excellent agreement is obtained between model 2 and the bone from mice and rats, as well as between model 3 and calcified turkey leg tendon. Divergent conclusions following recent experiments by small-angle x-ray scattering and by electron microscopy are discussed in the light of these structural models and an explanation is proposed which might remove the discrepancy.
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  • 79
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 22 (1994), S. 194-201 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Blood/Fluid flow ; Bone ; Laser ; Material properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This project was undertaken to establish if the integral circulation had any effects upon the mechanical behavior of bone. The influence of blood flow in the rabbit tibia on the strain induced at the bone surface when under load was assessed. Recordings were taken from three adult and three immature New Zealand White rabbits which had previously had both their tibiae pinned with modified orthopedic pins. Strain readings were obtained from the exposed mid-shaft of the tibia of both hind legs before, during and after blood flow changes. The loading was static and used to maintain a strain of 250 μstrain in adult animals and 180 μstrain in immature animals prior to variation in blood flow. The blood flow was altered by means of a tourniquet inflated to 80 mm Hg and placed medial to the pinned tibia; it was inflated for a specific time (≈40 minutes) during the experimental loading. Reducing the blood flow appeared to alter the strain recorded at the bone surface while the applied load across the pins remained constant. An initial effect when there was reduced perfusion was that the strain increased following a reduction in blood flow. The strain then began to decrease in magnitude on the compressive aspect coincident with release of the cuff to a level below the value of the initial normally perfused bone. Upon return of the blood supply to normal levels following the initial hyperaemic phase, the strain value increased to a value comparable with that of normally perfused bone. During the hyperemic phase, found on the compressive aspect of the tibia, the measured strain decreased to a value below the initial loaded strain despite the load remaining constant. This demonstrates that the presence of a normal cardiovascular perfusion actually stiffens the bone while a reduction in perfusion allows the bone to deform more readily for the same external loading.
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