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  • Articles  (44)
  • mathematics
  • stratigraphy
  • structure
  • 1990-1994  (20)
  • 1970-1974  (24)
  • Geosciences  (36)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (7)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1)
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  • Articles  (44)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure of dimethylcrocetin (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 24 (1994), S. 739-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT) ; carotenoids ; structure ; saffron ; Crocus sativus L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of dimethylcrocetin (DMCRT), prepared by alkaline hydrolysis in methanol of the glucosidic carotenoids extracted from the stigmata of theCrocus sativus L. flowers, has been determined. The molecule has the all-trans configuration and is planar forming a long conjugated system. The C−O bond length values of the two ester groups are shortened as expected. The compound (C11H14O2)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn witha=12.5907(7),b=7.5639(5) andc=21.963(2)Å. Dimethylcrocetin has characteristic Infrared absorptions at 1697 cm−1 ϑ (C=O) and 1229 cm−1 ϑ (C−O) and characteristic Raman vibrational modes at 1542 cm−1 ϑ (C=C) and 1166 cm−1 ϑ (C−C).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666962
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of modal choice in freight transport (1990)
    Springer
    Transportation 17 (1990), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: freight ; mode ; choice — behaviour ; modelling ; company ; structure ; decision-making ; factor analysis ; disaggregate data ; causal relationships ; reliability ; consignment ; control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02125502
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plinian fall deposits from Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy) (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 502-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Vulsini volcanoes ; stratigraphy ; plinian fall deposits ; eruptive column dynamics ; clast dispersal ; tephra volumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphic investigations of the Vulsini Volcanic District indicate the existence of five prominent plinian fall deposits, deposited over a period of about 0.34 Ma. The oldest deposit ('Basal pumices') crops out mainly in the peripheral areas and is one of the largest plinian events in the Vulsini District, with a volume of about 9 km3 and a calculated column height exceeding 30 km. Subcircular patterns of isopachs and isopleths around the Bolsena lake indicate emplacement in wind-free conditions and suggest a source vent location in the northernmost sector of the present Bolsena lake, where it is possible that an older central volcanic structure existed. The four younger plinian fall deposits are related to Bolsena activity. The oldest of these, named the 'Ponticello' and 'Orvieto-Bagnoregio' pumices, are mainly distributed on the north-eastern sector of the Vulsini District. Their volumes are an order of magnitude lower than that of the basal unit, and the estimated column heights do not exceed 20 km. The younger 'Ospedaletto' pumice deposit has a NE–SW dispersal axis, whereas the youngest 'Casetta' pumice deposit is found only in the north-eastern sector of the district. Their estimated volumes are respectively 1.2 and 0.1 km3, whereas the inferred vent areas appear to be located slightly to the east of the Ponticello and Orvieto-Bagnoregio pumice deposit source areas. The chronology of the Ospedaletto and Casetta pumices indicates that the final plinian activity from the Bolsena complex is contemporaneous with the Latera activity. The decreasing volumes from the oldest to the youngest units, together with the progressive shifting north-eastwards of the source vents, may be related to the volcano-tectonic subsidence of the Bolsena area. The source vents for the post-Basal pumices events are mainly clustered just north of Bolsena village where the greatest displacement during subsidence occurred. Accordingly, source vent shifting appears to be related to the progressive opening of normal faults from the inner to the outer margin of the Bolsena depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050059
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plinian fall deposits from Vulsini Volcanic District (Central Italy) (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 502-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Vulsini volcanoes ; stratigraphy ; plinian fall deposits ; eruptive column dynamics ; clast dispersal ; tephra volumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphic investigations of the Vulsini Volcanic District indicate the existence of five prominent plinian fall deposits, deposited over a period of about 0.34 Ma. The oldest deposit (‘Basal pumices’) crops out mainly in the peripheral areas and is one of the largest plinian events in the Vulsini District, with a volume of about 9 km3 and a calculated column height exceeding 30 km. Subcircular patterns of isopachs and isopleths around the Bolsena lake indicate emplacement in wind-free conditions and suggest a source vent location in the northernmost sector of the present Bolsena lake, where it is possible that an older central volcanic structure existed. The four younger plinian fall deposits are related to Bolsena activity. The oldest of these, named the ‘Ponticello’ and ‘Orvieto-Bagnoregio’ pumices, are mainly distributed on the north-eastern sector of the Vulsini District. Their volumes are an order of magnitude lower than that of the basal unit, and the estimated column heights do not exceed 20 km. The younger ‘Ospedaletto’ pumice deposit has a NE-SW dispersal axis, whereas the youngest ‘Casetta’ pumice deposit is found only in the north-eastern sector of the district. Their estimated volumes are respectively 1.2 and 0.1 km3, whereas the inferred vent areas appear to be located slightly to the east of the Ponticello and Orvieto-Bagnoregio pumice deposit source areas. The chronology of the Ospedaletto and Casetta pumices indicates that the final plinian activity from the Bolsena complex is contemporaneous with the Latera activity. The decreasing volumes from the oldest to the youngest units, together with the progressive shifting northeastwards of the source vents, may be related to the volcano-tectonic subsidence of the Bolsena area. The source vents for the post-Basal pumices events are mainly clustered just north of Bolsena village where the greatest displacement during subsidence occurred. Accordingly, source vent shifting appears to be related to the progressive opening of normal faults from the inner to the outer margin of the Bolsena depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302831
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tektonisches Verhalten und geologische Bedeutung von Kalksilikatfels-Lagen und -Spindeln im Damara-Orogen Südwest-Afrikas (1973)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 62 (1973), S. 918-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Calc-silicate rock ; tectonics ; stratigraphy ; facies ; Damara Orogen (South West Africa)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The behaviour during rock deformation of diagenetically formed layers, lenses, nodules (concretions) and diffuse concentrations of calc-silicate rock is described from parts of the Damara belt. Depending on their relative solubility and/or competency and on the angle between bedding and cleavage planes the layers and lenses may either more or less retain their shape or be cut up into spindle-shaped bodies (boudinage due to shortening). Nodules are deformed to ellipsoides, while diffuse concentrations of calc-silicate rock are transformed into a number of spindles. All spindles and ellipsoides which are formed during the formation of the cleavage are strictly orientated parallel to the cleavage planes. It is therefore obvious that the spindleshape of these bodies is a consequence of rock deformation. Thus, in areas in which a cleavage is suspected to lie parallel to a distinct bedding, the occurrence of spindles may confirm the existence of this cleavage. The non-statistical occurrence of calc-silicate rock bodies within the Khomas Series may render possible a first subdivision of this up to 6000 m thick succession.
    Abstract: Résumé Ce travail décrit le comportement de couches, lentilles et nodules de cornéennes à silicates calcaires, et de concentrations diffuses du même matériau, parallèles à la stratification, au cours de la déformation de roches dans une partie de l'orogène de Damara. Suivant leur solubilité relative et leur rigidité, et selon l'angle entre la stratification et la schistosité, les couches et les lentilles peuvent subsister telles quelles ou être débitées en corps fusiformes (boudinage de raccourcissement). Les nodules prennent la forme d'ellipsoides ou de fuseaux, et les concentrations de cornéennes à silicates calcaires se résolvent en une multiplicité de corps fusiformes. Tous les corps fusiformes formés pendant le développement de la schistosité sont orientés strictement suivant la schistosité. Il est clair que la forme en fuseau des cornéennes à silicates calcaires est le résultat de la déformation des roches. Dans les régions où l'on la soupçonne parallèle au changement évident du matériau, cette schistosité peut se déduire de l'existence de fuseaux. - La distribution irrégulière des cornéennes à silicates calcaires dans la série de Khomas permet de subdiviser cette série, épaisse de 6000 mètres, restée jusqu'à présent indivisée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird das Verhalten von frühdiagenetisch gebildeten schichtparallelen Kalksilikatfels-Lagen, -Linsen, -Knollen und diffusen Ansammlungen während der Gesteinsdeformation in Teilen des Damara-Orogens. In Abhängigkeit von ihrer relativen Löslichkeit und/oder Kompetenz sowie vom Winkel zwischen Schichtung und Schieferung können Lagen und Linsen als solche erhalten bleiben oder in spindelförmige Körper zerlegt werden (Verkürzungsboudinage). Knollen werden zu Ellipsoiden oder Spindeln deformiert und diffuse Kalksilikatfels-Ansammlungen in eine Vielzahl von Spindeln aufgelöst. Alle im Zusammenhang mit der Anlage der Schieferung gebildeten Spindeln und Ellipsoïde sind streng in der Schieferung orientiert. Es wird deutlich, daß die Spindelform der Kalksilikatfels-Körper ein Produkt der Gesteinsdeformation ist. In Gebieten, in denen der Verdacht besteht, daß parallel zu einem deutlichen Materialwechsel eine Schieferung verläuft, kann aus der Existenz von Spindeln auf das Vorhandensein dieser Schieferung geschlossen werden. Die ungleichmäßige Verteilung von Kalksilikatfels-Körpern innerhalb der Khomas-Serie ermöglicht eine Unterteilung dieser bisher ungegliederten, bis zu 6000 m mächtigen Gesteinsfolge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01820967
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Quaternary palaeolimnology of a tropical marl lake: Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 9 (1993), S. 3-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Jamaica ; Late Quaternary ; palaeolimnology ; marl ; stratigraphy ; stable isotopes ; harwater lake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Wallywash Great Pond (17° 57′ N, 77° 48 W, 7 m a.s.l.) is the largest perennial lake in Jamaica. It occupies a fault trough within the karstic White Limestone. The Great Pond is a hardwater lake with a pH of 8.2–8.6 and an alkalinity of 3.6–3.9 meq 1−1. Its chemistry is strongly influenced by the spring discharge from the limestone. The lake water is subject to degassing, evaporation and bicarbonate assimilation by submerged plants and algae, resulting in marl precipitation. A 9.23 m core (WGP2), taken from a water depth of 2.8 m, was analysed for magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, carbonate content, mole % MgCO3 in calcite, and stable isotopes in the fine carbonate fraction. The chronology is based on ten14C and four U/Th dates. Four main sediment types alternate in the core: marl; organic, calcareous mud; organic mud or peat; and earthy, brown, calcareous mud. The marls represent periods of wet/warm climate during sea-level highstands and the organic deposits, shallower, swampy conditions. In contrast, the brown, calcareous muds were laid down when the lake was dry or ephemeral. The last interglacial (120 000- 》 106 000 yr BP) is represented by three distinct marl units. After a dry interval, stable, wet/warm conditions set in from 106 000 to 93 000 yr BP. A dry/cool climate prevailed between 93 000 and at least 9500 yr BP. Three subsequent cycles of alternating wet and dry conditions culminated in flooding of the basin by the Black River during the late Holocene. These recent events cannot be accurately dated by14C due to significant and temporally-variable inputs of ‘dead’ carbon from the springs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00680032
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sedimentary chrysophycean cyst assemblages as paleoindicators in acid sensitive lakes (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 5 (1991), S. 19-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; lakes ; resting cysts ; algae ; Chrysophyceae taxonomy ; stratigraphy ; acidification ; ecology ; stomatocyst ; statospore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between surface sediment cyst assemblages and lakewater characteristics were studies in 50 lakes located in central Ontario. The main purposes of the study were to identify the environmental factors most strongly controlling the distribution of chrysophycean cysts and to develop indices and equations to infer lake water pH from cyst assemblages. Principal components analysis indicates that alkalinity and associated TDS as well as elements related to trophic status are the factors most strongly correlated with the distribution of chrysophycean cysts. There are significant differences in the relative importance of these factors among the lakes. The transfer functions developed provide good prediction of pH values. This report also provides a descriptive analysis of the ‘fossil’ chrysophycean cyst flora of Ontario lakes. The descriptions include representative SEM micrographs and detailed characterization of each morphotype in consideration of the morphological variation observed among specimens of the same morphotype. Special attention has been paid to the anatomy of the collar complex and to the nature of the cyst surface ornamentation. One hundred and thirty seven morphotypes are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226557
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postglacial history of a cedar swamp in southeastern Connecticut (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 6 (1991), S. 17-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: mire ; pollen ; stratigraphy ; paleohydrology ; palynology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stratigraphic and palynologic analyses of sediment cores from a large mire, combined with geologic and hydrologic studies of its watershed, provide a late Quaternary record of environmental change at Cedar Swamp in southeastern Connecticut. Since deglaciation of the area, the basin has evolved from an open lake characterized by the rapid accumulation of allochthonous inorganic sediments to an ombrotrophic mire with peat accumulation keeping pace with the gradual rise in the water table. Lithostratigraphic, pollen, and chronologic evidence suggest that the long-term trend of basin infilling and paludification was interrupted by two intervals (14 000–13 000 and 8000–4700 yr B.P.) when the water table elevation dropped at least 1 m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00201297
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent history of sedimentation and biotic communities in Lake Pyhäjärvi, SW Finland (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 107-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleoecology ; lake sediments ; stratigraphy ; taphonomy ; human activity ; Holocene ; Finland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The sedimentary record covering the last 150 years was studied in the productive clear water lake Pyhäjärvi in SW Finland. The lake has faced significant human-induced changes: (1) the water level was lowered by almost 2 metres in the early 1850s; (2) planktivorous coregonid fishes were successively introduced, commencing in 1908; and (3) nutrient input from intensified agriculture has increased during this century. Sediments were sampled from the 25 m deep depression of the otherwise shallow lake by freeze-corer and were date by 210Pb-chronology and pollen stratigraphy. According to litho-, chemo-, 210Pb- and pollen stratigraphies, the sedimentary sequence consists of five different sedimentary facies, each representing a different depositional environment resulting both from the lowering of water level and different stages of final deposition. The sediments in the depression are believed to have been deposited orderly, but, as a result of resuspension, they have a substantial littoral sediment input. After the lowering of the lake level, oxygen content in the depression is believed to have decreased on the basis of black coloration (sulfides) of the sediment from 1870–1880 onwards. The oxygen deficit worsened after the 1940s when e.g. iron, zinc, calcium and phosphorus were increasingly liberated into the water body. In contrast, diatoms, chironomids and cladoceran communities were notably stable, with the most important biotic changes being: 1) the decreased body size of the cladoceran Bosmina coregoni, apparently due to intensive selective predation by the introduced whitefish; and 2) increased abundances of the diatom Fragilaria crotonensis, and the profundal chironomid Chironomus plumosus f. semirectus after the 1950s, suggesting an increase in the trophic status of the lake. Eutrophication was probably in response to increased nutrient supply due to intensified cultivation and use of industrial fertilizers in the lake's drainage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00196866
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volcanic history of Mount Sidley, a major alkaline volcano in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 361-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: volcanism ; stratigraphy ; 40Ar/39Ar geochromology ; migration ; Marie Byrd Land
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mount Sidley is a complex, polygenetic stratovolcano composed primarily of phonolitic and trachytic lavas and subordinate pyroclastic lithologies at the southern extremity of the Executive Committee Range, a linear chain of volcanoes in central Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Detailed field investigation coupled with 14 high precision 40Ar/39Ar age determinations reveal a 1.5 million year life span between 5.7 and 4.2 Ma in which three major phonolitic central vent edifices (Byrd, Weiss and Sidley volcanoes) and their calderas were developed (5.7–4.8 Ma). This was followed (4.6–4.5 Ma) by the eruption of trachytic magmas from multiple vent localities further south, and then by small volume benmoreite-mugearite lavas and tephras around 4.4–4.3 Ma at the southern end of Mount Sidley. The final phase of activity was the eruption of basanite cones at approximately 4.2 Ma. The southward migration of volcanic activity was accompanied by distinct changes in magma composition and is best explained by the sequential release of magmas stored within an intricate system of conduits and chambers in the crust by tectonically driven (magma assisted?) fracture propagation. The style of volcanic migration at Mount Sidley is emulated on a larger scale by other volcanoes in the Executive Committee Range, in which progressive southward displacement of volcanic activity corresponds with significant petrological variations between major centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00326462
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