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  • Articles  (9)
  • Hydrology  (5)
  • runoff  (5)
  • 1990-1994  (9)
  • 1975-1979
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (9)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical validation of GCM-simulated climates for the U.S. Great Lakes and the C.I.S. Emba and Ural River basins (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 69-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrology ; global circulation models ; statistics ; climate change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many researchers use outputs from large-scale global circulation models of the atmosphere to assess hydrological and other impacts associated with climate change. However, these models cannot capture all climate variations since the physical processes are imperfectly understood and are poorly represented at smaller regional scales. This paper statistically compares model outputs from the global circulation model of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory to historical data for the United States' Laurentian Great Lakes and for the Emba and Ural River basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.). We use maximum entropy spectral analysis to compare model and data time series, allowing us to both assess statistical predictabilities and to describe the time series in both time and frequency domains. This comparison initiates assessments of the model's representation of the real world and suggests areas of model improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observed advantage for negative binomial over Poisson distribution in partial duration series (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrology ; runoff ; partial duration series ; negative binomial distribution ; Poisson distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The goodness of fit of the negative binomial and the Poisson distributions to partial duration series of runoff events is tested. The data have been recorded by eight hydrometric stations located on ephemeral rivers in Isreal. For each station, a number of threshold discharges are considered, by that series of nested subsamples are formed. Owing to size limitations, a Chi-square test is conducted on samples associated with low to moderate threshold discharges. Positive results, at a 5% significance level, are obtained in 30 out of the 53 tests of the Poisson distribution, and in 22 out of the 28 tests of the negative binomial distribution. The fit of the Poisson distribution to samples of conventionally recommended sizes (of 2 to 3 events per year) is found positive for five rivers and negative for the three other rivers The fit of the negative binomial distribution to these samples is found positive for six rivers, inconclusive for one river and short of data for the eighth river. Mixed results are obtained as the threshold level is raised. Therefore, no direct extrapolation is possible to samples associated with high thresholds. An indirect extrapolation is drawn through a comparison of the actual properties of the samples with those expected under a perfect fit of the distribution functions. Ranges of such properties are defined with respect to the properties of the tested samples and to the test results. The actual properties of nine of the eleven samples associated with high thresholds (i.e. mean number of events 〈-0.1year −1) are found within these ranges. This provides a hint for a probable good fit of either distribution, and particularly the negative binomial, to the occurrence frequency of high events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543055
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stochastic integral equation analog of rainfall-runoff processes for evaluating modeling uncertainty (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall ; runoff ; modeling ; uncertainty ; stochastics ; stochastic integral equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a very general rainfall-runoff model structure (described below) is shown to reduce to a unit hydrograph model structure. For the general model, a multi-linear unit hydrograph approach is used to develop subarea runoff, and is coupled to a multi-linear channel flow routing method to develop a link-node rainfall-runoff model network. The spatial and temporal rainfall distribution over the catchment is probabilistically related to a known rainfall data source located in the catchment in order to account for the stochastic nature of rainfall with respect to the rain gauge measured data. The resulting link node model structure is a series of stochastic integral equations, one equation for each subarea. A cumulative stochastic integral equation is developed as a sum of the above series, and includes the complete spatial and temporal variabilities of the rainfall over the catchment. The resulting stochastic integral equation is seen to be an extension of the well-known single area unit hydrograph method, except that the model output of a runoff hydrograph is a distribution of outcomes (or realizations) when applied to problems involving prediction of storm runoff; that is, the model output is a set of probable runoff hydrographs, each outcome being the results of calibration to a known storm event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588756
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrology research priorities for Dryland Agriculture in India (1993)
    Springer
    Water resources management 7 (1993), S. 93-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Hydrology research ; India ; dryland agriculture ; runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A conceptual approach was described and used to identify priorities for the cooperating centres of the All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA). The approach was based on AICRPDA centre information, soil available water, runoff estimates, and rainfall at each centre. Lines of equal runoff were derived from the runoff-rainfall curves of the major dryland soils. Two scenarios were described, one where vertisols are cropped during the rainy season and the second where they are left under fallowed conditions during the rainy season. Three water management zones were identified for each scenario: less than 100 mm of runoff, 100 to 260 mm of runoff and greater than 260 mm of runoff. Depending on the scenario, each AICRPDA centre was incorporated into one of the three water management zones. Research orientation and priorites were set for each zone. Research efforts in the low rainfall zone can be based on small areas and in-situ water conservation. In the medium runoff zone, research can be based on areas ranging in size from 10 to 100 ha and water harvesting techniques. For the high runoff zone, greater efforts have to be put on runoff and erosion control and also on drainage response alleviating the problems created by waterlogging over large areas of 100 to 10 000 ha. Secondary priorities were also identified for each zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872476
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Darcian flood generation modelling (1994)
    Springer
    Water resources management 8 (1994), S. 313-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Darcian flow ; modelling ; porous media ; runoff ; flood generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses experience of the use of Darcy's law for porous media flow in the context of practical modelling of flood generation. Specific drawbacks to the straightforward use of single porosity Darcian formulations for flood generation are discussed with reference to modelled examples. A quick flow component is frequently found to be needed to supplement modelled porous medium flow to match flashy stream hydrographs and observed rates of change of flow. This can in cases be justified in the field with reference to underdrainage, surface flow, natural piping and the occurrence of macropores. Rough limits are given for pure Darcian hydrograph rises under specified conditions: a range of simple methods is suggested for modelling the addition of a fast flow component where it is appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00872404
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symbiosis between systems engineering and hydrology (1990)
    Springer
    Water resources management 4 (1990), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Hydrology ; water management ; systems science ; control ; systems engineering ; systems scientists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The system concepts of importance to hydrological sciences are reviewed. The epochs of the development of systems sciences are discussed and their links with hydrological and water resources research are illustrated. Potentials and limitations of the system approach are discussed and the perspectives of further applications are sketched.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431141
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Empirical orthogonal function analysis of rainfall and runoff series (1991)
    Springer
    Water resources management 4 (1991), S. 235-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Spatial data analysis ; stochastic hydrology ; empirical orthogonal functions ; rainfall ; runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) have been used to characterize spatial variability of daily and monthly rainfall and runoff in Indiana. Data from a few of the surrounding states have also been used in the analysis. After a brief discussion of the theory underlying EOF analysis, results of data analysis are presented. These results indicate that the data can be efficiently compressed and that hydrologically and meteorologically homogeneous areas can be objectively delineated by using EOF analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430339
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new ‘momentum method’ for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of Polish rivers (1990)
    Springer
    Water resources management 4 (1990), S. 219-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Hydrology ; water quality ; momentum equation ; Polish rivers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract There is a tendency in water management to identify the resources of surface waters with river discharge expressed by the intensity of the flow. However, such an evaluation is insufficient because of the difficulties in the water-economic balancing of the basin resources, since it does not take into account the volume of water contained in the river channel. With heavy pollution of the water flowing in the river channel, this fact may have a considerable influence on the representativity of the balance. The above reasons have become a basis for the introduction of a new measure for the evaluation of pollution resources of flowing water. The quantity of water in motion in a river channel is expressed by the momentum equation. Evaluation of water resources has been carried out for 83 rivers in the Vistula Basin and 52 rivers in the Odra Basin by means of the stream momentum method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431145
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On some apparent paradoxes in water spreading, hydrology and seepage (1991)
    Springer
    Water resources management 4 (1991), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: Hydrology ; infiltration ; water spreading ; drainage ; cavitation ; anisotropy ; paradoxes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In water spreading and underground hydrology, one should beware of pitfalls. This is illustrated by several examples of vertical downflow and upflow. Drainage by overcharging: When a fine-grained soil overlies a coarse-grained soil, a certain amount of water can be suspended in the interzone. Adding water may cause excessive drainage. Cavitation in soils: When water flows from an upper less pervious layer to a more pervious layer, the pressure head in the interzone may become negative, the gases dissolved are released in the form of bubbles which render the soil temporarily impervious. At the initial instant of seepage of water from a pond into a dry soil, inertial forces and kinetic energy cannot be neglected. At the interface of two anisotropic media, the angle of refraction of a streamline depends on the tangential hydraulic conductivity only, whereas that of a gradient line depends on the normal component only. Impossibility of steady-state evaporation from a deep water table: It is shown that the water concentration may become negative, which is physically impossible. Two modes of downflow: In insaturated downflow there exists a critical water concentration c such that the corresponding hydraulic conductivity K(c) is equal to the descending specific flux. The moisture distribution is radically different in the subcritical and supercritical zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430341
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