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  • Articles  (5)
  • fire  (4)
  • Elastic analysis
  • Engineering General
  • Springer  (5)
  • 1990-1994  (4)
  • 1975-1979  (1)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (5)
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  • Articles  (5)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 26 (1990), S. 290-309 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Diesel engine ; railcar ; railroad ; fire ; fire investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A fire broke out on a diesel railcar while running on a line of the Japan Railways Group. After an exhaustive investigation into the cause of the fire, it was found that the origin had been the lubricating oil of the engine. The lubricating oil vaporized from a long idling engine while the car was standing and accumulated in the exhaust silencer in considerable amounts. When the car was climbing up a long slope, the oil was exposed to a high-temperature exhaust gas and ignited. The flame attacked and melted the exhaust funnel, and eventually caused a fire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 27 (1991), S. 321-333 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: Hydraulic fluids ; spray combustion ; fire ; flame
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The combustion intensity of hydraulic fluids and mineral oil, methanol, ethanol, and heptane, ejected vertically up ward through a pressure-jet hollow cone nozzle and stabilized by a ring burner, has been characterized in terms of heat release rates. A relationship has been established between the chemical heat release rate, fluid exit velocity, and chemical heat of combustion. Mineral oil, along with some organic esters, has the highest combustion intensity as indicated by heat release rate, followed by esters (organic and phosphates), heptane, water-in-oil emulsion, ethanol, methanol, and polyglycol-in-water. Variations in combustion intensities in hydraulic fluids are found to be due to variations in the chemical structures and additives. The efficiency of combustion is found to be sensitive to fluid exit velocity. The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for phosphate esters is found to be the highest (0.38–0.40), followed by mineral oil (0.36), organic esters (0.28–0.35), water-in-oil emulsion (0.27–0.28), and polyglycol-in-water (0.12–0.25). The radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion for ethanol and heptane spray fires is found to be less than for the pool fires. For methanol spray fire, radiative fraction of the efficiency of combustion is found to be about the same as for the pool fire. The visible flame length of hydraulic fluid spray fires varies with the chemical heat release rate to the power of 0.6 for both hollow and solid cone nozzles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fire technology 29 (1993), S. 246-267 
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: fire ; plume ; hot layer ; smoke control ; computer software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A Program Plume has been created to compute the air entrainment for a given fire size and a specified hot layer height. The solution is based on integration of conservation law equations. The empirical assumptions are related to the flame height and to the coefficient of entrainment and are based on the experimental data of California's Institute of Technology. Calculations are compared with the experimental results obtained in the field tests. The program seems to describe the experimental data better than other known methods. A software package called “Firecalc” includes seven modules, based on the plume model, which describe hot layer properties in confined compartments relevant to practical situations. The computational results of these modules are also in good agreement with available results of field and laboratory tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: accelerants ; arson ; bedsprings ; fire ; fire investigation ; fire origin ; furniture ; springs ; glass ; metallurgy ; metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The authors examined the remains of fifty structures destroyed in the October, 1991 fire in the hills east of Oakland, California. Traditional indicators of “abnormal fire behavior” were examined in each of the structures, including apparently melted steel items, melted copper, and melted as well as crazed glass. These indicators were found to have no probative value as to the presence of liquid accelerants, abnormally heavy fuel loads, or abnormally high temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 7 (1975), S. 35-65 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Keywords: Tunnelling ; Soil Mechanics ; Tunnel shield ; Elastic analysis ; Ground deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ground Disturbance Associated with Shield Tunnelling, in Overconsolidated Stiff Clay The present paper attempts to describe the ground disturbance which occurs during a shield tunnelling, in an overconsolidated stiff clay. In particular, an effort has been made to find the possible main factors, which might affect the form and the magnitude of the detected ground movements. However, a correlation between the former factors and the actual performance of the clay was attempted, when it seemed possible and realizable. This was due to the fact that the overall process of tunnelling where the ground disturbance propagates in space, evolving in time is of some complexity like any multiparameter problem. Finally, by using the elasto-plastic approach, a simple analysis has been carriedout, on which the stress regime has been evaluated and properly connected with the tunnel advance. Ground deformations, predicted on that basis, were compared to the in-situ measurements making it easy to check the adopted concept.
    Abstract: Résumé Perturbation du terrain relative au tunnel construit par la méthode du bouclier, dans l'argile raide surconsolidée Le présent article décrit la perturbation du terrain qui prend lieu, lors des travaux de construction d'un tunnel, par la méthode du bouclier, dans un milieu d'argile raide surconsolidée. Un effort tout spécial s'est déployé, afin de localiser et mettre en évidenceles facteurs probables, qui par leur influence donnent naissance à la formation, comme aussi, aux formes et amplitudes des mouvements du terrain, enregistrés. L'examen tenté de la corrélation, entre les facteurs en question et le comportement du terrain, s'est avéré réaliste et opportun. Ceci est dû à la procédure compliquée de la construction d'un tunnel, qui donne lieu, à la propagation de la perturbation du terrain dans son milieu, comme aussi à l'évolution ultérieure temporelle. En somme, ce sujet présente les mêmes complication qu tout problème multiparamétral. Finalement, faisant emploi de l'adoption élastique-plastique et par le moyen d'une simple analyse, il fut possible d'évaluer l'étát des contraintes pour le tunnel á section droite circulaire. L'étát des contraintes fut ensuite combinée à la progression du tunnel. Les données prévues au moyen de la théorie d'élasticité, des déplacements radiales du terrain, après avoir été comparées avec les mensurations prises in-situ, ont donné la possibilité de la vérification et de l'adoption du principe théorique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Erdreichstörung bei der Konstruktion eines Schildtunnels im überkonsolidierten steifen Ton Die vorliegende Arbeit betrifft die Erdreichstörung, die bei der Konstruktion eines Schildtunnels im überkonsolidierten steifen Ton vorkommt. Besondere Bemühungen wurden vorgenommen, um die möglichen Faktoren aufzufinden, welche Gestaltung und Größe der registrierten Bodenbewegung beeinflussen. Vergleiche zwischen diesen und den beobachteten Eigenheiten des Bodens wurden dann vorgenommen, wenn sie angemessen und realistisch erschienen. Das ist der Grund, daß der Fortschritt eines Tunnelbaues, welcher die Übertragung in den Raum der Erdreichstörung voraussieht und synchron die zeitliche Entwicklung dieser, ein kompliziertes dynamisches Problem darstellt. Zum Schluß wurde mit Hilfe der elastisch-plastischen Annahme eine einfache Analyse aufgestellt, aus der der Druckzustand um den Querschnitt des Tunnelhohlraumes berechnet wurde. Der Spannungszustand wurde mit dem Fortschritt des Tunnelaushubes kombiniert. Schließlich ergeben die aus der elastischen Theorie aufgefundenen Werte des Hohlraumquerschnittes, verglichen mit den Resultaten der an Ort und Stelle vorgenommenen Messungen, die Kontrollmöglichkeit der angenommenen theoretischen Annahme.
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