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  • oxidation
  • Springer  (202)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
  • 1990-1994  (145)
  • 1975-1979  (57)
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  • Springer  (202)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 29-45 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) ; ag(e)ing ; aminoguanidine ; ascorbate ; autoxidation ; biomarker ; browning reaction ; chemical modification of proteins ; diabetes ; glycation ; glycoxidation ; nonenzymatic glycosylation ; oxidation ; Maillard reaction ; Aminoguanidin ; Ascorbat ; Autooxidation ; Biomarker ; Bräunungsreaktion ; chemische Veränderung vonProteinen ; Diabetes ; Glycosylierung ; Glycoxidation ; nichtenzymatische ; Glycosylierung ; Oxidation ; Maillardreaktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maillard- oder Bräunungsreaktion genannten Umsetzungen zwischen reduzierenden Zuckern und Eiweiß führen zur chemischen Zerstörung der Aminosäuren und zum Verlust der Proteinqualität während der Lebensmittelbearbeitung und -lagerung. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Befunde auf, daß die Maillardreaktion auch im Gewebe des Menschen bei der Alterung von Proteinen mit langer biologischer Halbwertszeit auftritt. Die Konzentrationen an den sogenannten Amadori-Produkten, die im Initialstadium der Maillardreaktion aus Glucose und den Proteinen der Augenlinse oder dem Kollagen der Haut entstehen, erwiesen sich als relativ konstant, auch mit zunehmendem Alter. Die Produkte der Glycosylierung und nachfolgenden Oxidation der Proteine, auch Glycoxidationsprodukte genannt, häufen sich dagegen im Alter an, und zwar bei Diabetikern in vermehrtem Maße. Zu diesen Produkten gehören die Aminosäurenderivate N-(carboxymethyl)-lysin (CML), N-(carboxymethyl)-hydroxylysin (CMhL) sowie das fluoreszierende Quervernetzungsprodukt Pentosidin. Während diese Glycoxidationsprodukte in den Körpergeweben nur in Spuren vorkommen, gibt es deutliche Hinweise auf die Anwesenheit weiterer Bräunungsprodukte, deren Charakterisierung jedoch noch aussteht. Es werden Möglichkeiten zur „Entgiftung“ der reaktiven Zwischenprodukte aus der Maillardreaktion sowie zum Abbau extrem gebräunter Proteine diskutiert sowie neuere Möglichkeiten zur therapeutischen Modulierung fortgeschrittener Stadien der Maillardreaktion aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The Maillard or browning reaction between reducing sugars and protein contributes to the chemical deterioration and loss of nutritional value of proteins during food processing and storage. This article presents and discusses evidence that the Maillard reaction is also involved in the chemical aging of long-lived proteins in human tissues. While the concentration of the Amadori adduct of glucose to lens protein and skin collagen is relatively constant with age, products of sequential glycation and oxidation of protein, termed glycoxidation products, accumulate in these long-lived proteins with advancing age and at an accelerated rate in diabetes. Among these products are the chemically modified amino acids, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)hydroxylysine (CMhL), and the fluorescent crosslink, pentosidine. While these glycoxidation products are present at only trace levels in tissue proteins, there is strong evidence for the presence of other browning products which remain to be characterized. Mechanisms for detoxifying reactive intermediates in the Maillard reaction and catabolism of extensively browned proteins are also discussed, along with recent approaches for therapeutic modulation of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Palladium ; carbene ; oxidation ; phosphonate ; carboxylate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermolysis of tetranuclear palladium clusters Pd4(μ-Q)4 Pd4(μ-Q)4(μ-O2CR)4 (Q=CPh2 or CO;R=Me, CMe3, Ph, CH2Cl or CF3) has been found to involve innersphere oxidation of carbene or carbonyl ligands during which an oxygen atom transfer occurs from the carboxylate group to the carbene or carbonyl ligand. The thermolysis of the carbonyl clusters gives rise to the products of CO2 insertion into the C–H bond of benzene or toluene used as solvents forming benzoic acid from benzene and a mixture of phenylacetic and toluic acids from toluene. The reaction of [Pd(OAc)2(PPh3)]2 with HCO2H includes the transfer of an O atom from formate ligand to the P atom and cleavage of the P-Ph bond accompanied by transfer of the Ph group from PPh3 ligand to the palladium atom. The structure of the complex formed, [Pd(μ-O2PPh2)(C6H5)(PPh3)]2, has been resolved by X-ray analysis.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) ; ABS/polycarbonate blend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal oxidative stability of various ABS/PC compounds was studied by means of the chemiluminescence technique. Similarly to pure ABS, Irganox 1076 and Irganox MD 1024 perform as moderate antioxidants in ABS/PC and (ABS/PC + lubricant) blends. Neither Tinuvin 144, Irgaphos 168, nor their mixture affects the durability of the ABS/PC blend. At the same time, (Irgaphos 168 + Tinuvin 144) in combination with Irganoxes was found to provide a noticeable enhancement in durability to the (ABS/PC + lubricant) system. Titanium dioxide pigments by themselves have only a slight influence on the oxidative stability of the ABS/PC blend. Durability of the (ABS/PC + pigment) and (ABS/PC + lubricant) systems was found to be the same and the overall protective effect of Irganox 1076 was similar in both the (ABS/PC + lubricant) and the (ABS/PC + lubricant + pigment) systems. Certain modifiers significantly improve the durability of the ABS/PC compounds, although their function may differ in the systems with and without pigments.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; oxidation ; stability ; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of lubricants, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, and metal deactivators on the resistance of ABS to thermal oxidation was studied by means of the chemiluminescence technique. Neither of the additives seems to affect significantly the induction period of oxidation. At the same time, the influence of various additives on the oxidation rate constant is remarkably different: the introduction of lubricants and UV stabilizers increases its value, while antioxidants and metal deactivators have the opposite effect. For the particular systems studied durability is decreased in samples containing the lubricant and UV stabilizers and increased in samples stabilized with the antioxidant and metal deactivator.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 1 (1991), S. 389-395 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Poly(organophosphazenes) ; cyclophosphazenes ; Rose Bengal ; photosensitization ; singlet oxygen ; oxidation ; heterogeneous phase photosensitizer ; 1,3-diphenyl-isobenzofuran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report the synthesis and the characterization of cyclo- and polyphosphazenes supporting Rose Bengal. These substrates are suitable for the photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen, both in homogeneous and in heterogeneous phase. The efficiency of1O2 production has been measured in homogeneous solution using, as photosensitizer, the cyclophosphazene-bound Rose Bengal and considering, as testing reaction, the oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran; it was found comparable to that of free Rose Bengal in the same experimental conditions.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Polyorganosiloxane ; cobalt(II)phthalocyanine ; polymeric catalyst ; oxidation ; 3-methylindole ; polymer conformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two kinds of cobalt(II)phthalocyanines covalently bound to polyorganosiloxane (POS) were prepared to be applied as catalysts for the oxidation of 3-methylindole in organic solvents. The catalytic activity of the POS whose carboxyl residues were methyl-esterified was high compared with that of the POS which has carboxyl residues. The former polymeric atalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity than monomolecular phthalocyanine, indicating an appearance of effects of polymer chains. The factors which influence the catalytic oxidation, e.g., polymer conformations, basicity of solvents, and equilibrium involving phthalocyanine monomer and the dimer, are discussed. It has become apparent that polymer conformation influences catalytic activity and that the catalytic activity of the POS, whose main chains are mobile, is high.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 20 (1991), S. 1079-1092 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Fe(II) ; oxidation ; H2O2 ; ionic strength ; NaCl ; NaClO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of Fe(II) with H2O2 has been measured in NaCl and NaClO4 solutions as a function of pH, temperature T (K) and ionic strength (M, mol-L−1). The rate constants, k (M−1-sec−1), d[Fe(II)]/DT=-k[Fe(II)][2O2] at pH=6.5 have been fitted to equations of the form log k = log k0+ AI 1/2+BI+CI 1/2/T Where log k0=15.53-3425/T in water; A=−2.3, −1.35; B=0.334, 0.180; and C=391, 235, respectively, for NaCl (σ=0.09) and NaClO4 (σ =0.08). Measurements made in NaCl solutions with added anions yield rates in the order B(OH) 4 − 〉HCO 3 − 〉ClO 4 − 〉Cl−〉NO 3 − 〉SO 4 2− and are attributed to the relative strength of the interactions of Fe2+ or FeOH+ with these anions. The FeB(OH) 4 + species is more reactive while the FeCO 3 0 , FeCl+, FeNO 3 + and FeSO 4 0 species are less reactive than the FeOH+ ion pair. The general trend is similar to our earlier studies of the oxidation of Fe(II) with O2 except for B(OH) 4 − . The effect of pH on the logk was found to be a quadratic function of the concentration of H+ or OH− from pH=4 to 8. These results have been attributed to the different rate constants for Fe2+ (k0) and FeOH+ (k1) which are related to the measured k by, k=k0αFe + k1αFeOH, where αi is the molar fraction of species i. The rates increase due to the greater reactivity of FeOH+ compared to Fe2+. k0 is independent of composition and ionic strength but k1 is a function of ionic strength and composition due to the interactions of FeOH+ with various anions.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Silica ; oxidation ; methane ; carbon monoxide ; carbon dioxide ; labelled reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide is shown to be catalyzed at 850 K or above over almost all lattice oxygen atoms on the surface of silica prepared by the sol-gel method from ethyl orthosilicate under conditions which yield high selectivity to carbon dioxide in the oxidation of methane.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 16 (1992), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Silver ; oxidation ; cyclohexenes ; branched chain olefins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of some cyclic and branched chain olefins over a silver catalyst effective for the conversion of ethylene to ethylene oxide has been investigated in a steady state flow system. The reaction of cyclohexene produces benzene and that of both 1-methylcyclohexene and 4-methylcyclohexene yields toluene. The selectivity to aromatics exceeds 20% for fractional conversions below 0.2, but it can be improved to almost 50% by inclusion of an optimum quantity of dichloroethane in the feed. Styrene is oxidised more slowly than the cyclohexenes and only carbon dioxide and water are produced. The oxidation of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene and 3-methyl-1-butene occurs much faster than that of the cyclic molecules and some of the corresponding epoxides are produced. The selectivity with the dimethyl-butene is 9–13% for conversions to 0.2. The methylbutene requires a higher temperature for reaction and the epoxide yield is lower. Factors influencing reactivity and product distribution are discussed.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 13 (1992), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Vanadia ; titania ; silica ; Raman ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A series of V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts were structurally investigated byin situ Raman spectroscopy and chemically probed by methanol oxidation in order to determine the molecular structure-reactivity relationships of the V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts. Only surface TiO x species are present on the 3% TiO2/SiO2 catalysts, and the surface TiO x species as well as bulk TiO2 (anatase) particles coexist on the 40% TiO2/SiO2 catalyst. The deposition of 1–3% vanadium oxide onto 3% TiO2/SiO2 and 4% vanadium oxide onto 40% TiO2/SiO2 forms only a surface vanadium oxide phase.In situ Raman studies reveal that the surface vanadium oxide species preferentially exist on the titania sites of the TiO2/SiO2 system. The interaction between the surface vanadia and the surface titania overlayer on SiO2 increases the methanol oxidation reactivity by two orders of magnitude relative to V2O5/SiO2. In the presence of bulk TiO2 (anatase) particles on the SiO7 support, the reactivity of the surface vanadia further increases by an order magnitude relative to the catalysts containing only surface titania, and is close to that of surface vanadia on bulk TiO2. This suggests that the surface VO x -TiO2 (bulk) interactions results in a more active site than the surface VO x -TiO x -SiO2 interactions. In addition, the V2O5/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts exhibit high selectivity towards HCHO because redox sites are predominant on the surface of these catalysts with essentially no acid site present.
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