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1

Digitale Medien

Wirkung von Maillard-Produkten und Lysinoalanin auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink (1991)

Rehner, G. ; Walter, Th.

Springer

European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 50-55

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ISSN: 1436-6215

Schlagwort(e): Maillard-Produkte ; LAL ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Eisen ; Kupfer ; Zink ; Maillard products ; LAL ; bioavailability ; iron ; copper ; zinc

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Bioavailability of iron, copper, and zinc was investigated in suckling rats. The essential trace elements were given once either with several isolated Maillard products and with LAL, respectively, or with differently heat-treated formula diets. The isolated substances revealed effects on bioavailability of all the elements tested, either on the preresorptive or on the postresorptive level. The formula diets affected only the bioavailability of copper — even when fed for several weeks.

Notizen: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink untersucht, wenn diese essentiellen Spurenelemente 1. mit einigen isolierten Maillard-Produkten bzw. LAL, oder 2. mit thermisch unterschiedlich belasteten Testnahrungen einmalig an Säuglingsratten verabreicht wurden. Durch die isolierten Testsubstanzen ließen sich bei allen drei Elementen Effekte auf der präresorptiven und/oder postresorptiven Ebene erzielen. Die Testnahrungen beeinflußten — auch wenn sie fünf Wochen lang verfüttert wurden — nur die Bioverfügbarkeit des Kupfers.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910732

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2

Digitale Medien

Vergleich der biologischen Aktivität und Stabilität von Menadion und Menadiol bei Hühnerküken (1990)

Gropp, J. ; Mehringer, W.

Springer

European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 219-228

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ISSN: 1436-6215

Schlagwort(e): Vitamin K ; Menadion ; Menadiol ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Stabilität ; Geflügel ; vitamin K ; menadione ; menadiol ; bioavailability ; stability ; poultry

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A bioassay of vitamin K is described, based on the prothrombin clotting time of 3-week-old, vitamin-K-depleted, and cumatetralyl-sensitized male broiler chicks, using a homologous thrombokinase preparation. With this test it could be shown that the diacetate and dibutyrate esters of menadiol are vitamin-K-active. The bioactivity of menadione from these menadiolesters amounted to about 70 % of the standard menadione from a coated menadione sodium bisulfite (Dohyfral). Menadiol seems to be temperature-resistant under such conditions, whereby two uncoated MSB preparations lost about 60 % of their activity.

Notizen: Zusammenfassung In einem biologischen Testverfahren an Cumatetralyl sensibilisierten Küken konnte in 3 Versuchen anhand des Parameters Thromboplastinzeit mit homologer Thrombokinase gezeigt werden, da\ Menadioldiacetat und Menadioldibutyrat Vitamin-K-wirksam sind. Die biologische Wirksamkeit von Menadion aus diesen Menadiolestern betrug ca. 70 % der Menadionaktivität aus gecoatetem Menadionbisulfit (Dohyfral®). Im Gegensatz zu 2 ungeschützten MSB-Präparationen, welche bei Wärmebelastung ca. 60 % ihrer ursprünglichen Wirkung verloren, waren die Menadiolester temperaturstabil.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023079

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3

Digitale Medien

Are the oviposition traits of the South India strain of Callosobruchus maculatus maintained by natural selection? (1990)

Mitchell, Rodger ; Thanthianga, Clement

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 143-150

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Schlagwort(e): Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; competition ; development ; evolution ; fecundity ; growth rates ; host preferences ; life tables ; mortality ; natural selection ; net reproductive rate ; oviposition traits

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le taux partiel de reproduction nette (R inf0 sup* ) dépend de l'espèce de la plante sur laquelle les œufs sont pondus et du nombre de larves entrant dans la graine. La survie larvaire est réduite par 1/(le nombre de larves par graine) parce qu'une seule larve se développe dans une graine. La fécondité n'est pas modifiée par la compétition subie par les larves, la mortalité larvaire a l'effet le plus important sur R inf0 sup* . Les femelles éliminent ou réduisent la compétition larvaire en dispersant leurs œufs uniformément et font si peu d'erreurs avec une hyperdispersion que l'évolution d'un comportement plus précis n'accroîtrait R inf0 sup* que de 4% au maximum. Des femelles retournant à une distribution des œufs au hasard provoqueraient une réduction de R inf0 sup* de 25% au moins. Les légumineuses généralement cultivées dans l'Inde du Sud sont des hôtes acceptables quand elles sont présentées seules. Le choix des femelles entre 2 hôtes élève R inf0 sup* de 30% ou plus par rapport à une distribution au hasard. Les préférences les plus nettes concernent des combinaisons présentant la plus grande différence de R inf0 sup* . Les femelles qui hyperdispersent leurs œufs, choisissent leurs hôtes et évitent les pertes par compétition en empêchant que les œufs ne donnent plus de descendants que ne le ferait une ponte au hasard. Les particularités de la ponte sont variables et héritables. Les lignées se sélectionnent bien, en fonction de la dispersion de leurs œufs sur les graines, de la discrimination des plantes hôtes, et de la modulation de leur taux de ponte. La sélection naturelle maintient ces particularités du comportement d'une façon sédentaire.

Notizen: Abstract The deposition of eggs by this strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) departs from randomness in three ways; eggs are uniformly dispersed, oviposition rates drop when beans begin to carry 2 or more eggs, and there are sharp host preferences. Using random egg placement for the unspecialized condition, these traits are evaluated for their effect on a female's contributions of offspring to the next generation (R0, the net reproductive rate). The major increases in R0 result from females dispersing eggs so uniformly that larval competition is either reduced or eliminated. Females reduce their oviposition rate when the larva from an egg added to a bean is almost certain to die in competitive encounters. Host preferences and larval survival in a host are positively associated with the abundance of the host in South India. The three oviposition traits act together to give and R0 that is 25–50% than that of eggs placed at random. These traits are known to be variable and heritable, hence, the conditions necessary for natural selection are statisfied.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343502

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4

Digitale Medien

Conserving genetic variability of a wild insect population under laboratory conditions (1993)

Delpuech, J-M. ; Carton, Y. ; Roush, R. T.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 233-239

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Schlagwort(e): inbreeding ; colonization ; isofemale line ; Drosophila ; Diptera ; Leptopilina boulardi ; Cynipidae ; Hymenoptera

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé D. melanogaster (Meigen) a été utilisé pour tester la capacité des lignées isofemelles à conserver la variabilité génétique d'une population naturelle. Deux types d'expériences ont été réalisées. L'une a consisté à déterminer la variabilité génétique de 3 locus enzymatiques pour 32 lignées isofemelles à la première et à la 23ème génération d'élevage au laboratoire. L'autre a consisté à tester la capacité des larves à éliminer un parasitoïde par le processus d'encapsulation après 8 années d'élevage au laboratoire. D'une façon générale, certaines lignées isofemelles perdent de la variabilité durant les 23 générations de l'étude. Mais la fréquence globale des allèles reste inchangée si l'on considère l'ensemble des 32 lignées. Le seul allèle rare observé a également été conservé. Les modifications des fréquences allèliques à chacun des locus ont lieu de façon indépendante les unes des autres. La variabilité génétique d'un caractère biologique, la capacité des larves à encapsuler le parasitoïde, a également varié, mais elle a pu être restaurée à un niveau proche de la population initiale en rassemblant plusieurs individus de chacune des lignées.

Notizen: Abstract Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) was used to test the power of isofemale lines in preserving genetic variability. We performed experiments in two ways. One series consisted of measuring the genetic variability for three enzymatic loci in 32 isofemale lines, in the first and 23rd generations of culture. In the second series, we tested the capacity of the larvae to eliminate a parasitoid by encapsulation after eight years of laboratory breeding. In general, individual isofemale lines appeared to change during the 23 generations of the study, but the global frequency of these alleles among the 32 isofemale lines stayed relatively unchanged. The only rare allele observed was also conserved. Changes in allozyme frequencies at any one locus were independent of those at other loci. Genetic variation of a biological trait, the capacity of the larvae to encapsulate a parasitoid, also changed, but it could be restored to a level close to that of the starting population by mass hybridizing together individuals of each line.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383432

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5

Digitale Medien

Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours (1991)

Via, S.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177038

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6

Digitale Medien

Responses of a generalist and a specialist parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) to Drosophilid larval kairomones (1993)

Vet, L. E. M. ; Sokolowski, M. B. ; MacDonald, D. E. ; [weitere]

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 615-624

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Leptopilina ; Drosophila ; semiochemicals ; kairomones ; parasitoid ; generalist ; specialist ; foraging behavior

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Foraging parasitoids are thought to need more specific information than generalists on the presence, identity, availability, and suitability of their insect host species. In the present paper, we compare responses to host kairomones by two phylogenetically related parasitoid species that attack Drosophilidae and that differ in the width of their host range. As predicted, the behavioral response of the parasitoids to host kairomones reflected their difference in host range. The response of the specialist parasitoid Leptopilina boulardiwas restricted to contact kairomones from its natural hosts and one closely related species. In contrast, the generalist parasitoid Leptopilina heterotomaresponded to contact kairomones of a variety of Drosophilidae species.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048127

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7

Digitale Medien

Cockroach mating behaviors, sex pheromones, and abdominal glands (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae) (1993)

Sreng, Leam

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201672

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8

Digitale Medien

Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bugLethocerus medius (Guerin) in the field (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) (1993)

Smith, Robert L. ; Larsen, Eric

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 93-106

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049150

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9

Digitale Medien

Unrewarding experiences and their effect on foraging in the parasitic waspLeptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1994)

Papaj, Daniel R. ; Snellen, Henk ; Swaans, Kees ; [weitere]

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 465-481

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02025444

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10

Digitale Medien

Drosophila do not skew offspring sex ratio as predicted by trivers and willard (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (1994)

Burke, Russell L. ; Little, Lance E.

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 231-239

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Drosophila ; sex ratio ; life history ; optimality model

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Based on both previously published literature and results reported here, it appears thatDrosophila melanogaster meet the explicit assumptions of the Trivers and Willard offspring sex allocation model. However, contrary to the model's predictions, offspring sex ratio was not significantly affected when we manipulated factors that influence offspring quality. We suggest that contrary to implicit predictions of offspring sex ratio models,Drosophila may lack the genetic plasticity to readily alter sex ratio.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01988907

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