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1

Digitale Medien

Wirkung von Maillard-Produkten und Lysinoalanin auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink (1991)

Rehner, G. ; Walter, Th.

Springer

European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 50-55

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ISSN: 1436-6215

Schlagwort(e): Maillard-Produkte ; LAL ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Eisen ; Kupfer ; Zink ; Maillard products ; LAL ; bioavailability ; iron ; copper ; zinc

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Bioavailability of iron, copper, and zinc was investigated in suckling rats. The essential trace elements were given once either with several isolated Maillard products and with LAL, respectively, or with differently heat-treated formula diets. The isolated substances revealed effects on bioavailability of all the elements tested, either on the preresorptive or on the postresorptive level. The formula diets affected only the bioavailability of copper — even when fed for several weeks.

Notizen: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink untersucht, wenn diese essentiellen Spurenelemente 1. mit einigen isolierten Maillard-Produkten bzw. LAL, oder 2. mit thermisch unterschiedlich belasteten Testnahrungen einmalig an Säuglingsratten verabreicht wurden. Durch die isolierten Testsubstanzen ließen sich bei allen drei Elementen Effekte auf der präresorptiven und/oder postresorptiven Ebene erzielen. Die Testnahrungen beeinflußten — auch wenn sie fünf Wochen lang verfüttert wurden — nur die Bioverfügbarkeit des Kupfers.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01910732

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2

Digitale Medien

Vergleich der biologischen Aktivität und Stabilität von Menadion und Menadiol bei Hühnerküken (1990)

Gropp, J. ; Mehringer, W.

Springer

European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 219-228

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ISSN: 1436-6215

Schlagwort(e): Vitamin K ; Menadion ; Menadiol ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Stabilität ; Geflügel ; vitamin K ; menadione ; menadiol ; bioavailability ; stability ; poultry

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Medizin

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary A bioassay of vitamin K is described, based on the prothrombin clotting time of 3-week-old, vitamin-K-depleted, and cumatetralyl-sensitized male broiler chicks, using a homologous thrombokinase preparation. With this test it could be shown that the diacetate and dibutyrate esters of menadiol are vitamin-K-active. The bioactivity of menadione from these menadiolesters amounted to about 70 % of the standard menadione from a coated menadione sodium bisulfite (Dohyfral). Menadiol seems to be temperature-resistant under such conditions, whereby two uncoated MSB preparations lost about 60 % of their activity.

Notizen: Zusammenfassung In einem biologischen Testverfahren an Cumatetralyl sensibilisierten Küken konnte in 3 Versuchen anhand des Parameters Thromboplastinzeit mit homologer Thrombokinase gezeigt werden, da\ Menadioldiacetat und Menadioldibutyrat Vitamin-K-wirksam sind. Die biologische Wirksamkeit von Menadion aus diesen Menadiolestern betrug ca. 70 % der Menadionaktivität aus gecoatetem Menadionbisulfit (Dohyfral®). Im Gegensatz zu 2 ungeschützten MSB-Präparationen, welche bei Wärmebelastung ca. 60 % ihrer ursprünglichen Wirkung verloren, waren die Menadiolester temperaturstabil.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023079

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3

Digitale Medien

Are the oviposition traits of the South India strain of Callosobruchus maculatus maintained by natural selection? (1990)

Mitchell, Rodger ; Thanthianga, Clement

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 57 (1990), S. 143-150

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Schlagwort(e): Bruchidae ; Callosobruchus maculatus ; competition ; development ; evolution ; fecundity ; growth rates ; host preferences ; life tables ; mortality ; natural selection ; net reproductive rate ; oviposition traits

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le taux partiel de reproduction nette (R inf0 sup* ) dépend de l'espèce de la plante sur laquelle les œufs sont pondus et du nombre de larves entrant dans la graine. La survie larvaire est réduite par 1/(le nombre de larves par graine) parce qu'une seule larve se développe dans une graine. La fécondité n'est pas modifiée par la compétition subie par les larves, la mortalité larvaire a l'effet le plus important sur R inf0 sup* . Les femelles éliminent ou réduisent la compétition larvaire en dispersant leurs œufs uniformément et font si peu d'erreurs avec une hyperdispersion que l'évolution d'un comportement plus précis n'accroîtrait R inf0 sup* que de 4% au maximum. Des femelles retournant à une distribution des œufs au hasard provoqueraient une réduction de R inf0 sup* de 25% au moins. Les légumineuses généralement cultivées dans l'Inde du Sud sont des hôtes acceptables quand elles sont présentées seules. Le choix des femelles entre 2 hôtes élève R inf0 sup* de 30% ou plus par rapport à une distribution au hasard. Les préférences les plus nettes concernent des combinaisons présentant la plus grande différence de R inf0 sup* . Les femelles qui hyperdispersent leurs œufs, choisissent leurs hôtes et évitent les pertes par compétition en empêchant que les œufs ne donnent plus de descendants que ne le ferait une ponte au hasard. Les particularités de la ponte sont variables et héritables. Les lignées se sélectionnent bien, en fonction de la dispersion de leurs œufs sur les graines, de la discrimination des plantes hôtes, et de la modulation de leur taux de ponte. La sélection naturelle maintient ces particularités du comportement d'une façon sédentaire.

Notizen: Abstract The deposition of eggs by this strain of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) departs from randomness in three ways; eggs are uniformly dispersed, oviposition rates drop when beans begin to carry 2 or more eggs, and there are sharp host preferences. Using random egg placement for the unspecialized condition, these traits are evaluated for their effect on a female's contributions of offspring to the next generation (R0, the net reproductive rate). The major increases in R0 result from females dispersing eggs so uniformly that larval competition is either reduced or eliminated. Females reduce their oviposition rate when the larva from an egg added to a bean is almost certain to die in competitive encounters. Host preferences and larval survival in a host are positively associated with the abundance of the host in South India. The three oviposition traits act together to give and R0 that is 25–50% than that of eggs placed at random. These traits are known to be variable and heritable, hence, the conditions necessary for natural selection are statisfied.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343502

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4

Digitale Medien

Variation between strains of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum in relative performance on five flours (1991)

Via, S.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Schlagwort(e): Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177038

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5

Digitale Medien

Cockroach mating behaviors, sex pheromones, and abdominal glands (Dictyoptera: Blaberidae) (1993)

Sreng, Leam

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201672

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6

Digitale Medien

Egg attendance and brooding by males of the giant water bugLethocerus medius (Guerin) in the field (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) (1993)

Smith, Robert L. ; Larsen, Eric

Springer

Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 93-106

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ISSN: 1572-8889

Schlagwort(e): Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049150

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7

Digitale Medien

Ancient DNA: An introduction (1994)

Hauswirth, W. W.

Springer

Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 521-523

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ISSN: 1420-9071

Schlagwort(e): Ancient DNA ; evolution ; conservation ; biology ; anthropology ; plant biology ; PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921719

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8

Digitale Medien

A novel mechanism for jumping in the indian antHarpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae) (1994)

Urbani, C. Baroni ; Boyan, G. S. ; Blarer, A. ; [weitere]

Springer

Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 63-71

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ISSN: 1420-9071

Schlagwort(e): Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01992052

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9

Digitale Medien

Eucaryotic codes (1990)

Caron, F.

Springer

Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 1106-1117

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ISSN: 1420-9071

Schlagwort(e): Genetic code ; eucaryotic cell ; evolution ; code ambiguity ; code universality ; convergence

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Summary This article is a review of the rules used by eucaryotic cells to translate a nuclear messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain. The recent observation that these rules are not identical in two species of a same phylum indicates that they have changed during the course of evolution. Possible scenarios for such changes are presented.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01936920

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10

Digitale Medien

Biology of halophilic bacteria, Part II (1993)

Kates, M.

Springer

Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1027-1036

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ISSN: 1420-9071

Schlagwort(e): Archaea (archaebacteria) ; extreme halophiles ; archaeol phospholipids ; archaeol glycolipids ; membrane function ; evolution

Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Archaebacteria (archaea) are comprised of three groups of prokaryotes: extreme halophiles, methanogens and thermoacidophiles (extreme thermophiles). Their membrane phospholipids and glycolipids are derived entirely from a saturated, isopranoid glycerol diether,sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol (‘archaeol’) and/or its dimer, dibiphytanyldiglyceroltetraether (‘caldarchaeol’). In extreme halophiles, the major phospholipid is the archaeol analogue of phosphatidylglycerolmethylphosphate (PGP-Me); the glycolipids are sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosyl archaeols with diverse carbohydrate structure characteristic of taxons on the generic level. Biosynthesis of these archaeol-derived polar lipids occurs in a multienzyme, membrane-bound system that is absolutely dependent on high salt concentration (4 M). The highly complex biosynthetic pathways involve intermediates containing glycerol ether-linked C20-isoprenyl groups which are reduced to phytanyl groups to give the final saturated polar lipids. In methanogens, polar lipids are derived both from archaeol and caldarchaeol, and thermoacidophiles contain essentially only caldarchaeol-derived polar lipids. The function of these membrane polar lipids in maintaining the stability, fluidity and ionic properties of the cell membrane of extreme halophiles, as well as the evolutionary implications of the archaeol and caldarchaeol-derived structures will be discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01929909

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