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  • Articles  (13)
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  • Image processing  (13)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (12)
  • Springer  (1)
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  • Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • Springer  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative three-dimensional confocal microscopy of synaptic structures in living brain tissue (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 290-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Neural plasticity ; Image processing ; Deconvolution ; Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Volume rendering ; Fluorescent tracers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: In order to study changes in synaptic structure that accompany learning and memory, we have developed optical methods to visualize dendritic spines and presynaptic terminals in living, electrically monitored brain slices maintained in vitro. Focal microapplication of the fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI provides Golgi-like staining of small numbers of cells and processes that can be resolved clearly using confocal microscoopy; viability of stained cells is established by exclusion of the fluorescent DNA-binding dye ethidium bromide. Serial optical sections are enhanced by deconvolution and other image processing methods. The resulting high-resolution images are combined in an automated procedure to generate three-dimensional reconstructions, in which submicron synaptic structures can be viewed and measured. These unbiased methods allow volume changes in individual, living synaptic structures to be assessed quantitatively over periods of hours or days in development or in response to stimulation, drug application, or other perturbations. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290405
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochrome c oxidase: Structural studies by electron microscopy of two-dimensional crystals (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 27 (1994), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Electron transport ; Mitochondria ; Membrane protein ; Membrane structure ; Protein structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Cytochrome c oxidase is a complex integral membrane protein consisting of 13 different polypeptide chains and four metal centers having a total molecular weight of approximately 200,000 daltons. It can be isolated in two 2-dimensional crystalline forms differing in aggregation state of the enzyme. One crystal form consists of cytochrome oxidase dimers (approximately 400,000 daltons) embedded unidirectionally in the lipid bilayer of a collapsed vesicle while the other form consists of crystalline sheets of cytochrome oxidase monomers. Both crystal forms have been studied by electron microscopy during the past two decades, and this paper summarizes the results of early structural studies as well as more recent results applying techniques of cryelectron microscopy and digital image processing. The structure of frozen-hydrated cytochrome oxidase dimers at 20 Å resolution is discussed as well as the packing of monomers within dimers and the site of cytochrome c binding. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070270407
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Image processing for teaching (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 2 (1993), S. 469-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Image processing ; visual learning ; computer-based learning ; (Glenn and Carrier, 1986)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Image Processing for Teaching (IPT) project provides a powerful medium to excite students about science and mathematics, especially children from minority groups and others whose needs have not been met by traditional “coded” ways of teaching these subjects. Using professional-quality software on microcomputers, students explore a variety of scientific data sets, including biomedical imaging, Earth remote sensing and meteorology data, and planetary exploration images. They also learn about the many mathematical concepts that underlie image processing, such as coordinate systems, slope and intercept, pixels, binary arithmetic, along with many others. We have developed curriculum materials in all areas of mathematics and science for the upper elementary and secondary levels, allowing this tool to be used across a variety of grade levels and student interests. Preliminary indications show image processing to be an effective and fun way to study the application of science and mathematics to “real world” applications, as represented by digital imagery. The use of image processing is also an effective method with which to engage students in inquiry and discovery learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694429
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution and image processing of otoconia matrix (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 25 (1993), S. 297-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Chicks ; Otoconia fibrils ; Histochemistry ; TEM ; Image processing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: This study was designed to investigate patterns of fibrils organization in histochemically stained otoconia. Transmission electron microscope and video imaging were used. These data indicate that otoconia of the chick (Gallus domesticus) inner ear may have central cores in vivo. The data also show that the ultrastructural organization of fibrils fixed with aldehydes and histochemical stains follows trajectories that conform to the hexagonal shape of otoconia. These changes in direction may contribute to the formation of a central core. The existence of central cores is important for the in vivo buoyancy of otoconia. Packing of fibrils is tighter after phosphotungstic acid (PTA) stained otoconia than with other histochemical stains, which usually produce looser packing of fibrils and seemingly larger central core. TEM of tilted and untilted material showed that turning of fibrils occurs at the points where the face angles of otoconia form and where central cores exist. Video image processing of the images allowed reconstructing a template which, if assumed to repeat and change trajectories, would fit the pattern of fibrils seen in fixed otoconia. Since it is highly unlikely that aldehyde primary fixation or PTA stain caused such drastic change in the direction of fibrils, the template derived from these results may closely approximate patterns of otoconia fibrils packing in vivo. However, if the above is correct, the perfect crystallographic diffraction pattern of unfixed otoconia do not correspond to patterns of fixed fibrils. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070250406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similar features in Z bands of both skeletal and cardiac muscle revealed by image enhancement (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 18 (1991), S. 296-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Image processing ; Fourier transform ; TEM ; Z band lattice ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We have shown previously that the small square (ss) and basket weave (bw) states of the Z band lattice in cardiac and skeletal muscle are related to the contractile state of the muscle. We have used two-dimensional image processing techniques on digitized electron micrographs to enhance the structural features of each projected lattice form in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Four different processing techniques were employed to assess the effect of enhancement artifacts on the resulting Z band images.We observed only slight differences between enhanced images of a particular Z band form produced by the four different techniques. Every enhanced image showed an approximate four-fold symmetry independent of muscle type or Z band lattice form. Each enhanced image showed four cross-connecting Z-filaments which appeared to connect each axial filament to the four nearest axial filaments. In bw images from both cardiac and skeletal muscle, axial filaments had a greater apparent diameter and a greater interaxial filament spacing than in the ss images. In both muscle types, the cross-connecting Z-filaments appeared to overlap half-way between axial filaments in the ss images while the bw images showed no such overlap. These structural features are consistent with a dynamic Z band lattice that participates in muscle contraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060180312
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of small displacement of atoms in crystals by atom resolution electron microscopy (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 12 (1989), S. 180-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Image processing ; Aberration-free focus ; Radiation damage ; In situ observation of atomic column ; Atoms around lattice imperfections ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Four kinds of works on the detection of displacement of atoms in crystals are shown. The irregular small displacement of atoms has been detected, with an accuracy of about 0.1 Å around dislocations and stacking faults in Au crystals as shown by their electron microscope images. The displacement of the atomic images is recorded by aberration-free focus (AFF). Even when the periodic displacement of atoms in SiC and TaS2 crystals is around 0.1% of the lattice constant, this displacement has been revealed as the weak-contrast anomaly in the images. Using in situ observations by a TV system attached to an electron microscope, the rapid movements of atoms that have taken place within 1/30 sec have been recorded. Using the technique of successive subtraction of the images by TV system and image sigma, only the images of moving atoms in Au crystal have been recorded each 1/10 sec.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060120303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Image registration in electron microscopy: Application of a robust method (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 10 (1988), S. 27-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Image registration ; Robustness ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The geometric registration of two electron microscopic images generally is performed by maximizing the cross-correlation coefficient between them. We show that a new similarity measure (the number of sign changes) is useful for performing simultaneously geometric and gray-level registration. This method is robust, which means that it provides a good estimation of the parameters even in the presence of outliers that cannot be described by the registration model.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060100105
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation averaging of a badly distorted lattice: The surface protein of Pyrodictium occultum (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 9 (1988), S. 413-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Image processing ; Lattice defects ; Bacterial surface protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The surface protein of the archaebacterium Pyrodictium occultum forms two-dimensional periodic arrays of extremely poor order. Two variants of correlation averaging have been applied in order to retrieve the unit cell structure from electron micrographs of negatively stained samples: straightforward correlation averaging correcting for lateral displacements only and a more elaborate approach, including a partial compensation for rotational disorder. Surprisingly, both routes yield virtually identical structures. Inclusion of molecular motifs from highly disordered domains, which are rejected in the “straightforward” approach, appears not to improve resolution, possibly because the high local strain tends to distort the individual molecules.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060090407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digitization of electron micrographs: A comparison of three different types of scanners (1988)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 8 (1988), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Image processing ; Molecular structure ; Resolution assessment ; Optical density response ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Some aspects of digitization of electron micrographs have been investigated. The performances of a flat-bed, a rotating drum, and a diode array scanner have been evaluated. Estimates have been achieved for resolution, mechanical and optical stability, and optical density response. It is concluded that for routine transmission electron microscopy of, for example, negatively stained biologic specimens, a diode array scanner produces data good enough to obtain resolutions at a level normally expected. High speed is the major advantage with this type of equipment. However, for high-resolution work it is necessary to use a conventional scanner with a relatively slow scan speed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060080407
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data acquisition system for maximum-likelihood analysis of electron microscopic autoradiographs (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Image processing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: EMAMAP is a program for the data acquisition phase of maximum-likelihood analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs. This program is written in C and has been implemented on a Masscomp MC-500 which supports a graphics processor and a digitizing tablet. The image analysis is automated at a low level: the program operator outlines the edges of the structures of interest using the digitizing tablet, while contiguous regions formed by closed contours are automatically filled by the software. The resulting image is compressed for efficient storage by a quadtree encoding technique for which data compression ratios of greater than 25:1 have been achieved. In practical terms this implies that the data from a typical experiment of 50 autoradiographs could be stored on a single floppy disk. The system is currently in use for acquiring actual biological experimental data.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060070309
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional reconstruction of microtubule-containing structures from electron micrographs (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 3 (1986), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Three-dimensional reconstruction ; Microtubules ; Frozen hydrated microscopy ; Image processing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Microtubules and associated structures are among the more difficult samples studied by 3D reconstruction techniques because of their size, complexity, and lability. Nevertheless, their importance in many cellular functions often justifies efforts to acquire 3D information up to the resolution limit of negatively stained specimens or beyond. A combined approach which utilizes methods appropriate to both helical symmetry and 2D crystal lattices seems to provide the surest route to 3D reconstruction. Images of unstained specimens obtained by newer techniques of microscopy present challenging problems in data analysis, but potentially offer higher-resolution information.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060030209
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of histograms for transmission electron microscopy: Defocus and astigmatism correction at high resolution (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 371-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Image processing ; Histograms ; Phase contrast ; High resolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: A real-time method for optimizing the defocus of a conventional transmission electron microscope in the phase contrast imaging mode has been investigated using image histogram data. This method can also be used to minimize the objective lens astigmatism. It will be shown both theoretically and empirically, using a digital television frame store, that a histogram will give the largest peak when an image has a broad and flat contrast transfer function. This method has distinct advantages of speed and minimal computational requirements over obtaining the power spectrum of an image.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060020406
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real time uses of color for electron microscopy via a television-rate digital frame store (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 2 (1985), S. 405-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Image processing ; Pseudo color ; Digital frame store ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: An on-line television-rate digital frame store device is utilized to provide color representations of a wide range of electron microscope images and image data. Various types of hardware devices in the frame store coupled with software manipulations via the host computer make rapid image acquisition, modification, measurement, and full-color display possible in real time either from micrographs or directly from an electron microscope. Lookup tables used in conjunction with grey-level image memories can be controlled from a menu display to provide a wide range of color-coding schemes and sequencing. It is also possible to use color graphics overlays and alpha numeric displays along with full-color image displays. This paper will describe many of the recent applications of color developed for electron microscopy studies of materials.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060020502
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