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  • Male  (748)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,359)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,359)
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • 1
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    DNA amplification for direct detection of HIV-1 in DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-15
    Description: By means of a selective DNA amplification technique called polymerase chain reaction, proviral sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) were identified directly in DNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of persons seropositive but not in DNA isolated from PBMCs of persons seronegative for the virus. Primer pairs from multiple regions of the HIV-1 genome were used to achieve maximum sensitivity of provirus detection. HIV-1 sequences were detected in 100% of DNA specimens from seropositive, homosexual men from whom the virus was isolated by coculture, but in none of the DNA specimens from a control group of seronegative, virus culture-negative persons. However, HIV-1 sequences were detected in 64% of DNA specimens from seropositive, virus culture-negative homosexual men. This method of DNA amplification made it possible to obtain results within 3 days, whereas virus isolation takes up to 3 to 4 weeks. The method may therefore be used to complement or replace virus isolation as a routine means of determining HIV-1 infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ou, C Y -- Kwok, S -- Mitchell, S W -- Mack, D H -- Sninsky, J J -- Krebs, J W -- Feorino, P -- Warfield, D -- Schochetman, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jan 15;239(4837):295-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3336784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*microbiology ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral/*blood ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase ; *Gene Amplification ; HIV/*genetics/isolation & purification ; HIV Seropositivity ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*analysis ; Male ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Virus Cultivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    AIDS: an international perspective (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-02-05
    Description: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) constitute a worldwide public health problem. Whereas in Europe and in most of the Americas transmission of HIV-1 has occurred predominantly among homosexual men and intravenous drug abusers, in Africa a distinct epidemiologic pattern has emerged that indicates that HIV-1 infection is mainly heterosexually acquired. Heterosexual transmission appears to be increasing in some parts of Latin America and the Caribbean, and possibly in the United States. In addition to HIV-1, at least one other human retrovirus, namely HIV-2, has been implicated as a cause of AIDS in Africa and Europe. Factors that influence heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 include genital ulcerations, early or late stages of HIV-1 infection in the index case, and possibly oral contraception and immune activation. The rate of perinatal transmission is enhanced when the mother's illness is more advanced. AIDS and HIV-1 infection may have a significant impact not only on public health, but also on the demography and socioeconomic conditions of some developing countries. Programs for the prevention and control of AIDS should be an immediate priority in all countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Piot, P -- Plummer, F A -- Mhalu, F S -- Lamboray, J L -- Chin, J -- Mann, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Feb 5;239(4840):573-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3277271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/prevention & ; control/*transmission ; Female ; HIV/classification/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Sexual Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-I tax gene product (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-01
    Description: Expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R alpha) gene is activated by the transcriptional activator protein, Tax (previously referred to as the tat gene product), encoded by the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I). Multiple protein binding sites for specific DNA-protein interactions were identified over the upstream IL-2R alpha transcriptional regulatory sequences. However, only one region, which includes the sequence motif GGGGAATCTCCC, was required for activation by both the tax gene product and mitogenic stimulation. Remarkably, this sequence also bound the nuclear factor NF kappa B, which is important for induction of kappa-immunoglobulin gene expression. A model is presented whereby regulation of cellular gene expression by the HTLV-I tax gene product occurs via an indirect mechanism that may involve a post-translational modification of preexistent cellular transcription factors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruben, S -- Poteat, H -- Tan, T H -- Kawakami, K -- Roeder, R -- Haseltine, W -- Rosen, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 1;241(4861):89-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Oncology, Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, NJ 07110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2838905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Deltaretrovirus/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/*drug effects ; Gene Products, tat ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Mutation ; Plasmids ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics ; Receptors, Interleukin-2 ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Site-directed mutagenesis of two trans-regulatory genes (tat-III,trs) of HIV-1 (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-02-19
    Description: Point mutations were introduced into the overlapping trans-regulatory genes (tat-III and trs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and the mutants were evaluated for virus expression. The results showed that tat-III has a positive transacting role and is required for transcriptional activation. A chain terminating mutation early in the trs gene resulted in an increase in transcription of viral messenger RNA as measured by nuclear transcription experiments, but only one major species of viral messenger RNA (1.8 kilobases) was detected, and little or no viral structural proteins were made. Thus, the trs gene product is essential for expression of virus structural proteins but, at the same time, may have a negative trans-regulatory role in transcription. Cotransfection of the point mutant proviruses defective in tat or trs with each other or with a complementary DNA clone containing tat and trs sequences restored the normal transcription pattern and subsequent virus production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sadaie, M R -- Benter, T -- Wong-Staal, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Feb 19;239(4842):910-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3277284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/genetics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase ; Codon ; DNA/genetics ; *Genes, Regulator ; *Genes, Viral ; HIV/*genetics ; Humans ; Immunosorbent Techniques ; *Mutation ; Plasmids ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Calpain II involvement in mitosis (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-05-13
    Description: Mitotic spindle disassembly requires major structural alterations in the associated cytoskeletal proteins and mitosis is known to be associated with Ca2+-sequestering phenomena and calcium transients. To examine the possible involvement of a ubiquitous Ca2+-activated protease, calpain II, in the mitotic process, synchronized PtK1 cells were monitored by immunofluorescence for the relocation of calpain II. The plasma membrane was the predominant location of calpain II in interphase. However, as mitosis progressed, calpain II relocated to (i) an association with mitotic chromosomes, (ii) a perinuclear location in anaphase, and (iii) a mid-body location in telophase. Microinjection of calpain II near the nucleus of a PtK1 cell promoted the onset of metaphase. Injection of calpain II at late metaphase promoted a precocious disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the onset of anaphase. These data suggest that calpain II is involved in mitosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schollmeyer, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 May 13;240(4854):911-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Agriculture, Roman L. Hruska Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2834825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase/drug effects ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/pharmacology ; Calpain/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/enzymology ; Cell Nucleus/enzymology ; Chromosomes/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Interphase ; Metaphase/drug effects ; *Mitosis ; Muscles/enzymology ; Rhodamines ; Spindle Apparatus/drug effects ; Swine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    A larger spectrum of severe HIV-1--related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-11-11
    Description: Increasing mortality in intravenous (IV) drug users not reported to surveillance as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has occurred in New York City coincident with the AIDS epidemic. From 1981 to 1986, narcotics-related deaths increased on average 32% per year from 492 in 1981 to 1996 in 1986. This increase included deaths from AIDS increasing from 0 to 905 and deaths from other causes, many of which were infectious diseases, increasing from 492 to 1091. Investigations of these deaths suggest a causal association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These deaths may represent a spectrum of HIV-related disease that has not been identified through AIDS surveillance and has resulted in a large underestimation of the impact of AIDS on IV drug users and blacks and Hispanics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoneburner, R L -- Des Jarlais, D C -- Benezra, D -- Gorelkin, L -- Sotheran, J L -- Friedman, S R -- Schultz, S -- Marmor, M -- Mildvan, D -- Maslansky, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Nov 11;242(4880):916-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉AIDS Research Unit, New York City Department of Health, NY 10013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3187532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications/*epidemiology/microbiology ; Cause of Death ; Endocarditis/complications ; Hiv ; HIV Seropositivity ; Homosexuality ; Humans ; Male ; New York City ; Pneumonia/complications ; Substance-Related Disorders/*complications/epidemiology/mortality ; Tuberculosis/complications
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Steroid binding at sigma receptors suggests a link between endocrine, nervous, and immune systems (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-04-08
    Description: Specific sigma binding sites have been identified in the mammalian brain and lymphoid tissue. In this study, certain gonadal and adrenal steroids, particularly progesterone, were found to inhibit sigma receptor binding in homogenates of brain and spleen. The findings suggest that steroids are naturally occurring ligands for sigma receptors and raise the possibility that these sites mediate some aspects of steroid-induced mental disturbances and alterations in immune functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Su, T P -- London, E D -- Jaffe, J H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Apr 8;240(4849):219-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD 21224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2832949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Endocrine Glands/*physiology ; Guinea Pigs ; Haloperidol/metabolism ; *Immunity ; Male ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Phenazocine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Receptors, Opioid/*metabolism ; Receptors, sigma ; Spleen/metabolism ; Steroids/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Ordered interstrand and intrastrand DNA transfer during reverse transcription (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-08-26
    Description: Retroviruses contain two copies of the plus stranded viral RNA genome. As a means of determining whether both of these RNA's are used in the reverse transcription reaction, cells were infected with heterozygous virus particles that varied in nucleotide sequence at two separate locations at the RNA termini. The DNA proviruses formed from a single cycle of reverse transcription were then examined. Of the 12 proviruses that were characterized, all exhibited long terminal repeats (LTR's) that would be expected to arise only if both RNA templates were used for the generation of minus strand DNA. In contrast, only a single minus strand DNA appeared to be used as template for the plus strand DNA in the generation of fully double-stranded viral DNA. These results indicate that the first strand transfer step in reverse transcription is an intermolecular event while that of the second transfer is intramolecular. Thus, retroviruses contain two functionally active RNA's, and both may be required for the generation of a single linear DNA molecule. Formation of heterozygotes during retrovirus infection would be expected to result in the efficient generation of LTR recombinants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Panganiban, A T -- Fiore, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Aug 26;241(4869):1064-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2457948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; DNA Restriction Enzymes ; DNA, Viral/*genetics/metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease HindIII ; Genes, Viral ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA, Viral/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/*metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroviridae/*genetics ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Virion/genetics ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Longevity and gender (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 22;241(4864):399-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3393905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; Sex Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Cryopreservation, culture, and transplantation of human fetal mesencephalic tissue into monkeys (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-11-04
    Description: Studies in animals suggest that fetal neural grafts might restore lost neurological function in Parkinson's disease. In monkeys, such grafts survive for many months and reverse signs of parkinsonism, without attendant graft rejection. The successful and reliable application of a similar transplantation procedure to human patients, however, will require neural tissue obtained from human fetal cadavers, with demonstrated cellular identity, viability, and biological safety. In this report, human fetal neural tissue was successfully grafted into the brains of monkeys. Neural tissue was collected from human fetal cadavers after 9 to 12 weeks of gestation and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Viability after up to 2 months of storage was demonstrated by cell culture and by transplantation into monkeys. Cryopreservation and storage of human fetal neural tissue would allow formation of a tissue bank. The stored cells could then be specifically tested to assure their cellular identity, viability, and bacteriological and virological safety before clinical use. The capacity to collect and maintain viable human fetal neural tissue would also facilitate research efforts to understand the development and function of the human brain and provide opportunities to study neurological diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redmond, D E Jr -- Naftolin, F -- Collier, T J -- Leranth, C -- Robbins, R J -- Sladek, C D -- Roth, R H -- Sladek, J R Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Nov 4;242(4879):768-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cercopithecus ; Fetus ; Freezing ; Humans ; Male ; Mesencephalon/cytology/embryology/enzymology/*transplantation ; Preservation, Biological ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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