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  • Articles  (4,763)
  • Springer  (4,601)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (162)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1990-1994  (2,599)
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  • Philosophy  (4,763)
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  • Articles  (4,763)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS on Business Change and Ethics: The Ethics of Change Management: Manipulation or Participation? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Managerial effort has been moving from maintaining a “steady state” to wrestling with the challenge of continuing change and the ethical dilemmas which this can present. Is it possible to formulate an “ethics of change” to guide individuals in such circumstances? The author is a senior lecturer at Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 OAL, UK, and a visiting research associate at the London School of Economics. His principal interests concern the management of organisational change in settings where technology is either the key driver of change, or is the key enabler of some aspect of organisational or process redesign.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00091.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Stakeholder Responsibilities: turning the ethical tables (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Stakeholder theory aims at identifying those who have rights or interests at stake in business behaviour. Can we turn the tables and also consider what ethical responsibilities various stakeholders may have for the good behaviour of business? The author is Editor of this Review. This article contains material which also appeared in the Hugh Kay Memorial Lecture for 1993 delivered by the author under the auspices of the Christian Association of Business Executives, London.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00095.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Who's Who in Business Ethics: Public Concern at Work (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00098.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Review: A German treatment of Business ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Karl Homann & Franz Blome-Drees (1992). Wirtschafts- und Unternehmensethik. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Göttingen. pp. 207. paperback, 19.80 DM. ISBN 3-8252-1721-3
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00100.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Teaching Ethical Business Creating and Using Vignettes to Teach Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Brief thumbnail sketches capture group interest and show the relevance of ethical considerations in real life situations. Bill Bain has considerable experience of business and is currently a PhD student at the Management School of London University's Imperial College, 53 Prince's Gate, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2PG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00080.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Using a Computerised Game in Teaching Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Games have become a standard tool in management education. The authors have cooperated on developing just such a teaching aid for business people and management students interested in playing the business game ethically. Dr Higginson is Director of The Ridley Hall Foundation, Ridley Hall, Cambridge, CB3 9HG and Geoff Moore is Principal Lecturer at Newcastle Business School, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics in the Czech Transformation Process (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Despite the social, economic and ethical problems facing government in the Czech Republic, there are positive signs of a growing concern for ethical business, including the development of codes of conduct and a striking example of new corporate social responsibility. Dr Bohatá is a member of the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Politickych Veznu 7, 111 21 Prague 1, and an Associate Editor of this Review.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00068.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Codes of Practice and Ethics in the UK Communications Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The media, advertising and public relations are all regulated in some degree by ethical codes of practice, but do they work and do they help practitioners? The author is Senior Lecturer in public relations and philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF. She is currently preparing material for a new MA in Business Policy and Ethics, to be offered jointly by Leeds Metropolitan University and the University of Leeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00071.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Balancing Individualism and Collectivism (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00076.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fraud and the Politics of Morality (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Most large frauds develop only gradually and incidentally. When things fall apart it is politic to call it anything but fraud. The author is a member of the Department of Sociology, University of Liverpool, POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Now Read This: Book Reviews A splendid German encyclopedia (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Georges Enderle, Karl Homann, Martin Honecker, Walter Kerber, Horst Steinmann (editors), Lexikon der Wirtschaftsethik. Freiburg im Breisgau, Verlag Herder, 1993. pp. 690, ISBN 3-451-22336-8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics and the Sports Business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Action needs to be taken on the ethical issues raised by the commercialising of sport if its integrity is to be maintained and its ethical base is not to be eroded further. The author has worked as an independent consultant in the leisure sector for a number of years and has recently joined the Research Unit of Britain's Sports Council. The views expressed by her in this article are not necessarily those held by the Sports Council.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00055.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: The Manager as a Professional (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00059.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corporate Temperance a Business Virtue (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: “There are strong temptations for those at the top of an organisational hierarchy to appropriate to themselves a disproportionate share of the resources of the organisation and to exercise too much power over the activities of other organisational members.” Hence the case for taking a cool look at executive remuneration and other possible breaches of applying the classical virtue of temperance to corporate behaviour. The author is Principal Lecturer in the Business Studies Department, Manchester Metropolitan University, Aytoun Building, Aytoun Street, Manchester M1 3GH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00097.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books Received (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disability and Discrimination - a UK Perspective (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: “Discrimination on the grounds of disability is seldom malicious, but stems more from a lack of understanding.” A disabled businessman explores the need for businesses to cultivate and implement greater disability awareness. After graduating in engineering, he gained his MBA from London Business School in 1992. He now works as a consultant, capitalising on his background in business management and his personal experience of disability to assist clients in developing anti-discriminatory policies and practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00079.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Learning Ethical Business through Role Play (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Once a company has identified its core values role play can help its leaders explore their meaning in practice. The author is now working as a freelance adviser on organisation development having worked in this area in a large engineering company. He has a general interest in the industry/church interface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00082.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Using Case Studies to Teach Ethical Business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Case studies invite students to share in an ethical dilemma and challenge them about their values. Dr Sheldrake is Reader in Modern History at London Guildhall University, Old Castle St., London E1 7NT. A version of his case study appeared in Sarah Vickerstaff (Ed.), 1992, Human Resource Management in Europe: Text and Cases, London: Chapman & Hall.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Information Technology and Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: ’Those who understand the underlying technology on which the modern business depends have a professional, social and moral obligation to look to the needs of their neighbours who lack that understanding’. Professor Ennals is a member of the Business Information Technology Research Unit of Kingston Business School, Kingston University, Kingston-on-Thames KT2 7LB, England, where he has shared in developing the new Business Information Technology degree.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Books Received (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00089.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The City of London and the Manufacturing Industry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Last October the Director-General of the Confederation of British Industry delivered the annual Gresham Special Lecture in Gresham College in the City of London, in which he considered ways of developing a closer and potentially more fruitful relationship between the City and the UK manufacturing industry. The lecture is here reproduced with permission.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European Corporate Citizenship in the USA: An Enquiry (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: European direct investment in the USA raises many local concerns. Are these concerns justified, or alleviated, by the way in which different European companies exercise corporate citizenship in the host country? The author is Assistant Professor of Strategic Management at the College of Business Administration, University of Oklahoma, 307 West Brooks, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-0450, USA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethical Guidelines for British Accountancy (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: An initial review of the Draft Guidance produced in response to the Cadbury Report by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. The author is Principal Consultant, Corporate Social Responsibility Consultants, 86 Iffley Road, London W6 OPF.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOCUS: Checklists (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics Codes in British Companies (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: How common are corporate codes of ethics in the UK and especially among Britain's most admired companies? The author is Wicklander Professor of Professional Ethics at DePaul University, Chicago, and current President of the American Society for Business Ethics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.1994.tb00062.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Business Ethics in Finland: (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Dramatic economic developments have served to highlight ethical questions and responses within business life in Finland, particularly regarding the crisis of the Finnish banking system. Other issues which have aroused public discussion are maintaining the natural biodiversity in the Northern hemisphere forests, and Finland's trade with Russia. The authors, listed alphabetically, are all research fellows at the School of Business Administration in the University of Tampere, PO Box 607, 33101 Tampere,Finland.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CORRECTION (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Increasing Importance of Ethics in Computer Science (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: “The potential dangers of ignoring ethical issues exist for all business computer professionals”. Drs Langford and Wusteman, of the Computing Laboratory, The University, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, reflect on their experience of teaching ethics to computer scientists and on the problems to be encountered in this new field of applied ethics.
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  • 29
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    Book Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this articleDavid BarkerJames O'Toole, The Executive's Compass: Business & The Good Society.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    European Managers’Views on Corporate Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Interesting contrasts and parallels on ethical issues emerge from a recent series of in-depth interviews given by managers in nine companies operating in Europe. The author is Professor of Marketing at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA, on leave during 1993-94 as Visiting Professor in the Department of Management and Marketing, University College Cork, Ireland. He wishes to acknowledge the financial assistance of the College of Business Administration at the University of Notre Dame in supporting this research.
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  • 31
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    FOCUS: Coping with Scepticism: about the philosopher's role in teaching ethical business (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: A philosopher looks at the scepticism of some of her colleagues about just what the study of ethics can contribute to ethical business, and argues that its main purpose is to help business people to engage in constructive ethical dialogue in society as well as in their corporation. The author is a regular contributor to this Review, and Director of the Centre for Business and Professional Ethics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT.
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  • 32
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    FOCUS: Practical Reflections on Teaching Business Ethics to Undergraduates (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Teaching business ethics to undergraduates has disclosed difficulties for both students and teacher which raise deeper issues about what is the purpose of teaching ethics and of engaging in business. The author is Lecturer in Business Ethics in the Faculty of Business and Social Studies, Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, Swindon Road, Cheltenham, Glos GL50 4AZ, UK.
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  • 33
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    FOCUS: A New French Course in Business Ethics (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: The Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de Rennes has recently introduced a final year group-taught compulsory course in Business Ethics. Its organisers here describe and discuss their aims, methods and results. Michael Brent is Head of the Human Resources Department at Groupe ESC Rennes, 2 rue Robert-d’Arbrissel, 35065 Rennes, and has an MA in Philosophy and diplomas in business and marketing, as well as several years European consultancy experience. Susan Grinsted teaches production management and related subjects at Rennes, with a first degree in Metallurgy and a PhD in Engineering as well as several years UK industrial experience and a previous appointment at Warwick University, England.
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  • 34
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    Books Received (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
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  • 35
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    The Role of Directors in the Development of a Corporate Ethos (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8608
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    Notes: Australia too is witnessing a growing interest in business ethics. Dr Longstaff, Executive Director of the St James Ethics Centre in Sydney, explores how directors should play an active part in developing ethical business.
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    Now Read This: How Gendered Are Organizations? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Mike Savage & Anne Witz, eds., Gender and Bureaucracy, Blackwells, Oxford, 1992, pp. 282, pb, £13.99, ISBN: 0631-85283.
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    Now Read This: Book Reviews The Protestant Work Ethic. What Was It? Is its Ghost Still Around? (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Notes: Adrian Furnham, The Protestant Work Ethic. The Psychology of Work-related Beliefs and Behaviour, Routledge, Chapman & Hall, London and New York, 1990, pp. xv + 305, pb, £13.99, ISBN 0-425-01705-X.Carl-Henric Grenholm, Protestant Work Ethics: A Study of Work Ethical Theories in Contemporary Protestant Theology, Uppsala Studies in Social Ethics 15, Uppsala, 1993, pp. 350, np.
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    Books Received (1994)
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    FOCUS: Changing Regulations (1994)
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    Notes: When bad business behaviour is so much in the news is this a time for tighter regulation? But can standards be set for “good behaviour” in business? The author is Senior Lecturer in Public Relations and Philosophy at Leeds Business School, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds LS2 8AF.
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    FOCUS: Consistency and Sympathy Changing attitudes through moral theories (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Arguments may have little effect in changing people's views, but trying to sympathise with another's point of view can open the possibility of changing one's own attitude. Dr.Griseri is Director of the MBA Programme at the Management Centre, London Guildhall University, 84 Moorgate, London EC2M 6SQ.
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    FOCUS: Ethical Business: Thinking Thoughts and Facilitating Processes (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: Doing business ethics and conducting ethical business has to be much more than conducting a rational enquiry. Much also depends on the motivation of individuals and how a positive moral vision of business can unite intellectual and affective approaches to the conduct of business. The author is a lecturer in Philosophy at Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, and a Research Associate at the Local Government Centre at Warwick Business School. He is also an independent organisation development consultant specialising in helping organisations develop their learning processes and value-based forms of leadership.
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    The Ethics of Giving Notice (1994)
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    Notes: What ethical issues are raised when employees are going to be given notice to leave? Are some approaches more ethical than others? This paper analysing the ethics of the situation and offering ethical guidelines was prepared for the Swedish Association of Graduates in Business Administration and Economics in its work to formulate a professional code of conduct. The author holds a PhD in business administration and is a member of The Swedish Council for Management and Work Life Issues, P.O. Box 5042, S-10241 Stockholm, Sweden.
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    FOCUS: Code of Conduct and Guides to Professional Management Practice (1994)
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    Business ethics 3 (1994), S. 0 
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    The Legal Context of Corporate Social Responsibility (1994)
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    Notes: Social responsibility on the part of business has various meanings, to some of which English law is more favourable than others. But the law could be changed. The author is a Solicitor and Lecturer in Law in the University of Bristol. His Corporate Power and Responsibility: Issues in the Theory of Company Law has recently been published by Oxford University Press.
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    FOCUS: Guidance for British Managers (1994)
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    Notes: In 1990-92 Britain's Institute of Management commissioned a working party of its Professional Practice Committee to review the Institute's Code of Conduct and Guides to Professional Management Practice. Sheila Evers, currently Vice-Chairman of the Institute of Management, chaired the working party; and based on further discussions she has now written and compiled a supporting document, “The Manager as a Professional”, with checklists for the individual manager. Copyright of the documents, reproduced here with permission, rests with The Institute of Management, which is, however, willing to permit their being used and quoted with due acknowledgement.
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    Now Read This: Recent Additions to the Business Ethics Library (1994)
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    Notes: Book publishers seem to have found a new niche judging by the number of review copies coming our way. This column just aims to give a line or two on some of them to help the reader decide whether to buy, borrow or leave it for now.
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    Ethical Aspects of the Marketing of Savings and Investment Products in the UK (1994)
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    Notes: In spite of strengthened financial regulation, ethical concern continues about the promotion and distribution of financial services in Britain, including savings and investment products. Greater ethical attention needs to be paid to products, price, promotion and distribution. The authors are all faculty members of the School of Management and Finance, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Correspondence should be addressed to Dr Ennew. Alison McGregor gratefully acknowledges funding provided by the Association of British Insurers.
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    BUSINESS ETHICS IN RUSSIA: Business Ethics in the New Russia: A Report (1994)
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    Notes: Last June, Moscow was the setting for a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics. One of the participants from the USA, Professor Thomas W. Dunfee, here gives his impressions of what was clearly an instructive occasion. Professor Dunfee is Kolodny Professor of Social Responsibility at the Wharton School of Business of the University of Pennsylvania and is an international authority on business ethics.“Older people have an ethics problem. By that, I mean they have ethics. To survive, I can break a law if I need to and if the risks aren't too large. Older people wouldn't even think in such a way.” Dimitri Zotov, explaining why young people are in high professional demand in the new Russia, Wall Street Journal, p.A5, Col.1, 8/2/93.“Shell-shocked men and women spend their days hacking through the post-Soviet wilderness in search of a near-mythical creature, an honest joint-venture partner.” David Brooks, “Cracking That Post-Soviet Market”, Wall Street Journal, editorial page, 8/24/93.
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    BUSINESS ETHICS IN RUSSIA: Business Ethics in a New Russia (1994)
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    Notes: As indicated in the previous article, a Russian-sponsored conference on business ethics was recently held in Moscow. Another participant from the USA, Professor Joanne B. Ciulla, comments here on what could prove to be a new beginning for business in Russia. Professor Ciulla is an Associate Editor of this Review and occupies the Coston Family Chair in Leadership and Ethics at the University of Richmond, Virginia.
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    On a property of BCK-identities (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 227-234 
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    Notes: Abstract A BCK-algebra is an algebra in which the terms are generated by a set of variables, 1, and an arrow. We mean by aBCK-identity an equation valid in all BCK-algebras. In this paper using a syntactic method we show that for two termss andt, if neithers=1 nort=1 is a BCK-identity, ands=t is a BCK-identity, then the rightmost variables of the two terms are identical. This theorem was conjectured firstly in [5], and then in [3]. As a corollary of this theorem, we derive that the BCK-algebras do not form a variety, which was originally proved algebraically by Wroński ([4]). To prove the main theorem, we use a Gentzen-type logical system for the BCK-algebras, introduced by Komori, which consists of the identity axiom, the right and the left introduction rules of the implication, the exchange rule, the weakening rule and the cut. As noted in [2], the cut-elimination theorem holds for this system.
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    A gentzen system for conditional logic (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 243-257 
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    Notes: Abstract Conditional logic is the deductive system 〈 $$\mathcal{L}$$ , ⊨〉 where $$\mathcal{L}$$ is the set of propositional connectives {∧, ∨,′} and ⊨ is the structural finitary consequence relation on the absolutely free algebra $$F_{m_\mathcal{L} } $$ that preserves degrees of truth over the structure of truth values 〈C, ≤〉. HereC is the non-commutative regular extension of the 2-element Boolean algebra to 3 truth values {t, u, f}, andf〈u〈t. In this paper we give a Gentzen type axiomatization for conditional logic.
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    Non-axiomatizability of Grice's implicature (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 343-349 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to test Grice's theory of conversational implication [1], so-calledimplicature, by putting it into operation in the simplest possible formal language, that is, by constructing an adequate zero-order (sentential) logic. We are going to give a recursive formal description of Grice's maxims and show that the description cannot be made finite.
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    Perfect MV-algebras are categorically equivalent to abelianl-groups (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 417-432 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we prove that the category of abelianl-groups is equivalent to the category of perfect MV-algebras. Furthermore, we give a finite equational axiomatization of the variety generated by perfect MV-algebras.
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    Cecylia Rauszer (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 467-471 
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    A finite analog to the löwenheim-skolem theorem (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 503-532 
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    Notes: Abstract The traditional model theory of first-order logic assumes that the interpretation of a formula can be given without reference to its deductive context. This paper investigates an interpretation which depends on a formula's location within a derivation. The key step is to drop the assumption that all quantified variables must have the same range and to require only that the ranges of variables in a derivation must be related in such way as to preserve the soundness of the inference rules. With each (consistent) derivation there is associated a “Buridan-Volpin (orBV) structure” [M, {r(x)}] which is simply a Tarski structureM for the language and a map giving the ranger(x) of each variablex in the derivation. IfLK* is (approximately) the classical sequent calculusLK of Gentzen from which the structural contraction rules have been dropped, then our main result reads: If a set of first-ordered formulas Γ has a Tarski modelM, then from any normal derivationD inLK* of Γ ⇒ Δ can be constructed aBV modelM D=[M, {r(x)}] of Γ where each ranger(x) is finite.
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    The relative consistency of system RRC* and some of its extensions (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 351-360 
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    Notes: Abstract We present a relative consistency proof for second order systemRRC* and for certain important extensions of this system. The proof proceeds as follows: we prove first the equiconsistency of the strongest of such extensions (viz., systemH RRC*+(∃/CP**)) with second order systemT λ * . Now, N. Cocchiarella has shown thatT λ * is relatively consistent to systemT*+Ext; clearly, it follows thatH RRC*+(∃/CP**) is relatively consistent toT*+E xt. As an immediate consequence, the relative consistency ofRRC* and the other extensions also follows, being all of them subsystems ofH RRC*+(∃/CP**).
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    A note on the ω-incompleteness formalization (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 389-396 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper studies two formal schemes related to ω-completeness. LetS be a suitable formal theory containing primitive recursive arithmetic and letT be a formal extension ofS. Denoted by (a), (b) and (c), respectively, are the following three propositions (where α(x) is a formula with the only free variable x): (a) (for anyn) (⊢ T α(n)), (b) ⊢ T ∀ x Pr T (−α(x)−) and (c) ⊢ T ∀xα(x) (the notational conventions are those of Smoryński [3]). The aim of this paper is to examine the meaning of the schemes which result from the formalizations, over the base theoryS, of the implications (b) ⇒ (c) and (a) ⇒ (b), where α ranges over all formulae. The analysis yields two results overS : 1. the schema corresponding to (b) ⇒ (c) is equivalent to ¬Cons T and 2. the schema corresponding to (a) ⇒ (b) is not consistent with 1-CON T. The former result follows from a simple adaptation of the ω-incompleteness proof; the second is new and is based on a particular application of the diagonalization lemma.
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    On the canonicity of Sahlqvist identities (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 473-491 
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    Notes: Abstract We give a simple proof of the canonicity of Sahlqvist identities, using methods that were introduced in a paper by Jónsson and Tarski in 1951.
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    On S (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 75-91 
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    Notes: Abstract The sentential logic S extends classical logic by an implication-like connective. The logic was first presented by Chellas as the smallest system modelled by contraining the Stalnaker-Lewis semantics for counterfactual conditionals such that the conditional is effectively evaluated as in the ternary relations semantics for relevant logics. The resulting logic occupies a key position among modal and substructural logics. We prove completeness results and study conditions for proceeding from one family of logics to another.
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    Nonmonotonic reasoning: from finitary relations to infinitary inference operations (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 161-201 
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    Notes: Abstract A. Tarski [22] proposed the study of infinitary consequence operations as the central topic of mathematical logic. He considered monotonicity to be a property of all such operations. In this paper, we weaken the monotonicity requirement and consider more general operations, inference operations. These operations describe the nonmonotonic logics both humans and machines seem to be using when infering defeasible information from incomplete knowledge. We single out a number of interesting families of inference operations. This study of infinitary inference operations is inspired by the results of [12] on nonmonotonic inference relations, and relies on some of the definitions found there.
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    Editorial note (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. iii 
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    Three-element nonfinitely axiomatizable matrices (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 361-372 
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    Notes: Abstract There are exactly two nonfinitely axiomatizable algebraic matrices ℳ with one binary connective o such thatx(yz) is a tautology of ℳ. This answers a question asked by W. Rautenberg in [2], P. Wojtylak in [8] and W. Dziobiak in [1]. Since every 2-element matrix can be finitely axiomatized ([3]), the matrices presented here are of the smallest possible size and in some sense are the simplest possible.
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    Proving theorems of the second order Lambek calculus in polynomial time (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 373-387 
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    Notes: Abstract In the Lambek calculus of order 2 we allow only sequents in which the depth of nesting of implications is limited to 2. We prove that the decision problem of provability in the calculus can be solved in time polynomial in the length of the sequent. A normal form for proofs of second order sequents is defined. It is shown that for every proof there is a normal form proof with the same axioms. With this normal form we can give an algorithm that decides provability of sequents in polynomial time.
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    Editorial note (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. iii 
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    Books received (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 459-466 
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    P1 algebras (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 21-28 
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    Notes: Abstract In [3] the authors proved that the deductive systemP1 introduced by Sette in [6] is algebraizable. In this paper we study the main features of the class of algebras thus obtained. The main results are a complete description of the free algebras inn generators and that this is not a congruence modular quasi-variety.
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    On the logic of event-causation Jaśkowski-style systems of causal logic (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 551-578 
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    Notes: Abstract Causality is a concept which is sometimes claimed to be easy to illustrate, but hard to explain. It is not quite clear whether the former part of this claim is as obvious as the latter one. I will not present any specific theory of causation. Our aim is much less ambitious; to investigate the formal counterparts of causal relations between events, i.e. to propose a formal framework which enables us to construct metamathematical counterparts of causal relations between singular events. This should be a good starting point to define formal counterparts for concepts like “causal law”, “causal explanation” and so on.
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    Decidability by filtrations for graded normal logics (graded modalities V) (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 61-73 
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    Notes: Abstract We prove decidability for all of the main graded normal logics, by a notion of filtration suitably conceived for this environment.
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    Second order propositional operators over cantor space (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 93-105 
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    Notes: Abstract We consider propositional operators defined by propositional quantification in intuitionistic logic. More specifically, we investigate the propositional operators of the formA* :p ↦ ∃q(p ≡A(q)) whereA(q) is one of the following formulae: (¬¬q →q) V ¬¬q, (¬¬q →q) → (¬¬q V ¬q), ((¬¬q →q) → (¬¬q V ¬q)) → ((¬¬q →q) V ¬¬q). The equivalence ofA*(p) to ¬¬p is proved over the standard topological interpretation of intuitionistic second order propositional logic over Cantor space. We relate topological interpretations of second order intuitionistic propositional logic over Cantor space with the interpretation of propositional quantifiers (as the strongest and weakest interpolant in Heyting calculus) suggested by A. Pitts. One of the merits of Pitts' interpretation is shown to be valid for the interpretation over Cantor space.
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    Decidability ofstit theory with a single agent andRefref Equivalence (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 259-298 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to prove the decidability ofstit theory (a logic of “seeing to it that”) with a single agent andRefref Equivalence. This result is obtained through an axiomatization of the theory and a proof that it has thefinite model property. A notion ofcompanions to stit formulas is introduced and extensively used in the proof.
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    Books received (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 579-600 
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    On P-compatible hybrid identities and hyperidentities (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 493-501 
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    Notes: Abstract P-compatible identities are built up from terms with a special structure. We investigate a variety defined by a set ofP-compatible hybrid identities and answer the question whether a variety defined by a set ofP-compatible hyperidentities can be solid.
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    Cut-free sequent calculi for some tense logics (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 119-135 
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce certain enhanced systems of sequent calculi for tense logics, and prove their completeness with respect to Kripke-type semantics.
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    Wajsberg algebras and post algebras (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 1-19 
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    Notes: Abstract We give a presentation of Post algebras of ordern+1 (n≥1) asn+1 bounded Wajsberg algebras with an additional constant, and we show that a Wajsberg algebra admits a P-algebra reduct if and only if it isn+1 bounded.
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    Criteria for admissibility of inference rules. Modal and intermediate logics with the branching property (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 203-225 
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    Notes: Abstract The main result of this paper is the following theorem: each modal logic extendingK4 having the branching property belowm and the effective m-drop point property is decidable with respect to admissibility. A similar result is obtained for intermediate intuitionistic logics with the branching property belowm and the strong effective m-drop point property. Thus, general algorithmic criteria which allow to recognize the admissibility of inference rules for modal and intermediate logics of the above kind are found. These criteria are applicable to most modal logics for which decidability with respect to admissibility is known and to many others, for instance, to the modal logicsK4,K4.1,K4.2,K4.3,S4.1,S4.2,GL.2; to all smallest and greatest counterparts of intermediate Gabbay-De-Jong logicsD n; to all intermediate Gabbay-De-Jong logicsD n; to all finitely axiomatizable modal and intermediate logics of finite depth etc. Semantic criteria for recognizing admissibility for these logics are offered as well.
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    Bibliography (1994)
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 365-407 
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Some thoughts on Akin's spiteful computer (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 75-80 
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    Keywords: Determinism ; free will ; virtual machines ; computational complexity
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    Notes: Abstract Akin's determinism paradox involves a physical system that predicts its own behavior, and then “spitefully” defies it. Here this paradox is reformulated in purely computational language, in terms of virtual machines. The paradox is related to the theory of self-reproducing automata; and a mathematical conjecture is given which, if verified, would resolve the paradox.
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    Neural constraints in cognitive science (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 129-162 
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    Keywords: Cognitive science ; neuroscience ; connectionism ; classical cognitivism ; multiply realizability ; systematic explanation ; levels
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    Notes: Abstract The paper is an examination of the ways and extent to which neuroscience places constraints on cognitive science. In Part I, I clarify the issue, as well as the notion of levels in cognitive inquiry. I then present and address, in Part II, two arguments designed to show that facts from neuroscience are at a level too low to constrain cognitive theory in any important sense. I argue, to the contrary, that there are several respects in which facts from neurophysiology will constrain cognitive theory. Part III then turns to an examination of Connectionism and Classical Cognitivism to determine which, if either, is in a better position to accomodate neural constraints in the ways suggested in Part II.
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    Belief representation in a deductivist type-free doxastic logic (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 163-203 
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    Keywords: Artificial agent ; belief ; doxastic logic ; intensional logic ; logical omniscience ; multiagent domain ; semantic representation ; type-free property theory
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    Notes: Abstract Konolige's technical notion of belief based on deduction structures is briefly reviewed and its usefulness for the design of artificial agents with limited representational and deductive capacities is pointed out. The design of artificial agents with more sophisticated representational and deductive capacities is then taken into account. Extended representational capacities require in the first place a solution to the intensional context problems. As an alternative to Konolige's modal first-order language, an approach based on type-free property theory is proposed. It considers often neglected issues, such as the need for a more general account of thede dicto-de re distinction, and quasi-indicators. Extended deductive capacities require a subdivision of Konolige's notion of belief into two distinct technical notions,potential anddispositional belief. The former has to do with what an artificial agent could in principle come to actively believe, given enough time and its specific logical competence; the latter with what an agent can be assumed to believe with respect to a specific goal to be fulfilled.
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    Book reviews (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 233-257 
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    Knowledge-based disambiguation for machine translation (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 39-57 
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    Keywords: Anaphora resolution ; description logics ; disambiguation ; machine translation
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    Notes: Abstract The resolution of ambiguities is one of the central problems for Machine Translation. In this paper we propose a knowledge-based approach to disambiguation which uses Description Logics (dl) as representation formalism. We present the process of anaphora resolution implemented in the Machine Translation systemfast and show how thedl systemback is used to support disambiguation. The disambiguation strategy uses factors representing syntactic, semantic, and conceptual constraints with different weights to choose the most adequate antecedent candidate. We show how these factors can be declaratively represented as defaults inback. Disambiguation is then achieved by determining the interpretation that yields a qualitatively minimal number of exceptions to the defaults, and can thus be formalized as exception minimization.
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    ‘KRISP’: A represnetation for the semantic interpretation of texts (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 59-73 
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    Keywords: Parsing ; knowledge representation ; semantic interpretation ; lambda calculus
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    Notes: Abstract KRISP is a representation system and set of interpretation protocols that is used in the Sparser natural language understanding system to embody the meaning of texts and their pragmatic contexts. It is based on a denotational notion of semantic interpretation, where the phrases of a text are directly projected onto a largely pre-existing set of individuals and categories in a model, rather than first going through a level of symbolic representation such as a logical form. It defines a small set of semantic object types, grounded in the lambda calculus, and it supports the principle of uniqueness and supplies first class objects to represent partially-saturated relationships. KRISP is being used to develop a core set of concepts for such things as names, amounts, time, and modality, which are part of a few larger models for domains including “Who's News” and joint ventures. It is targeted at the task of information extraction, emphasizing the need to relate entities mentioned in new texts to a large set of pre-defined entities and those read about in earlier articles or in the same article.
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    Discussion reviews (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 81-101 
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 103-128 
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    “X” meansX: Fodor/Warfield semantics (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 215-231 
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    Keywords: Meaning ; representation ; disjunction problem ; Twin-Earth ; Fodor ; asymmetric causal dependency ; actual ; naturalized semantics ; information
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    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper, we argued that Fodorian Semantics has serious difficulties. However, we suggested possible ways that one might attempt to fix this. Ted Warfield suggests that our arguments can be deflected and he does this by making the very moves that we suggested. In our current paper, we respond to Warfield's attempts to revise and defend Fodorian Semantics against our arguments that such a semantic theory is both too strong and too weak. To get around our objections, Warfield proposes a modified reading of one of Fodor's conditions and proposes adding a new condition to the theory. We show that neither the modified reading nor the additional condition saves the asymmetric causal dependency approach to naturalized semantics.
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    Thought and qualia (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 283-302 
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    Keywords: Consciousness ; qualia ; intentionality ; secondary properties ; functionalism ; physicalism ; propositional attitudes
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    Notes: Abstract I present a theory of the nature and basis of the conscious experience characteristic of occurent propositional attitudes: thinking this or that. As a preliminary I offer an extended criticism of Paul Schweizer's treatment of such consciousness as unexplained secondary qualities of neural events. I also attempt to rebut arguments against the possibility of functionalist accounts of conscious experience and qualia.
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    Symbols, neurons, soap-bubbles and the neural computation underlying cognition (1994)
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    Minds and machines 4 (1994), S. 439-449 
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    Keywords: Computation ; dynamics ; symbolic-dynamics ; cognition ; neural-networks
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    Notes: Abstract A wide range of systems appear to perform computation: what common features do they share? I consider three examples, a digital computer, a neural network and an analogue route finding system based on soap-bubbles. The common feature of these systems is that they have autonomous dynamics — their states will change over time without additional external influence. We can take advantage of these dynamics if we understand them well enough to map a problem we want to solve onto them. Programming consists of arranging the starting state of a system so that the effects of the system's dynamics on some of its variables corresponds to the effects of the equations which describe the problem to be solved on their variables. The measured dynamics of a system, and hence the computation it may be performing, depend on the variables of the system we choose to attend to. Although we cannot determine which are the appropriate variables to measure in a system whose computation basis is unknown to us I go on to discuss how grammatical classifications of computational tasks and symbolic machine reconstruction techniques may allow us to rule out some measurements of a system from contributing to computation of particular tasks. Finally I suggest that these arguments and techniques imply that symbolic descriptions of the computation underlying cognition should be stochastic and that symbols in these descriptions may not be atomic but may have contents in alternative descriptions.
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    What is the upper part of the lattice of bimodal logics? (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 235-241 
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    Notes: Abstract We define an embedding from the lattice of extensions ofT into the lattice of extensions of the bimodal logic with two monomodal operators □1 and □2, whose □2-fragment isS5 and □1-fragment is the logic of a two-element chain. This embedding reflects the fmp, decidability, completenes and compactness. It follows that the lattice of extension of a bimodal logic can be rather complicated even if the monomodal fragments of the logic belong to the upper part of the lattice of monomodal logics.
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    A uniform tableau method for intuitionistic modal logics I (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 29-60 
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    Notes: Abstract We present tableau systems and sequent calculi for the intuitionistic analoguesIK, ID, IT, IKB, IKDB, IB, IK4, IKD4, IS4, IKB4, IK5, IKD5, IK45, IKD45 andIS5 of the normal classical modal logics. We provide soundness and completeness theorems with respect to the models of intuitionistic logic enriched by a modal accessibility relation, as proposed by G. Fischer Servi. We then show the disjunction property forIK, ID, IT, IKB, IKDB, IB, IK4, IKD4, IS4, IKB4, IK5, IK45 andIS5. We also investigate the relationship of these logics with some other intuitionistic modal logics proposed in the literature.
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    The finite model property for BCK and BCIW (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 107-118 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper shows that both implicational logicsBCK andBCIW have the finite model property. The proof of the finite model property forBCIW, which is equal to the relevant logicR →, was originally given by the first author in his unpublished paper [6] in 1973. The finite model property forBCK can be obtained by modifying the proof of that forBCIW. Here, both of these proofs will be given in a unified form and the difference between them will be clarified. Further discussions will be given in the last section.
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    Axiomatization and completeness of uncountably valued approximation logic (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 137-160 
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    Notes: Abstract A first order uncountably valued logicL Q(0,1) for management of uncertainty is considered. It is obtained from approximation logicsL T of any poset type (T, ⩽) (see Rasiowa [17], [18], [19]) by assuming (T, ⩽)=(Q(0, 1), ⩽) — whereQ(0, 1) is the set of all rational numbersq such that 0〈q〈1 and ⩽ is the arithmetic ordering — by eliminating modal connectives and adopting a semantics based onLT-fuzzy sets (see Rasiowa and Cat Ho [20], [21]). LogicL Q(0,1) can be treated as an important case ofLT-fuzzy logics (introduced in Rasiowa and Cat Ho [21]) for (T, ⩽)=(Q(0, 1), ⩽), i.e. asLQ(0, 1)-fuzzy logic announced in [21] but first examined in this paper.L Q(0,1) deals with vague concepts represented by predicate formulas and applies approximate truth-values being certain subsets ofQ(0, 1). The set of all approximate truth-values consists of the empty set ø and all non-empty subsetss ofQ(0, 1) such that ifq∈s andq′⩽q, thenq′∈s. The setLQ(0, 1) of all approximate truth-values is uncountable and covers up to monomorphism the closed interval [0, 1] of the real line.LQ(0, 1) is a complete set lattice and therefore a pseudo-Boolean (Heyting) algebra. Equipped with some additional operations it is a basic plain semi-Post algebra of typeQ(0, 1) (see Rasiowa and Cat Ho [20]) and is taken as a truth-table forL Q(0,1) logic.L Q(0,1) can be considered as a modification of Zadeh's fuzzy logic (see Bellman and Zadeh [2] and Zadeh and Kacprzyk, eds. [29]). The aim of this paper is an axiomatization of logicL Q(0,1) and proofs of the completeness theorem and of the theorem on the existence ofLQ(0, 1)-models (i.e. models under the semantics introduced) for consistent theories based on any denumerable set of specific axioms. Proofs apply the theory of plain semi-Post algebras investigated in Cat Ho and Rasiowa [4].
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    Refutation systems in modal logic (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 299-324 
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    Notes: Abstract Complete deductive systems are constructed for the non-valid (refutable) formulae and sequents of some propositional modal logics. Thus, complete syntactic characterizations in the sense of Lukasiewicz are established for these logics and, in particular, purely syntactic decision procedures for them are obtained. The paper also contains some historical remarks and a general discussion on refutation systems.
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    Syntactic features and synonymy relations: a unified treatment of some proofs of the compactness and interpolation theorems (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 325-342 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces the notion of syntactic feature to provide a unified treatment of earlier model theoretic proofs of both the compactness and interpolation theorems for a variety of two valued logics including sentential logic, first order logic, and a family of modal sentential logic includingM,B,S 4 andS 5. The compactness papers focused on providing a proof of the consequence formulation which exhibited the appropriate finite subset. A unified presentation of these proofs is given by isolating their essential feature and presenting it as an abstract principle about syntactic features. The interpolation papers focused on exhibiting the interpolant. A unified presentation of these proofs is given by isolating their essential feature and presenting it as a second abstract principle about syntactic features. This second principle reduces the problem of exhibiting the interpolant to that of establishing the existence of a family of syntactic features satisfying certain conditions. The existence of such features is established for a variety of logics (including those mentioned above) by purely combinatorial arguments.
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    Syntactical investigations intoBI logic andBB′I logic (1994)
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    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 397-416 
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    Notes: Abstract In this note, we will study four implicational logicsB, BI, BB′ and BB′I. In [5], Martin and Meyer proved that a formula α is provable inBB′ if and only if α is provable inBB′I and α is not of the form of β » β. Though it gave a positive solution to theP - W problem, their method was semantical and not easy to grasp. We shall give a syntactical proof of the syntactical relation betweenBB′ andBB′I logics. It also includes a syntactical proof of Powers and Dwyer's theorem that is proved semantically in [5]. Moreover, we shall establish the same relation betweenB andBI logics asBB′ andBB′I logics. This relation seems to say thatB logic is meaningful, and so we think thatB logic is the weakest among meaningful logics. Therefore, by Theorem 1.1, our Gentzentype system forBI logic may be regarded as the most basic among all meaningful logics. It should be mentioned here that the first syntactical proof ofP - W problem is given by Misao Nagayama [6].
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  • 95
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    Cut-free sequent and tableau systems for propositional Diodorean modal logics (1994)
    Springer
    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 433-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We present sound, (weakly) complete and cut-free tableau systems for the propositional normal modal logicsS4.3, S4.3.1 andS4.14. When the modality □ is given a temporal interpretation, these logics respectively model time as a linear dense sequence of points; as a linear discrete sequence of points; and as a branching tree where each branch is a linear discrete sequence of points. Although cut-free, the last two systems do not possess the subformula property. But for any given finite set of formulaeX the “superformulae” involved are always bounded by a finite set of formulaeX* L depending only onX and the logicL. Thus each system gives a nondeterministic decision procedure for the logic in question. The completeness proofs yield deterministic decision procedures for each logic because each proof is constructive. Each tableau system has a cut-free sequent analogue proving that Gentzen's cut-elimination theorem holds for these latter systems. The techniques are due to Hintikka and Rautenberg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01057938
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  • 96
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    Schrödinger logics (1994)
    Springer
    Studia logica 53 (1994), S. 533-550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Schrödinger logics are logical systems in which the principle of identity is not true in general. The intuitive motivation for these logics is both Erwin Schrödinger's thesis (which has been advanced by other authors) that identity lacks sense for elementary particles of modern physics, and the way which physicists deal with this concept; normally, they understandidentity as meaningindistinguishability (agreemment with respect to attributes). Observing that these concepts are equivalent in classical logic and mathematics, which underly the usual physical theories, we present a higher-order logical system in which these concepts are systematically separated. A ‘classical’ semantics for the system is presented and some philosophical related questions are mentioned. One of the main characteristics of our system is that Leibniz' Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles cannot be derived. This fact is in accordance with some authors who maintain that quantum mechanics violates this principle. Furthermore, our system may be viewed as a way of making sense some of Schrödinger's logical intuitions about the nature of elementary particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01057649
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  • 97
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    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 409-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00763830
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  • 98
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    Bemerkungen zur Interpretation, Bestätigung und Progressivität der frühen Matrizenmechanik (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Matrizenmechanik ; Bothe-Geiger-Experiment ; Born ; Jordan ; Heisenberg
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Remarks on Interpretation, Confirmation and Progressiveness of Early Matrix Mechanics. Our note discusses a case study in view of questions of theory-choice. We examine the extent to which the first ‘complete, consistent exposition’ of matrix mechanics in 1925 can be claimed to be reasonably confirmed, well interpreted and fruitful. Various strategies, by means of deductions and otherwise, by Born, Jordan and Heisenberg to establish these claims are critically assessed. It is shown that the outcome of the Bothe-Geiger experiment does not represent a ‘direct’ confirmation of the theory. Finally we pose the question of progressiveness and argue for a low over-all ‘problem-solving effectiveness’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769274
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  • 99
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    The problem of the justification of a theory of knowledge (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 17-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Indirect Solution ; Justification ; Meta-epistemological ; Petitio Principii ; Theoretical Level ; Transcendental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The article analyses the meta-epistemological problem of the justification of a theory of knowledge. The first section is dedicated to the morphological reconstruction of the problem, the second presents a diagnosis of the problem in terms of a metatheoretical and logically non-contradictorypetitio principii and the third delineates the limits within which strategies for the treatment of the problem could be elaborated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769275
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  • 100
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    Protochemie (1994)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 25 (1994), S. 71-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: philosophy of science ; chemistry ; protochemistry ; constructivism ; methodical philosophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Protochmeistry. The Program of a Methodical Foundation of Chemistry. “Protochemistry” — in analogy to protophysics — is sketched as the program of a methodical foundation of chemistry. “Foundation” means to reconstruct the methods (both linguistic and poietic) which lead from the prescientific every-day-practice of mastering properties of substances to scientific theories of modern chemistry. Four types of chemical terms are distinguished, depending on different methods of definition and different areas of reference. Consequences of the program if realized are pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00769277
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