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  • Articles  (27)
  • Emerald  (27)
  • 1990-1994  (27)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (27)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-32 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at modern electrochemical gas sensors: they way they workand the range of gases they can detect. The largest application area is inportable gas detection equipment where the emphasis is on small size and lowpower demands. These sensors are also used for emissions monitoring,specifically from combustion sources. Concludes that portable multigasdetectors will continue to get smaller with a consequent reduction in size ofsensors and that a wider range of gas sensors will be available with advancesin electrochemistry.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-26 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at work carried out by The Centre for Manufacturing Metrology atBrunel University into developing new probes for high precision dimensionalmeasurement. Describes the conventional "touch-trigger" probe and theerrors in its performance. Also describes three prototype probes all based onfibre optic principles: a two dimensional Triggering Probe; a threedimensional Analogue Probe and a non-contact probe. Concludes that the2-D triggering probe is a simple construction but limited to2-D operation; the analogue 3-D is smaller in comparison withexisting types, comparable in accuracy and cheaper to manufacture, and thenon-contact probe has potential for future development with some formof "intelligent" data processing.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at the development of a new ultrasonic meter for the gas supplyindustry and explaining the transit time measurement principle on which itworks and the performance characteristics of the new meter. Concludes thatthe ultrasound gas meter could also have medical applications includinganaesthetics and hospital ward monitoring. There have been limited productionruns of the new gas meter and extensive trials are taking place in severalcountries.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 10-15 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An overview of radio telemetry, concentrating on low power,short-range systems which can be operated without equipment licences.Describes transmission mechanisms, aerials and the two main types of analoguemodulation: amplitude modulation [AM] and frequency modulation [FM].Outlines the developments in radio data links and modulation schemes, thebenefits of networks and the various methods of encoding data. Concludes thatone of the biggest problems in radio telemetry is the different regulationsacross Europe making it virtually impossible to design a transmitter that isacceptable in more than one country. However, in Europe the situation isslowly changing, with new common standards for defining, evaluating andtesting equipment coming into effect.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-24 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Looks at radio frequency design relating to the expanding field of datatransmission with the arrival of purpose-made modules, particularly at418MHz. Describes the three main types of antennae to be considered at 418MHz, the vertical whip, the tuned loop and the helical. Discusses theparameters that are applied to systems of speed, distance, batteryconstraints, size, location of equipment and limited frequency allocation.Uses the example of a low power battery operated alarm system required toprovide security at a stables to show how various design problems can beovercome.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 25-26 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the basic principles of radio remote control, dealingspecifically with safety aspects, transmitters, receivers, transmittedtelegrams, the Hamming code to indicate the origination of errors, andemergency stop circuits. Concludes with the specification for DTI approval inthe UK and a list of typical applications for remote control systemsincluding cranes, ship unloaders, conveyors and ventilation fans.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 30-30 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the increasing need for simple and efficient antennas andlooks at the performance of quarter wavelength and helical antennas.Concludes the optimum performances from both antennas are ruled by the choiceof a suitable ground plane. The helical antenna is capable of producing acircularly polarized field, whereas the quarter wavelength antenna producesonly linearly polarized fields. Both types exhibit low efficiency, with thehelical antenna being less efficient owing to its short structure.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the growth of a new technology called fuzzy logic and itssignificance for microcontroller-based embedded control solutions.Outlines the reasons for the emergence of fuzzy logic and explains themathematic principles behind fuzzy set theory. Using the example of an oventemperature control system, describes how fuzzy logic is applied to thepractical solution of a control problem rather than a conventional solution.Concludes that fuzzy logic has been used primarily in embedded controlapplication as a software-based methodology in closed-loopcontrol systems whilst a dedicated fuzzy hardware processor would optimallybe based on a parallel architecture, allowing the entire rule base to beevaluated in a parallel fashion.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the background to neural computing and the learning abilitiesof neural networks. Describes the design and operation of the NeuralInstruction Set Processor [NiSP], the world's first dedicated neural computeron a single chip. The key task performed by the NiSP, which forms the basisof most of the current applications of neural computers, is recognisingpatterns. This makes it deal for applications such as speech, vision andhandwriting recognition, biosensing to detecting intruders, and explosive anddrug identification. Ends with an example of the use of NiSP in theproduction of an intelligent vehicle sensor unit to help create a moreeffective traffic control system.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the "Supertag" automatic identification system which is aninnovative electronic replacement for barcodes and which can also function asan anti shoplifting device. Each Supertag is a single integrated circuit chipplus a printed flat aerial. Using radio links, Supertag readers are capableof multiple identification and counting at electronic speed. Outlines thetechnical developments which brought about "electronic counting" and comparesthem with conventional RFID systems. Describes the potential used forSupertag including its ability to "read" the entire contents of a supermarkettrolley in a second, making it very attractive for use in the retailindustry.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 16-19 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A report from a seminar on advanced sensing held on 9th November 1993 aspart of the DTI Advanced Sensors Technology Programme [ASTTP]. The firstsubject covered was multiplexing for control systems and looked at thepresent diversity of bus systems supporting field devices from the viewpointof sensor manufacturers, users and researchers. Another presentation relatingto multiplexing of sensors, looked at a project for water qualitymeasurement. The second topic was sensing in relation tonon-destructive testing, dealing mainly with new market opportunitiesin the food industry, the aircraft industry and civil engineering.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Reports on the research and development work carried out at CentralResearch Laboratories Ltd [CRL], concentrating on their physical and chemicalsensing techniques and the manufacture of sensors based on silicon fieldeffect transistors [FETs]. Describes the use of FETs in ion sensitive fieldeffect transistors and gives their advantages over conventional ion selectiveelectrodes, suggesting possible application areas might be in clinical bloodanalysis, soil sampling and water testing. Also looks at the use of FETs ingas sensitive field effect transistors, which have been used in chicken houseatmosphere monitoring and for detecting hydrogen induced cracking in oil andgas pipelines. CRL has also been involved in the development of low costelectro-chemical gas cells by new manufacturing techniques. Concludeswith the range of sensor technologies that CRL has expertise in.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes how radio telemetry can interface with process control systemssuch as supervisory control and data acquisition [SCADA] and distributedcontrol systems [DCS] greatly increasing their power and efficiency. Outlinesthe basis of radio telemetry, the behaviour of electromagnetic waves,frequency and wavelengths. Uses the water industry as an example of the useof a large scale and sophisticated SCADA system to provide date collectionand control links over a large area. Concludes that the versatility of radiotelemetry coupled with its cost-effectiveness means that thistechnology can help to expand and improve communications in an increasingnumber of industries.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines a successful method which has been developed for integratingneural nets and fuzzy logic. Outlines the background of fuzzy logic andneural net design techniques, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses.Describes the importance of the error back propagation algorithm in neuralnet applications and how the difficulties of applying it to a fuzzy logicsystem were overcome in the NueuroFuzzy Module by using an extended fuzzylogic inference method that employs so-called fuzzy associative memories[FAMs]. Describes the development steps of NeuroFuzzy systems and gives anexample application of such a system to reduce water and energy consumptionof washing machines. Concludes with other applications for NeuroFuzzysystems, including the optimization of a biological fermentation process andspeaker-independent speech recognition.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 18-19 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the development of a laser-based system for detectingthe presence or absence of threads on turned components used in theautomotive industry. Describes how a laser inspection station would be set upto take readings from the laser detector as the component cuts a "partpresent" photoswitch. Explains how all the systems' parameters areprogrammable by the user through a hand-held terminal and describestwo typical applications: one to detect the presence of an externalthread on an engine plug and the other to check an internal thread on analuminium insert for a fuel injection system. Outlines the properties oflaser light that makes it preferable for use over camera-basedinspection systems and lists some applications suitable for laser basedsystems such as checking for component features such as threads, holes,grooves and tabs.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes the basic optical concepts of infrared gas detection inrelation to industrial applications and considers the electro opticcomponents at the heart of the analyzers, the infrared detectors themselves.Discusses the choice of detectors for a given application and looks at thepros and cons of thermal detectors and quantum detectors. Notes the possibleneed to cool quantum detectors to improve their signal to noise andresponsivity characteristics. Concludes with the possibility for customconfigurations and lists the various application of infrared gas detectionincluding uses in the transport industry, petrochemical industry andhospitals.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 26-28 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Examines the problems of applying fuzzy logic to control applicationswhere each application is different from the previous one and looks at thedevelopment of a unique system of fuzzy logic based on an existing softwarepackage. The system comes in two alternative forms; the first is a fullyconfigurable fuzzy set for the OEM designer which, for example, could be usedto control the temperature of a large oven and the second reduces the fuzzyfunction down to the most basic level where no process knowledge is required.Describes the tests carried out in order to determine the linguisticvariables which apply to general control applications. Concludes that fuzzylogic begins to take effect in those situation to which normal controlalgorithms PD, PID functions have difficulty adjusting.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 29-32 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines a project undertaken by the Defence Research Agency [DRA] toproduce a "gas cloud imaging" system based on optical transform imagemodulation [OTIM]. Describes the military origins of the OTIM technology andthe OTIM Remote Gas Detection Technique, including the temporal coherencemeasurement used in the gas detector. Lists the capabilities and key featuresof OTIM and explains that the exploitation of the technology for civilapplications has been targeted at industrial plant safety and environmentalmonitoring. Concludes with an outline project plan for developing the OTIMgas cloud-imaging system.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Summarizes some of the most commonly used gas sensors and describes howeach one works. Covers solid state gas sensors; aqueous electrochemicalgas sensors; paramagnetic gas sensors, photometric gas sensors;thermal conductivity gas sensors and fibre-optic gassensors.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 13-19 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes research into methods for treating solid state gas sensors tocreate a multisensor system with both multi-gas analysis andself-diagnostic capabilities. Outlines the three main categories ofsolid state gas sensors and then discusses the need for a systematic approachto semiconductor sensor design and the phenomenology of new sensor materials.Concludes that theoretically a self-diagnostic sensor array device canbe conceived for utilisation in gas sensing.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 20-23 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the characteristics and applications of the stannic oxidesensor. Describes the manufacturing process and properties of stannic oxideand concludes that with modern development in tin dioxide-basedsensors their application is set to expand from their present role indomestic, commercial and industrial alarms to monitoring instruments aswell.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 27-29 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A review of integrated optical circuit technologies [OIC] and theirrelevance to potential OIC sensor application. Describes the manufacture ofOICs and the varied range of material technologies used. Active SiliconIntegrated Optical Circuits have been developed which may have applicationsfor many optical sensor and fibre optic sensor systems. Concludes howeverthat silicon integrated optics will not enjoy large-scale successuntil their manufacturing costs have been dramatically reduced.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 19-23 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Analyses the effects of temperature on the behaviour of ultrasonicsensors applied to object recognition. Describes the measurement systememployed, the environmental considerations of ultrasonic sensors and looks atthe most commonly used parameters to analyse the echo form in the recognitionprocess. Evaluates the performance of the parametric model of the ultrasonicecho signal with a comparative study of different ultrasonictransducers.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 24-27 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the use of sensors employed in plant research for measuringvarious biophysical activities, in particular photosynthesis. Describes howan infrared gas analyzer [IRGA] takes photosynthesis measurements and looksat the advances made in these gas analyzers. Continues with an examination ofother sensors used in photosynthesis research and measurement techniques usedfor other plant science research such as plant stress. Concludes with recenttrends and applications in plant science research and lists some areas ofresearch applications including studies of climatic change, pests anddiseases and plant breeding.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 32-33 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a semi-automated electronic board assembly station withcut-and-clinch technology. Examines the system's optical correction facility which can correct for component hole registration variations and can also be used for the verification of new assembly programmes and the removal of digitizing errors. Concludes that the system provides manufacturers with highly flexible automation for assembling PCBs, with a consistent and repeatable performance.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 28-31 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Outlines the development of an electronic nose for general applicationand examines it's three major parts: a sensor array, a means of converting the sensor outputs into suitable signals for analysis, and a software analysis tool. Describes the sensor array, electronics and overall system design, the conducting polymer sensors and the computer hardware and software. Discusses the analysis techniques and results of tests carried out on various gases, vapours and liquids. Concludes that although much further work is required into sensors and analysis techniques it is anticipated that a growing number of companies will become interested in developing these systems.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bradford : Emerald
    Sensor review 14 (1994), S. 15-16 
    ISSN: 0260-2288
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Describes a biometric security system, the EyeDentify retinal scanner,which works by mapping the vascular pattern on the retinal portion of theeyeball, using a specially designed camera. Outlines the three modes of theretinal scanner: enrolment, verification and recognition and theuniqueness and stability of retinal identification. Concludes that owing tothe unmatched accuracy and ability to run in a time "recognition" mode, retinal scanners are utilized in the world's most secure areas.
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