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  • Articles  (30)
  • Triticum aestivum
  • fish
  • Springer  (30)
  • 1995-1999  (30)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (29)
  • Physics  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between afforestation, water chemistry and fish stocks in an upland catchment in south west Scotland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; fish ; forestry ; water-chemistry ; management ; calcium ; aluminium ; TOC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soils and waters in the Galloway hills of south-west Scotland have undergone considerable acidification during the present century. The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which afforestation can influence water chemistry, and the occurrence of fish stocks within an individual catchment in this area. Studies were carried out at 45 sites in the Bladnoch catchment during 1994. River water samples were collected at all sites and determinations made of pH, total organic carbon, calcium and monomeric aluminium concentrations. In order to quantify the size and abundance of fish populations, electrofishing was carried out at 21 of the sites. Estimates of afforestation were made by a combination of field surveys and the use of 1∶:10 000 scale ordnance survey maps. The presence of coniferous trees had a substantial affect on water chemistry. In areas where the whole catchment was afforested, the water pH was 0.7 units lower than in unafforested areas (p〈0.001). Afforestation was also correlated with low concentrations of calcium, and increases in the concentrations of monomeric aluminium and total organic carbon. There was a clear relationship between fish populations and water chemistry. Numbers of trout were positively correlated with pH (r 2=0.69; p〈0.001), and with concentrations of calcium (r 2=0.55; p〈0.001). The study has shown that salmonid fish populations are sensitive to acidity and the associated changes in river water chemistry; these problems were exacerbated by afforestation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476846
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can sodium regulation be used to predict the relative acid-sensitivity of various life-stages and different species of aquatic fauna? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 865-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Na+ flux ; Cl− regulation ; chloride cells ; anal papillae ; acid-sensitivity ; crustaceans ; insect larvae ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fishes, Zooplankton, insect larvae, and benthic invertebrates differ in their sensitivity to acidic waters. Some species are able to survive and complete their life-cycle below pH 3.5 while others are eliminated once the pH drops below 5.5. Generally, acid-sensitive fauna are highly water permeable and have difficulty regulating osmotically essential ions, such as sodium and chloride, at low pH. Increased permeability during certain stages of a life-cycle (post-molt crayfish, for example) are often associated with increased acid-sensitivity. Special adaptations, including enlarged anal papillae in Chironomids and the number and morphology of chloride cells in such diverse organisms as crustaceans, insect larvae, and fishes, may enhance acid-tolerance. To test the hypothesis that Na+ regulation can be used to predict relative acid-sensitivity of aquatic fauna we will need a mechanism for standardizing Na+ regulatory capability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476938
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lake and watershed neutralization strategies (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 889-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid neutralizing capacity ; calcite ; fish ; liming ; mitigation ; ecosystems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Experimental Watershed Liming Study (EWLS) evaluated the application of CaCO3, to a forested watershed to mitigate the acidification of surface water. During October 1989, 6.9 Mg CaCC3/ha was applied by helicopter to two subcatchments of about 50% (102.5 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed area. The EWLS team investigated the response to treatment of soils (chemistry and microbial processes), vegetation, wetland, stream and lake waters, and phytoplankton and fish, and applied the Integrated Lake Watershed Acidification (ILWAS) model in predicting a watershed treatment duration of up to 50 years. Observations showed a gradual change in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and Ca2+ in the water column; direct lake additions of CaCO3 (three different times) were characterized by abrupt changes following base addition and subsequent rapid reacidification. Moreover, the watershed treatment eliminated the snowmelt acidification of the near-shore region of the lake observed during direct lake treatments. Positive ANC water in the tributary and near-shore area improved conditions for fish reproduction and for a viable fish population. Budgets for 12-month periods before and after the watershed treatment showed that the lake shifted from a source of ANC to a sink due to retention of elevated inputs of Ca2+ from the watershed CaCO3 application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476942
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perch mercury content is related to acidity and color of 26 Russian lakes (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476931
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of zooplankton, benthos, and fish to acidification: An overview (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 51-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; invertebrates ; osmoregulation ; ionoregulation ; aluminum ; calcium ; organic acids ; low pH ; acid lakes ; refugia ; mixing zones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview of the response to acidification of aquatic fauna with special emphasis on Zooplankton, benthos, and fishes. Changes in behavior, body chemistry, reproduction, and species diversity are presented based on laboratory experiments and field studies in both Europe and North America. Differences in species sensitivity are discussed as they relate, not only to acidification but also to low calcium concentrations in the water, elevated aluminum concentrations, and presence of naturally occurring organic acids. The mechanisms—behavioral, physiological and ecological—enabling aquatic fauna to survive in acidified waters are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483688
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The decline of fauna in small streams in the Swedish mountain range (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 419-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; acid episodes ; critical load ; mountain ; streams ; benthic fauna ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Investigations in the southern part of the Scandinavian mountain range have shown a direct correlation between snowpack pH and the lowest pH in small streams. In streams with catchments 〈100 km2 a snowpack pH below 4.8 resulted in a stream pH below 5.5. As the snowpack pH in the southern mountain range is 4.0–4.6, lower values to the south and at high altitudes, large areas are affected by acid deposition. The acidity of the snowpack is released almost directly into the streams during thaw, due to the large snowpack, rapid thaw, steep terrain and thin soils. The acidification of the snow has lead to an extensive fauna depletion, especially in smaller streams without upstream lakes. The abundance of benthos in acidified streams in the municipality of Härjedalen (11.000 km2) is today only one tenth of the abundance before acidification. Fish populations have declined to the same extent, and several acid-sensitive species have been lost. It is concluded that mountain streams and fauna are extremely sensitive to acidification, and that even large reductions of emissions will be insufficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476865
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical loads of acidity for surface waters (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2419-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; acidity ; water acidification ; soil acidification ; fish ; empirical models ; sulphur deposition ; acid episodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical load of acidity for surface waters is based on the concept that the inputs of acids to a catchment do not exceed the weathering less a given amount of ANC. The Steady State Water Chemistry (SSWC) Method is used to calculate critical loads, using present water chemistry. To ensure no damage to biological indicators such as fish species a value for ANClimit of 20 μeq/l has been used to date for calculating critical loads. The SSWC-method is sensitive to the choice of the ANClimit. In areas with little acid deposition the probability of acid episodes leading to fish kills is small even if the ANClimit is set to zero, while in areas with high acidic deposition fish kills may occur at this value. Thus, the ANClimit can be a function of the acidifying deposition to the lake, nearing zero at low deposition and increasing to higher values at higher deposition. A formulation for such an ANClimit has been worked out, and we have tested the effect of the ANClimit as a linear function of the deposition, assuming ANClimit = 0 at zero deposition with a linear increase to 50 ueq/l at a deposition of 200 meq.m−2.yr−1. For areas with high deposition the effect of a variable ANClimit is small, while in areas with low deposition the effect is significant. For Norway the exceeded area decreases from 36 to 30% using a variable ANClimit instead of a fixed value of 20 μeq/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186196
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ozone effects on dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence during plant development of wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1461-1466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ozone ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; growth ; senescence ; biomass partitioning ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In closed-chamber fumigation experiments dry matter partitioning and chlorophyll fluorescence of wheat were studied, analysing the effects of ozone during different stages of plant development. Ozone causes enhanced leaf senescence, leading to a loss of green leaf area and, consequently to a decreased supply of assimilates, affecting (in increasing order of severeness) stem, ear and grain productivity because of reduced storage pools for translocation. Leaves of plants before shooting stage were most sensitive but the lack of green leaf area after ear emergence had the most pronounced effects on grain yield. Measurements of photochemical capacity showed that evidence for negative ozone effects could be found in changes of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in leaf sections not yet showing visible ozone injury. Negative effects on photosynthesis were more distinct with increasing accumulated ozone dose, with increasing age of leaf tissue and with increasing ozone sensitivity of the cultivar. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence are most likely to be explained by a decreased pool size of plastoquinones caused by ozone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477187
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes in levels of heavy metals in tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata collected from Iskenderun Gulf (Turkey) (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 557-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metal ; accumulation ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of cadmium, copper, zinc, lead and iron were determined seasonally in the liver, spleen, kidney, gill and muscle tissues of Mullus barbatus and Sparus aurata from the Iskenderun Gulf, East Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Wet digested tissues were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Metal levels were higher in liver, spleen and kidney compared with the gill and muscle tissues in both species; the levels of all metals in a given tissue were always higher in Mullus barbatus than in Sparus aurata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282669
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WHOLE-CATCHMENT LIMING AT TJØNNSTROND, NORWAY: AN 11-YEAR RECORD (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200 μeq/L, ANC increased from –30 to +70 μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3 μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026442821924
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and functional impairment of the hypothalamo- pituitary-interrenal axis in fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in the St Maurice River, Quebec (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: cortisol ; BKME ; fish ; interrenal ; pituitary ; morphol ogy ; acute stress ; endocrine dysfunction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on blood cortisol levels and the morphology of the pituitary-interrenal axis were investigated in two species of teleost fish, the northern pike, Esox lucius, and the yellow perch, Perca flavescens, sampled upstream and downstream from a pulp and paper mill on the St Maurice River, Quebec. Fish were acutely stressed by a standardized capture and sampling protocol at both sites, and their ability to elevate blood cortisol levels in response to the capture stress was compared. Blood cortisol levels in fish from the upstream site (〉100 ng/ml plasma) were higher than the levels in fish from the BKME site, and the pituitary corticotropes and the interrenal steroidogenic cells of the upstream fish were larger and had larger nuclei compared with cells from the downstream fish. The low blood cortisol levels in fish exposed to BKME were correlated to cellular atrophy within the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. The reduced ability to elevate blood cortisol in response to an acute stress may be an endocrine dysfunction occuring in fish chronically exposed to chemical stressors in their environment
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018699405158
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozymes Reflect the Population-Level Effect of Mercury: Simulations of the Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki Girard) GPI-2 Response (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014352226686
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow Cytometric Analysis of Erythrocyte and Leukocyte DNA in Fish from Chernobyl-Contaminated ponds in the Ukraine (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: genotoxicity ; Chernobyl ; fish ; flow cytometry ; coefficient of variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Flow cytometric (FCM) analysis was used to assess the potential impact of chronic radionuclide exposure in fish populations inhabiting contaminated sites in the vicinity of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Four species of fish, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tench (Tinca tinca), were collected within a 10 km radius of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and compared with 'control' populations from two uncontaminated locations far removed from the plant. Assays of whole blood, as well as separate erythrocyte and leukocyte components, revealed aneuploid-like patterns in the DNA histograms of some fish, as well as widened G0/G1 peaks. None of the fish collected from the uncontaminated sites demonstrated these kinds of changes in their DNA histograms. Increases in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G0/G1 peak, indicating abnormal DNA distributions, were observed in several of the fish from Chernobyl relative to the control populations. Cell cycle perturbation in fish from the contaminated sites was also detected, with a higher percentage of cells in G2/M phase relative to the controls. Leukocytes proved more sensitive than erythrocytes, as they displayed a larger number of abnormal DNA histograms. Variations in the cellular DNA content similar to those reported here have been shown for other vertebrate species exposed to radiation and other genotoxic agents in laboratory and field settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008986727743
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  • 14
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    Influence of Taxonomy, Ecology, and Seasonality in River Stage on Fish Contamination Risks in Floodplain Swamps of the Lower Mississippi River (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 325-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: contamination risks ; fish ; Mississippi River ; ecological factors ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We compared contamination levels in fish from contaminated and uncontaminated floodplain swamps of the lower Mississippi River to assess differences in contamination risks between swamps, across different taxonomic and ecological groupings of fishes within and between swamps, and with seasonality in river stage. Fish tissue levels of inorganic contaminants were substantially lower than environmental levels in both swamps, suggesting either that fish were not uptaking these contaminants, or they were effectively eliminating the contaminants from their bodies. Tissue levels of organic contaminants were high relative to environmental levels, suggesting that these contaminants were bioaccumulating. Organic contaminants were significantly higher in fish from the contaminated swamp (Devil's Swamp) than in fish from a reference swamp up river (Tunica Swamp). Because the organic contaminants were largely confined to sediments, we expected bottom-oriented fishes to have higher concentrations than pelagic fishes. Assuming that uptake was primarily through the food chain, we expected top predators to exhibit higher concentrations than low-level consumers. We also expected year- round swamp residents to exhibit higher accumulations than more transitory users of backswamp habitat. However, organic contaminant levels did not differ in the directions expected for any of these groupings. We did observe differences in organic contaminant levels within and between swamps for different taxonomic groupings of fishes (species and genera). Some taxa occupying low to middle positions in the food web (e.g., gizzard shad, Lepomis spp.) exhibited higher concentrations than taxa near the top of the food web. Within Devil's Swamp, organic contaminant levels were significantly higher at low river stage, when fish were confined to the swamp, than at high river stage, when fish were free to move between the river and the swamp. We caught more species and more fish per unit effort in Devil's Swamp than in Tunica Swamp, contrary to expectations if contaminants in the former were negatively impacting population and community structure. Species richness differences between swamps were a consequence of catch differences, with higher catch corresponding to inclusion of more rare species. The lower catch in Tunica Swamp may have resulted from physical modifications of its waterways to support agriculture and hunting. The results of this study underscore the importance in factoring information on the taxonomy and ecology of organisms, and seasonal changes in environmental conditions, into assessments of contamination risks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008811713427
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Uptake of Copper by Neon Tetras (Paracheirodon innesi) in the Presence and Absence of Particulate and Humic Matter (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; speciation ; copper ; bioavailability ; bioaccumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Neon tetras Paracheirodon innesi were exposed to various species of copper during exposures to evaluate the bioavailability of free copper (0 to 2 mg/l), copper apparently complexed to humic substances (0 to 160 mg/l), and copper adsorbed on kaolin clays (0 to 182 mg/l). The results of the experiments demonstrated that free copper is the most bioavailable form. Both humic substances and kaolin clay particulates reduced copper bioavailability to the fish. However, fish accumulated a fraction of copper complexed to humic substances and part of copper adsorbed on kaolin clays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008977131711
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  • 16
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    A Connectionist Model of Left-Right Sound Discrimination by the Mauthner System (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 6 (1999), S. 121-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Keywords: Mauthner ; escape ; artificial neural networks ; connectionism ; acoustic ; localization ; auditory ; fish ; goldfish ; XNOR model ; phase model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Artificial neural networks were used to explore the auditory function of the Mauthner system, the brainstem circuit in teleost fishes that initiates fast-start escape responses. The artificial neural networks were trained with backpropagation to assign connectivity and receptive fields in an architecture consistent with the known anatomy of the Mauthner system. Our first goal was to develop neurally specific hypotheses for how the Mauthner system discriminates right from left in the onset of a sound. Our model was consistent with the phase model for directional hearing underwater, the prevalent theory for sound source localization by fishes. Our second goal was to demonstrate how the neural mechanisms that permit sound localization according to the phase model can coexist with the mechanisms that permit the Mauthner system to discriminate between stimuli based on amplitude. Our results indicate possible computational roles for elements of the Mauthner system, which has provided us a theoretical context within which to consider past and future experiments on the cellular physiology. Thus, these findings demonstrate the potential significance of this approach in generating experimentally testable hypotheses for small systems of identified cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008828501676
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Responses of fish exposed to a C9--11 linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic surfactant in stream mesocosms (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; Pimephales promelas ; Lepomis macrochirus ; surfactant ; stream mesocosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) responses to a nonionic linear alcohol ethoxylate (LAE) surfactant were examined in 10-day laboratory and 30-day outdoor stream mesocosm experiments. Larval fathead minnow survival was determined in a 10-day laboratory study with nominal concentrations of 0, 1.0, 3.0, 7.0, 13.0 and 25.0 mg LAE l−1. Bluegill sunfish survival and growth and fathead minnow survival, reproduction and behaviour were evaluated in replicated stream mesocosms with mean measured concentrations of 0, 0.73, 2.04, 4.35, 5.7 and 11.24 mg LAE l−1. The 10-day laboratory No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) for larval fathead minnow survival was 1.0 mg l−1. The 30-day stream NOEC for bluegill sunfish survival and growth was 5.7 mg l−1. In the stream mesocosms, NOECs for adult fathead minnow survival, reproduction and behaviour were 2.04 mg l−1, 0.73 mg l−1 and 0.73 mg l−1, respectively. Surviving fathead minnows that had ceased reproduction following exposure to LAE in the streams re-established normal reproduction during a post- treatment observation period in the laboratory. Laboratory studies in conjunction with the stream mesocosm study yielded complementary results which provided a detailed assessment of threshold responses of fish to LAE
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018643214727
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  • 18
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    Contamination Near Chernobyl: radiocaesium, Lead and Mercury in Fish and Sediment Radiocaesium from Waters Within the 10 km Zone (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: radiocaesium ; mercury ; lead ; fish ; Chernobyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of fish and sediments collected from waters within 10 km of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were analysed for radiocaesium and other atmospherically transported pollutants (lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)) were measured in fish tissues. For comparison, fish muscle was also sampled from a less-contaminated area of the Kiev Reservoir and from a hatchery in Kiev. In sediments, 137Cs was the major gamma-emitting isotope, with concentrations of over 100 Bq g−1 in canals adjacent to the reactor and in ponds that were downwind during the accident. The radiocaesium distributions appeared non-normal, were very patchy and could vary by over 100% in samples collected metres to tens of metres apart. Fish muscle radiocaesium from ponds within 10 km of the power plant was in the range of 6–192 Bq g−1. The fish muscle radiocaesium concentrations were highest in ponds from the downwind sites and were correlated with the sediment radiocaesium concentrations. The lead and mercury concentrations in fish were relatively low (medians 〈0.8 μg Hg per g dry mass and 〈150 ng Pb per g dry mass), suggesting little contamination from lead applied to the burning reactor after the accident. The radiocaesium levels in fish in areas close to the reactor continue to be high enough to cause health concerns to humans that might utilize these resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934710904
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    The Bioaccumulation of Mercury in Aquatic Organisms from Two Similar Lakes with Differing pH (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; fish ; acidification ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two small drainage lakes of similar surface area (0.4–0.6 km 2 ) and depth, and situated in close proximity to one another (about 9 km apart) in the Muskoka-Haliburton district of rural Ontario, Canada were chosen to investigate the effects of differing pH on Hg accumulation in fish and other biota. Blue Chalk Lake is circumneutral (pH = 6.3–6.9) with an average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of 2.69 mg/L; Plastic Lake is acidic (pH = 5.2–5.6) with a similar DOC level (2.72 mg/L). Neither lake is an impoundment, and neither receives inputs from point-source urban or industrial waste emissions. Surficial (top 4 cm) sediments and various aquatic biota, including crayfish (Orconectes virilis)], and 5 species of fish [brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), yellow perch (Perca flavenscens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris)] were sampled for Hg analysis. Only creek chub and pumpkinseed occurred in both lakes. Significant size (length) vs. Hg-concentration relationships were observed for brown bullhead, pumpkinseed, yellow perch and rock bass, but not for crayfish nor for creek chub in either lake. Rock bass had the highest mean Hg concentration (1.02 ± 0.98 μg/g dry wt.). Pumpkinseed from Plastic Lake had the highest overall rate of accumulation with increasing size. Several individual pumpkinseed and rock bass sampled from the acidic Plastic Lake had Hg concentrations equal to or greater than levels reported to be hazardous to breeding piscivorous birds, such as common loons (Gavia immer), whereas no fish from Blue Chalk approached this threshold (0.3 μg/g wet wt). This study illustrates the importance of within-lake parameters, particularly pH, and species trophic level, in determining Hg accumulation in fish in lakes of similar size that receive similar atmospheric Hg inputs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008936910823
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  • 20
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    Electronic Resource
    Rubidium and Cesium Kinetics and Tissue Distributions in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (1999)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 287-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: rubidium ; cesium ; kinetics ; clearance-volume model ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We used a two-compartment, clearance volume-based model to examine rubidium and cesium pharmacokinetics in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after intravascular administration. We compared the apparent volumes of distribution in the central and peripheral compartments and the intercompartmental and whole-body clearances of both metals at 20.0 °C and 27.5 °C. Biological half-times of Rb were 15 to 16 d at both temperatures, but Cs biological half-times averaged 101 d and 85 d at 20.0 °C and 27.5 °C, respectively (5 to 7 times longer than those of Rb in the same individual). Both the intercompartmental and total body clearances of Rb were also 6 to 7 times greater than those of Cs. The apparent volumes of distribution for Rb in the central compartments were twice those of Cs and remained constant with temperature. The apparent volumes of distribution of both elements in peripheral compartments were large compared with their corresponding central compartments, and decreased by a similar extent with increased temperature. Cesium tissue to blood ratios were greatest for white muscle, with more than 85% of the Cs present in this tissue. Partitioning of Cs in peripheral tissues apparently decreased with increased temperature conditions. Our results indicate that application of pharmacokinetic modeling techniques can enhance studies of radionuclide kinetics by helping to identify rate-limiting processes within individuals that may control uptake and elimination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008981216690
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    The difference in brown trout (Salmo Trutta L.) blood composition from acidic and limed sites of two rivers in Western Norway (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; blood ; environment ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Certain blood morphology parameters: red blood cell (RBC) sizes; percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ratio polychromatocyte/RBC in Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from acidified water (mean pH value 4.94) and limed water (mean pH value 5.66) were investigated. The sizes of RBC long axises were significantly larger in fish from acidic environment than from limed condition (14.37 and 12.96μm respectively). The percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (7.86 and 3.32) and polychromatocyte/RBC ratio (0.079 and 0.019) were also significantly larger in fish from the acidified environment. Blood morphology parameters are concluded to be usefull for testing and detection of long-term acidic stress in fish in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407205
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    THE DIFFERENCE IN BROWN TROUT (SALMO TRUTTA L.) BLOOD COMPOSITION FROM ACIDIC AND LIMED SITES OF TWO RIVERS IN WESTERN NORWAY (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; blood ; environment ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Certain blood morphology parameters: red blood cell (RBC) sizes; percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and ratio polychromatocyte/RBC in Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) from acidified water (mean pH value 4.94) and limed water (mean pH value 5.66) were investigated. The sizes of RBC long axises were significantly larger in fish from acidic environment than from limed condition (14.37 and 12.96 μm respectively). The percentage of polymorhonuclear cells (7.86 and 3.32) and polychromatocyte/RBC ratio (0.079 and 0.019) were also significantly larger in fish from the acidified environment. Blood morphology parameters are concluded to be usefull for testing and detection of long-term acidic stress in fish in nature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026404417464
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design-based estimators and power analyses of trend tests for the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 5 (1998), S. 65-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: estuaries ; fish ; pathology ; variance estimation ; power analyses ; Horvitz-Thompson estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Methods for estimating the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders and for estimating the variance of these estimates are defined. The methods are for the situation in which a probability-based sampling design is used to collect fish for examination, but geographic locations (rather than individual fish) are assigned probabilities of being selected for sampling. To illustrate the use of the methods, they are applied to data collected during the 1992 EMAP- Estuaries sampling program in the Louisianian Province (i.e., the Gulf of Mexico). Separate estimates of the proportion of fish with gross pathological disorders are computed for demersal species, commercial species, pelagic species, and all species as one group. In addition, a test for trend in the proportion of fish that exhibit gross pathological disorders is defined, and analyses of the power of the test are presented. The power analyses are based on a general underlying model of the random distribution patterns of fish and the random process of catching fish. The power analyses also take into account the features of the sampling designs used for collecting fish. Component parameter estimates were computed using data from the 1992 EMAP-Estuaries sampling program in the Louisianian Province. Results from these analyses suggest that the EMAP-Estuaries sampling designs are capable of detecting a 0.15% change per year in the proportion of fish (all species groups combined) with gross pathological disorders in estuaries of the Louisianian Province over a 12-year period with a power of at least 80%. © Rapid Science 1998
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009611520486
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical contamination and associated liver diseases in two species of fish from San Francisco Bay and Bodega Bay (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 35-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: chemicalpollution ; fish ; sediment ; San Francisco Bay ; liver diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) and sediments were collected annually from selected sites within San Francisco Bay, and a reference site in Bodega Bay between 1984--1991. Fish livers were examined for toxicopathic lesions and analysed for selected chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHs) such as PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin; sediment and fish stomach contents were analysed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and CHs; and bile was analysed for PAH metabolites. Sediment concentrations of PAHs, PCBs and DDTs; bile concentrations of PAH metabolites; and liver concentrations of PCBs, dieldrin and chlordanes were generally significantly higher at all San Francisco Bay sites compared to the Bodega Bay reference site. For both species, hydropic vacuolation of biliary epithelial cells was the most prevalent liver lesion detected and was statistically associated with sediment and tissue concentrations of PAHs or their metabolites, PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin. Temporal trends analyses showed that at Hunters Point, sediment PAHs and CHs increased between 1984--1991, while liver concentrations of CHs decreased. Liver concentrations of dieldrin in starry flounder decreased at all three San Francisco Bay sites
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018654122479
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  • 25
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    An Oxidative Mechanism for the Inhibition of Iodothyronine 5′-Monodeiodinase Activity by Lead Nitrate in the Fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: antioxidant enzymes ; fish ; iodothyronine 5′-monodeiodinase ; lead ; lipid peroxidation ; thyroid hormones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An oxidative mechanism in the lead-induced inhibition of thyroid function with special reference to iodothyronine 5′- monodeiodinase (5′-ID) activity has been identified in the fish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Lead treatment (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ppm of lead nitrate/day for 30 days) enhanced tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentration and hepatic 5'-ID activity were markedly decreased by 10 ppm of lead nitrate. These findings support the view that higher concentrations of lead nitrate inhibit the extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. Moreover, oxidative stress from lead intoxication could be responsible for inhibiting 5′-ID activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005099822637
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  • 26
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    Whole-catchment liming at Tjønnstrond, Norway: An 11-year record (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 163-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; liming ; catchment ; lake ; water chemistry ; fish ; soil ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In June 1983 a whole-catchment liming experiment was conducted at Tjønnstrond, southernmost Norway, to test the utility of terrestrial liming as a technique to restore fish populations in remote lakes with short water-retention times. Tjønnstrond consists of 2 small ponds of 3.0 and 1.5 ha in area which drain a 25-ha catchment. The area is located at about 650–700 meters above sea-level in sparse and unproductive forests of spruce, pine and birch with abundant peatlands. A dose of 3 ton/ha of powdered limestone were spread by helicopter to the terrestrial area. No limestone was added to the ponds themselves. The ponds were subsequently stocked with brown and brook trout. Liming caused large and immediate changes in surface water chemistry; pH increased from 4.5 to 7.0, Ca increased from 40 to 200μeq/L, ANC increased from −30 to +70μeq/L, and reactive-Al decreased from about 10 to 3μmol/L. During the subsequent 11 years the chemical composition of runoff has decreased gradually back towards the acidic pre-treatment situation. The major trends in concentrations of runoff Ca, ANC, pH, Al and NO3 in runoff are all well simulated by the acidification model MAGIC. Neither the measured data nor the MAGIC simulations indicate significant changes in any other major ion as a result of liming. The soils at Tjønnstrond in 1992 contained significantly higher amounts of exchangeable Ca relative to those at the untreated reference catchment Storgama. In 1992 about 75% of the added Ca remains in the soil as exchangeable Ca, 15% has been lost in runoff, and 10% is unaccounted for. The whole-catchment liming experiment at Tjønnstrond clearly demonstrates that this liming technique produces a long-term stable and favourable water quality for fish. Brown trout in both ponds in 1994 have good condition factors, which indicate that the fish are not stressed by marginal water quality due to re-acidification. The water quality is still adequate after 11 years and 〉20 water renewals. Concentrations of H+ and inorganic Al have gradually increased and approach levels toxic to trout, but the toxicity of these are offset by the continued elevated Ca concentrations. Reduced sulphate deposition during the last 4 years (1990–94) has also helped to slow and even reverse the rate of reacidification. The experiment at Tjønnstrond demonstrates that for this type of upland, remote terrain typical of large areas of southern Norway, terrestrial liming offers a suitable mitigation technique for treating acidified surface waters with short retention times.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407100
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  • 27
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    Variation in blood cell DNA in Carassius carassius from ponds near Chernobyl, Ukraine (1997)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 6 (1997), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: genotoxicity ; Chernobyl ; fish ; flow cytometry ; DNA content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Blood from approximately 400 crucian carp, Carassius carassius, from 12 ponds in the Ukraine, was analysed by flow cytometry to assess the possible relationships between chronic contaminant exposure and variation in the cellular DNA content. The ponds were located 20--30 km from Chernobyl in areas that received 3.7 × 1010--3.7 × 1011 Bq 137Cs km-2 after the 1986 nuclear accident, as well as other radioactive and chemical contaminants. The fish populations consisted of both diploid and triploid individuals and the ploidy varied between ponds. Analysis of whole blood revealed aneuploid-like patterns in the DNA histograms of some fish, as well as hyperdiploid shoulders of the G0/G1 peak. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the G0/G1 peak has previously been employed to assess the variability in the DNA content of cells within individuals. The CV of individual fish varied between and within locations and very large CVs were found for some individuals. In some fish, DNA histograms showed a typical diploid or triploid cell population together with a smaller haploid population. Variations in the cellular DNA content similar to those reported here have been associated with exposure to radiation and other genotoxic agents in laboratory and field studies. However, the abnormalities we observed were not correlated with known contaminant distributions. While further work is needed, particuarly in areas with substantially higher levels of radioactivity, these results suggest that the Chernobyl accident may have long-term genetic consequences for wild organisms inhabiting contaminated areas
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018622710184
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    A Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of a Receiving Aquatic System Near an Unbleached Kraft Mill (1998)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 7 (1998), S. 313-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: UBKM ; bioindicators ; sediment toxicity testing ; invertebrates ; fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A critical examination of an aquatic environment adjacent to the discharge from an unbleached kraft pulp and paper mill (UBKM) was conducted in 1995. The assessment involved sampling of sediments, water, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish collected 1.6 km upstream from the mill, at the mill's outlet, and 2.5 km downstream. Field-collected blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochisus) exposed to site sediments in the laboratory showed no significant within-organism adverse effects as measured by EROD activity, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity, CYP1A content, DNA damage, condition factor, organ indices, differential blood cell counts, and histopathology, though DNA strand breaks increased at the most downstream site. No aqueous or sediment toxicity was observed using Ceriodapnia dubia and Pimephales promelas or Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, respectively. Embryos of the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were evaluated for reproductive potential following laboratory exposures of adult mosquitofish to river sediments and water for 90 days. No significant adverse reproductive effects were observed immediately below the BKME discharge site. Analyses of field-collected benthic macroinvertebrate samples revealed no significant effects in terms of taxa, taxa richness, and other measures of their status. Using a comprehensive suite of within-organism, whole-organism, and community level endpoints, our study demonstrates that this effluent, discharged following secondary treatment from an UBKM, had no significant adverse impacts on the receiving aquatic ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008826129356
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  • 29
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    Lead (Pb) in Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus) from Oligotrophic Alpine Lakes: Gills versus Digestive Tract (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 102 (1998), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: alkalinity ; fish ; food ; gills ; lead ; metal uptake ; Pb
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We studied Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from two oligotropic high mountain lakes in Northern Tyrol, Austria, that differed in pH (5.4 and 7.1) and alkalinity (1.3 and 100.3 µeq L-1). Concentrations of Pb in gills, liver, kidney, gut and contents of stomach and gut were investigated during winter and summer to elucidate pathways for Pb uptake in these fish. Our study illustrates ratios of Pb concentrations of gills to stomach or gills to intestine (G/S and G/l ratios) to be a valuable tool for evaluating the relative contributions of different pathways of metal uptake in fish. In both sampling periods (winter, summer) the gills appear to represent a major route pf Pb uptake in fish from low alkalinity lakes. However, during the ice-covered period the diet becomes an increasingly important additional source of Pb contamination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004973915619
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    The consequences of liming a highly acidified catchment in central Scotland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1015-1020 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; liming ; catchment ; fish ; Scotland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Research during the mid 1980s identified acidified, forested catchments in central Scotland whose hydrochemistry was not capable of supporting native fish populations. Calcium concentrations were around 20 μeq l−1, less than the suggested critical value of 50 μeq l−1, with hydrogen concentrations around 70 μeq l−1, greater than the critical value of about 30 μeq l−1. Limestone was applied by aerial application to the source areas of selected streams in 1990 with around 5% (15 ha) of the total catchment area of 270 ha treated at 10 tonnes ha−1. Stream monitoring, carried out over the period 1989–1995, showed an immediate response to liming followed by a progressive decline. Calcium values were elevated to 〉150 μeq l−1 and hydrogen concentrations reduced to 20 μeq l−1, reverting in time towards pre-liming values. Although salmonid survival was improved during low flow conditions in summer, only a few fry survived to the autumn as acid episodes increased, and these were subsequently lost from the system during the winter period. Budget calculations indicated losses of around 30% of the applied calcium during the first four years. Studies on the vegetation and soils revealed a greater than expected penetration of calcium to depth (10–20 cm) in the soil profile. Results suggest that source area liming at this rate has had minimal effects on the vegetation and by increasing the proportion of the catchment limed to 15% could have a much greater success in reducing the frequency of biologically damaging episodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476963
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