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  • Articles  (1,813)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (1,726)
  • Blackwell Publishers Ltd
  • 1995-1999  (1,813)
  • Medicine  (1,574)
  • Computer Science  (239)
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  • Articles  (1,813)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00113
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating symbolic and numerical features for fault prediction and diagnosis by an expert system (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper addresses the topic of a predictive task after integration of symbolic and numerical features by a hybrid diagnostic expert system. The online interaction of information and knowledge from various sources is achieved after successful combination of different development environments, tools and programs. The system infers using cooperatively dynamic modelling information, online sensor information, and stored knowledge in the knowledge base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hybrid knowledge-based system applied to epidemic screening (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although many knowledge-based systems (KBSs) focus on single-paradigm approaches to encoding knowledge (such as production rules), experts rarely use a single type of knowledge in solving a problem. More often, an expert will apply a number of reasoning mechanisms. In recent years, rule-based reasoning (RBR), case-based reasoning (CBR) and model-based reasoning (MBR) have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For complex problem solving, it is useful to integrate RBR, CBR and MBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system, an inductive CBR system and a quantitative MBR system is proposed for epidemic screening. The system has been tested using real data, and results are encouraging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00116
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00121
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representing diverse mathematical problems using neural networks in hybrid intelligent systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In recent years, artificial neural networks have attracted considerable attention as candidates for novel computational systems. Computer scientists and engineers are developing neural networks as representational and computational models for problem solving: neural networks are expected to produce new solutions or alternatives to existing models. This paper demonstrates the flexibility of neural networks for modeling and solving diverse mathematical problems including Taylor series expansion, Weierstrass’s first approximation theorem, linear programming with single and multiple objectives, and fuzzy mathematical programming. Neural network representations of such mathematical problems may make it possible to overcome existing limitations, to find new solutions or alternatives to existing models, and to achieve synergistic effects through hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proposing an architectural framework of a hybrid knowledge-based system for production rescheduling (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: An architectural configuration of a knowledge-based system for production rescheduling reported in this paper uncovers a number of points of interest to practitioners as well as researchers. The study shows that knowledge-based methods applied to production rescheduling are a valuable approach for manufacturers to manage production disturbances and deliver customer orders on time. Very often, developing an effective scheduling system whilst solving some problems requires an appropriate combination of a rigorous analysis of the production system state and the rules of thumb used by the human scheduler. In the actual performance of this hybrid system, an expert simulation system was used to produce new schedules that fit the real production environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00119
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AI in the next millennium (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert knowledge acquisition and the unwilling expert: a knowledge engineering perspective (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert systems are an evolving technology with the potential to make human expertise widely and cheaply available. The literature describing the development of expert systems generally assumes that experts willingly give up their knowledge. This is unrealistic and may be a reason why most expert system projects fail. This paper explores the problem of unwilling experts from the perspective of a knowledge engineer building an expert system. The link between knowledge and organizational power is established and human motivation theories are discussed. Finally, a new motivational approach is introduced to help the knowledge engineer deal with unwilling experts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00104
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge sorting process for a product design expert system (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge sorting is one way to organize the knowledge acquired from the domain expert(s) and various sources. Well-organized knowledge representation will make rule extraction much easier. This paper describes a knowledge sorting process that was developed to facilitate the rule extraction for a product design expert system. The process capitalizes on the relationships between design attributes and factors, dependent and independent variables, and consists of three stages: identification of knowledge sources, generation of taxonomic trees, and organization of acquired knowledge. An example applies the sorting process to the development of an expert system for the design of wood head golf clubs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00106
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rise and ‘fall’ of expert systems in medicine (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper represents a personal perspective on the last 13 years of research in medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, and describes the progress of the discipline from its inception to its current status. The challenges faced by researchers are examined, and it is argued that (despite the claims) theoretical and technical limitations are not the major barriers to the successful implementation of medical artificial intelligence and expert systems, but rather more complex professional and organizational issues are at stake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00107
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A function-centered framework for reasoning about system failure at multiple levels of abstraction (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents the knowledge organization for a simulation subsystem that is a component of a comprehensive expert system for failure modes and effects analysis. Organizing the simulation subsystem’s knowledge base around a function-centered ontology produces an architecture that facilitates reasoning about an engineering design at multiple levels of abstraction and throughout the life-cycle of the design. Moreover, the resulting architecture provides the capability for incorporating computer-aided analysis and design tools early on into the conceptual design of an engineering system before a commitment is made to a specific technology to implement the system’s behavior. The result is an expert system simulation knowledge source that can be used to reason about the effects of system failures based on conceptual designs, i.e. designs in which commitments to an underlying technology to achieve the system’s function have not yet been made but computer-aided assistance for reasoning about the system’s potential failure modes and effects is useful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00105
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symbol processing — a challenge for neural networks? (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00095
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing neural network approximations for different functional forms (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper examines the capacity of feedforward neural networks (NNs) to approximate certain functional forms. Its purpose is to show that the theoretical property of ‘universal approximation’, which provides the basic rationale behind the NN approach, should not be interpreted too literally. The most important issue considered involves the number of hidden layers in the network. We show that for a number of interesting functional forms better generalization is possible with more than one hidden layer, despite theoretical results to the contrary. Our experiments constitute a useful set of counter-examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00096
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extending CLIPS to support temporal representation and reasoning (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Applications using expert systems for monitoring and control problems often require the ability to represent temporal knowledge and to apply reasoning based on that knowledge. Incorporating temporal representation and reasoning into expert systems leads to two problems in development: dealing with an implied temporal order of events using a non-procedural tool; and maintaining the large number of temporal relations that can occur among facts in the knowledge base. In this paper we explore these problems by using an expert system shell, CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System), to create temporal relations using common knowledge-based constructs. We also build an extension to CLIPS through a user-defined function which generates the temporal relations from those facts. We use the extension to create and maintain temporal relations in a workflow application that monitors and controls an engineering design change review process. We also propose a solution to ensure truth maintenance among temporally related facts that links our temporal extension to the CLIPS facility for truth maintenance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00097
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00101
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a fuzzy push delivery scheme for Internet sites (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Push technology is the term recently linked with Web-based products to indicate the built-in capability of the software package to deliver relevant information to the user automatically. In this paper, a fuzzy push delivery scheme is described which ‘observes’ the movements of the user within the Web pages and then evaluates the personal interests and preferences of the user. With the information available from the fuzzy scheme, Web site information favoured by visitors can be ‘pushed’ to them without even being requested. To verify the feasibility of the concept, a Web site with various shopping spots has been developed with built-in functions to detect the time of stay in various sites by visitors . Output from the proposed fuzzy scheme is compared with the perception of the interest level given by the visitors themselves for its evaluation. The built-in feature of the scheme can significantly enhance the functionality and attractiveness of the Web site involved and hence improve its competitiveness in the global market. The development of the proposed scheme and its evaluation in an emulated Internet environment are covered in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00099
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An online expert system for fault diagnosis in hydraulic systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Fault diagnosis has become increasingly important for industrial automation and many approaches have been investigated for the online diagnostic task. This work demonstrates a new online expert system for dynamic industrial automated processes. The emphasis of this diagnostic system lies in the functions provided for fault detection, prediction, compensation and diagnosis. The system uses experiential knowledge cooperatively with scientific knowledge in a new interactive formation. It is developed in two parts using the DASYLab software for the numerical computations and the KPWin development tool for the symbolic representations. The system was developed in collaboration with the company Automation Systems S.A., which specializes in hydraulic systems, and is used for fault detection in production machines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00100
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitating the use of multi-attribute utility theory in expert systems:an aid for identifying the right relative importance weights of attributes (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In general, expert system applications to real cases involve making decisions, i.e. selecting a suitable action among a set of possible alternative actions. A well-known standard method for modelling decision problems is the so-called multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT), a method in which the alternatives are viewed in terms of their attributes. A set of attributes are identified and a specific value and a suitable relative importance weight are assigned to each attribute. However, it is not easy for the expert to quantify the relative importance weight of an attribute: this assignment entails a certain abstraction activity from the expert and, as is well known, experts have difficulty in providing their knowledge in abstract and general terms. In order to overcome this difficulty we propose a method for automatically inferring relative importance weights from a set of specific action sequences. An action sequence is a list in chronological order of the actions executed by the expert when facing specific cases of decision problems. Providing action sequences requires no other effort but remembering specific episodes, and this task is much easier for experts than having to directly provide precise numbers expressing relative importance weights. Moreover in many cases action sequences are already stored in suitable records. Consider, for example, the list of medical tests executed on a given patient, a list included in the patient clinical record stored in the clinical database of a hospital. On the basis of these considerations the proposed method should be useful for designers of expert systems which face problems of choosing the right action among a set of alternative actions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00098
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00102
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00035-i4
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: John McCardle, Neural Network Systems Techniques and Applications
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00090
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An interactive tool for knowledge base refinement (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We present a tool that combines two main trends of knowledge base refinement. The first is the construction of interactive knowledge acquisition tools and the second is the development of machine learning methods that automate this procedure. The tool presented here is interactive and gives experts the ability to evaluate an expert system and provide their own diagnoses on specific problems, when the expert system behaves erroneously. We also present a database scheme that supports the collection of specific instances. The second aspect of the tool is that knowledge base refinement and machine learning methods can be applied to the database, in order to automate the procedure refining the knowledge base. In this paper we examine the application of inductive learning algorithms within the proposed framework. Our main goal is to encourage the experts to evaluate expert systems and to introduce new knowledge, based on their experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00087
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ICADS: Intelligent Car Audio Design System for product planning (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes the development of a system, ICADS (Intelligent Car Audio Design System), that can be used to effectively support product development engineers in car audio product design. We have demonstrated the use of expert system technology and the technique of quality function deployment (QFD) in supporting car audio design planning. QFD is applied as a knowledge acquisition method in this study to support car audio design teams in the development of products in a structured way that relates market demand via engineering specifications to parts specifications. We believe that other industries can use a similar approach for developing an expert system that can support product design planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00089
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An actor model for rule-based systems (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Our research originates from a study of the possibilities of integrating rules and objects in knowledge-based systems. In the present work, we are interested in the interactionist perspective of an object. The stepwise reasoning of a diagnostic expert system, possibly involving subgoaling and interactions with the environment, can be easily codified by means of production rules over proposition literals. This set of rules can be graphically represented in a network manner denoting the relations between the rules. The individual nodes in the network can be expressed by means of autonomous objects and their relations, interpreted as possible communications between them. The objects are given a structure and a proper behaviour and cooperate for performing logical reasoning by means of forward and backward chaining inference processes. Therefore, designing this system implies addressing several basic issues such as inter-object communications and their synchronization. The problem here is not necessarily to develop a great intelligence locally but to develop strong networks of good communicators. This approach belongs to the interactionist representation current, where objects are called actors. In principle, the actors may carry out computation in parallel and provide a conceptual foundation for massively concurrent object-oriented paradigms. From this point of view, a system allowing for the simultaneous investigation of several rules and premises in the forward or the backward chaining would be significantly more efficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00088
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book review (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Pathogens of Wild and Farmed Fish: Sea Lice. Edited by Geoffrey Boxshall & Daniel Le Defaye.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00316.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serological analysis of virulent infectious pancreatic necrosis virus strains (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00315.x
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  • 27
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    Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In the spring of 1992 and 1993, an epizootic with severe mortality occurred among cultured goldfish. Carassius auratus (L.), in Aichi and Nara Prefectures in Japan. A herpes-virus was isolated from moribund goldfish that induced cytopathic effects in FHM and EPC cells. The isolate was sensitive to IUdR (5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine), acid (pH 3) and ether. Transmission studies confirmed the pathogenicity of the viral isolate for goldfish while it was not pathogenic for fancy carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Diseased fish had no visible external signs except for listlessness, but internally there was softening and discolouration of the spleen and kidney, and necrotic foci in the haematopoietic tissue, splenic pulp, pancreas, and lamina propria and submucosa of the intestine. Electron microscopy revealed enveloped visions ranging from 170 to 220nm in diameter with hexagonal nucleocapsids (115–117nm edge-to-edge diameter). The disease has been designated as herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), and to date, is the only herpesvirus infection to be described in goldfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00296.x
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  • 28
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    Antigen retention and enzyme reactivity in the spleen of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following administration of injectable furunculosis vaccines (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The retention of vaccine components and phenotypes of leucocyte populations were examined in the spleen of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., 12 weeks after intraperitoneal administration of three different furunculosis vaccines. There were marked differences between the vaccine groups as judged by serum antibody response and survival following challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida. Abundant vaccine components were present in the spleen following administration of the two adjuvanted vaccines but not the non-adjuvanted vaccine. The non-adjuvanted group showed a disrupted pattern of silver staining in the splenic ellipsoids, suggesting possible toxic changes. Altered levels of enzyme reactivity in the spleens of vaccinated fish suggested activation of macrophages. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis was used to demonstrate that a significant (P 〈 0.05) increase in acid phosphatase reactivity associated with the melanomacrophage accumulations only occurred in the group that had shown a good response to challenge (14% mortality when control group = 60%), and a high level of anti-A. salmonicida antibodies. The findings of the present study suggest that the retention of antigen and the activation of macrophages in melanomacrophage accumulations of Atlantic salmon are of significance in vaccination against furunculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00295.x
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glycogen, the preferred energy source for extracellular protein formation and growth of Aeromonas salmonicida (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A study was made of the effect of supplementing a rich 3% (w/v) tryptone soya broth (TSB) medium and a poorer 1.7% (w/v) tryptone-based medium with glucose, maltose and glycogen, as carbon sources, on growth and exoprotein formation by Aeromonas salmonicida. In TSB, glucose inhibited growth and repressed exoprotein formation whilst maltose and glycogen had little effect, up to 20h, when compared with an unsupplemented control. By contrast, in the poorer medium, over a 24-h incubation period, growth was stimulated three-fold by glycogen, and whilst exoprotein formation was low in comparison with that observed in TSB, the greatest production was observed in the presence of glycogen. Extracellular α-amylase was measured in the tryptone medium in the presence of the three carbon sources and the highest level, produced in the presence of glycogen, was 1.6 times that with added maltose whilst none was detectable with glucose present. This pattern was repeated in the case of the maltose-inducible porin, LamB, of the outer membrane.
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    Delivery of quinolone antibacterials to turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), via bioencapsulation: quantification and efficacy trial (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The incorporation of the quinolone antibacterials oxolinic acid and sarafloxacin into Artemia fransciscana and subsequently into turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), was quantified, and the therapeutic efficacy of the bioencapsulated drugs against challenge with Vibrio anguillarum 8587 was investigated. Five-week-old turbot were fed for 10 days with Artemia enriched with either oxolinic acid or sarafloxacin. Therapeutic concentrations were reached with both drugs (11.8 μg oxolinic acid per gram fresh weight: 1.8 μg sarafloxacin per gram fresh weight). Both treatments proved effective against challenge, with V. anguillarum-specific mortality rates of 6 and 14% in the oxolinic acid and sarafloxacin treated groups, respectively, compared with 75% in the infected control. However, incorporation of the drug by brine shrimp was extremely low (〈1%), and therefore, bioencapsulation cannot be considered as an appropriate method to reduce impact on the environment.
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    Aphanomyces invaderis sp. nov., the fungal pathogen of freshwater tropical fish affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00302.x
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    Factors affecting outbreaks of epizootic ulcerative syndrome in farmed fish in Bangladesh (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Among 257 Bangladesh fish ponds investigated, 46% were affected by epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) either fully or partially. Thai silver barb, Puntius gonionotus (Bleeker), culture ponds were worst affected (64%) by EUS, while all Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), monoculture ponds remained unaffected. Stocking of silver barb for culture, use of piscicides as means of moving predators or unwanted species prior to stocking of cultured species, and culture of fish in previously derelict ponds are factors which significantly affected the probability of occurrence of EUS. Choice of species other than silver barb and use of lime during the post-stocking period significantly affected the probability of pond stocks being less adversely affected by EUS.
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    Virulence of Flavobacterium branchiophilum in experimentally infected salmonids (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ability of selected strains of Flavobacterium branchiophilum to attach to and colonize the gills of five species of teleosts (four salmonid and one cyprinid) and cause mortality was investigated. In virulence studies with F. branchiophilum strain LAB4a, cumulative mortality was dose-dependent in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and ranged from 0 to 75%. However, regardless of dose, the relative amount of gill-associated F. branchiophilum antigen increased 1 h after challenge. The gill-associated F. branchiophilum antigen in fish which survived (moribund fish) increased by four to six times compared to that detected on the gills 1 h after challenge. The gill-associated antigen on moribund fish was not significantly different from that on the gills of dead fish. Flavobacterium branchiophilum strain LAB4a also attached to the gills of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell), rainbow trout, chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), and common shiners, Luxilus cornutus (Mitchell), following a 1-h bath exposure, and caused mortality in all species. The virulence of eight strains of F. branchiophilum for rainbow trout was examined. Both virulent and avirulent strains adhered to the gills following bath exposure (fimbriae were observed on all strains), but only virulent strains had the capacity to further colonize the gills and cause mortality.
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    Residues of [14C]-malachite green in eggs and fry of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), after treatment of eggs (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), eggs were exposed to [methane-14C] malachite green chloride on day 0 and on every third day thereafter through day 24, with a final treatment administered to fry on day 31. Eggs or fry were sampled before each treatment, and at selected times from day 31 to day 59. Malachite green equivalence in eggs and fry was determined by sample oxidation and liquid scintillation counting. Total malachite green residues increased throughout the exposure period to 0.271 ± 0.042 μg g−1 (x̄± SD) on day 31. Residues declined to 0.055 ± 0.011 μg g−1 on day 59. The depuration phase declined monoexponentially with a half-life of 13.3 days for the absolute amount (μg sample−1) and a half-life of 9.7 days for the concentration of malachite green residues (μg g−1). Growth dilution accounted for the 25% increase in the elimination (9.7 days) of malachite green residues. Extracts from treated eggs and fry were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Three peaks were resolved in treated eggs: chromatic malachite green, leuco malachite green and an unknown polar metabolite. Only two peaks were resolved in the fry: leuco malachite green and the unknown polar metabolite. The most prominent residue in all samples was leuco malachite green.
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    First isolation of Piscirickettsia salmonis from coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), during the freshwater stage of their life cycle (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb00303.x
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    Book reviews (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article: Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Fish Bacterial Pathogens. By G. Nicholas Frerichs & Stuart Millar Fungi and Fish Diseases. By L. G. Willoughby.
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    Some biochemical properties and antibiotic sensitivities of Pasteurella piscidda isolated in Greece and comparison with strains from Japan, France and Italy (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical properties and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 13 Pasteurella piscicida isolates from Greece are described and compared with 10 Japanese and five European (Italian and French) isolates. Morphologically and biochemically, all isolates of P. piscidda tested were nearly identical and only minor differences could be detected with reference to the level of acid production from sugars (especially from glucose). Greek, Italian and French isolates showed similar antibiotic sensitivity patterns, being resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin and streptomycin, and sensitive to most of the other antibiotics tested. Resistance was also demonstrated for some isolates towards the potentiated sulphonamides. The Japanese isolates appeared to be resistant to a larger range of antibiotics including erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. Multiple resistance of Japanese strains was also noted. These results are discussed in the light of future measures for the control of pasteurellosis.
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    Immunogenicity of amoebic antigens in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Rainbow trout developed a humoral immune response against numerous antigens of sonicated amoebae which were emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant and injected into the peritoneum. The amoebae were cultured from the gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., affected by amoebic gill disease. Antibodies in fish sera were detected by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. Non-spedfie reactivity in fish serum against Escherichia coli, the bacterium used in co-cultivation of amoebae in vitro, was removed by immunoadsorption. Results obtained using ELISA and immunoblotting were comparable and indicated no significant difference in response to immunization with 10, 50 or 250 μg of sonieatcd amoebic protein. Amoebae contained immunogenie components of 〉 100, 100, 89, 49, 37 and 34kDa.
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  • 39
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    Elevation of plasma cortisol and hypertrophic response of inter-renal and chromaffin tissues of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), to the harmful diatom Chaetoceros concavicornis (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations and inter-renal and chromaffin tissues of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), exposed to harmful concentrations of the diatom Chaetoceros concavicornis were investigated. The plasma cortisol level of trout exposed to C. concavicornis was over 10-fold greater than that of untreated trout. Computer-assisted feulgen-microspectrophotometry was employed in order to assess the activity of inter-renal and chromaffin cells. The total areas of inter-renal and chromaffin nuclei in trout treated with C. concavicornis significantly increased compared to those of untreated fish. In contrast, the chromatin density of inter-renal and chromaffin nuclei in treated trout decreased significantly. This decrease of chromatin density in treated fish was caused by an increase in the low-density components, and a decrease in the middle-density and high-density components. Although the hypertrophic changes to the inter-renal and chromaffin nuclei of treated fish exhibited the same general trend, the extents to which the changes took place were different, occurring more rapidly within inter-renal tissues. The rainbow trout exposed to harmful concentrations of C. concavicornis were experiencing a severe physiological disturbance to which they tried to adapt.
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  • 40
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    Bacteria associated with early life stages of halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L., inhibit growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bacteria capable of inhibiting growth of a pathogenic Vibrio sp. were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of cultured halibut larvae during the first feeding and weaning stages. No such bacteria were found among isolates from the surface of eggs or the gastrointestinal tract of yolk sac larvae. The fraction of pathogen-inhibitors among the total number of isolates ranged between 0–100% (first feeding) and 0–66% (weaning). All pathogen-inhibitors were Gram-negative rods, and 95% were oxidase and catalase positive fermentative isolates, capable of producing acid aerobically from a varying range of carbohydrates. These isolates possessed the characteristics of the Vibrio/Aeromonas-group, but only 19% were sensitive to the vibriostatic agent 0/129. Isolates from eggs and yolk sac larvae were dominated by bacteria belonging to the Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Flavobacterium- group. The high fraction of isolates with the ability to inhibit growth of the pathogenic Vibrio sp. among the total number of isolates indicates that pathogen inhibition may be an important mutualistic role of the intestinal flora of early life stages of halibut.
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  • 41
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    Immunization of adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), fails to prevent the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) carrier state (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Adult brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), mounted a strong humoral immune response after injection with inactivated infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). However, this immunization did not prevent the fish from becoming IPNV carriers. After an injection challenge with virulent IPNV, the immunized and control fish (FCA or water) shed virus in the faeces and reproductive products and had IPNV-infected leucocytes and visceral organs. Initially, from 1 to 3 weeks post-challenge (wpc), immunized fish had a lower prevalence of infection and virus titres in the plasma, and fewer infected leucocytes than the control fish. Immunization did not prevent the eventual infection of the leucocytes; over 75% of the immunized and control fish had leucocyte-associated viraemia from 6 to 15 wpc. When the organs were tested at 15 wpc, the immunized fish showed fewer infected organs per fish, and a lower prevalence of infection and virus titres in individual organs than the control fish, but these differences were not significant. Immunized male and female fish shed IPNV in the reproductive products, suggesting that immunization of adult fish would not prevent vertical transmission of IPNV to progeny.
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  • 42
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    Risk factors for furunculosis, infectious pancreatic necrosis and mortality in post-smolt of Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L. (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An epidemiological longitudinal study comprised information obtained from 124 randomly selected Norwegian sea-sites housing post-molts of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Information on crude cumulative mortality, fish characteristics and farm factors was gathered by the veterinary practitioners servicing the farms. The observation period lasted from the time of sea transfer of the smolts in the spring until 1 October 1991. On average, 116480 smolts were transferred to each sea-site. The mean crude cumulative mortality of post-smolts during the period concerned was 16.8%. The cumulative farm-level incidence was 54.0% for furunculosis, 39.5% for infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) and 10.5% for vibriosis. Occurrence of any of these specific infectious diseases in the post-smolt was significantly associated with mortality. The risk of furunculosis was significantly related to the location of the sea site. Mixing of smolt from many freshwater hatcheries in the sea farm increased the risk of IPN significantly. In addition, the risk of IPN was related to age of site and geographic location. The mean cumulative mortality in 1-year-old smolt groups was 17.5%, significantly greater than in two-year-old fish (7.9%). In addition, the method used to transport fish from the freshwater hatchery to the sea site was significantly associated with mortality. Neither the weight of smolts at sea transfer nor the date of transfer were significantly related to mortality.
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    Oxytetracycline sensitivity of Vibrio species isolated from diseased black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01268.x
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    Assessment of the virulence of fish and mouuscan isolates of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus for salmonid fish by challenge of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01272.x
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  • 45
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    A probiotic strain of Vibrio alginolyticus effective in reducing diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordalii (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 18 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1995.tb01271.x
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    Plasma steroid hormone profile in an anovulatory Arctic chair, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), exhibiting ovarian cysts (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1996.d01-88.x
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  • 47
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    Antibiotic protection against recrudescence of latent Aeromonas salmonicida during furunculosis vaccination (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Problems of temporary immunosuppression following vaccination against Aeromonas salmonicida infection had to be overcome in the development of a furunculosis vaccine. Empirical observations have indicated that immunosuppression persists for some time after vaccination, rendering fish, especially subclinical carriers of A. salmonicida, highly vulnerable to bacterial invasion. The efficacy of simultaneous application of furunculosis vaccine and a long-lasting amoxycillin preparation to a population of Atlantic salmon smolts was evaluated. Control groups were treated with either vaccine alone, amoxycillin alone or were untreated. Moderate stress, simulating smolt transfer with a 5°C temperature rise, resulted in a rapid outbreak in mortalities reaching 100% in the vaccinates. Losses among the untreated controls were more gradual and rose to about 50%. Both amoxycillin-treated groups survived well. Further severe stress resulted in total mortalities among the untreated fish but no further losses in the amoxycillin groups. Four months after vaccination, evidence of a specific immune response was confirmed by ELISA, demonstrating circulating antibodies in the blood of vaccinates. In a severe and in a moderate challenge with A. salmonicida., the relative specific protection was 63 and 86%, respectively. Thus, effective protection against furunculosis was achieved without jeopardizing the stock during the vaccination process and with elimination of the carrier state.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of lysozyme in intestinal eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of lysozyme in the intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) in the subepithelial region of the lamina propria showed strong immunoreactivity to lysozyme, while epithelial cells were only occasionally stained. At the ultrastructural level, lysozyme was localized to secretary granules of EGCs, demonstrating features in common with the Paneth cell of the mammalian small intestine, previously shown to produce antibacterial substances such as lysozyme. Furthermore, EGCs stained positive with phloxine-tartrazine, a histochemical stain that is used for identification of Paneth cells. This study reveals that EGCs show close resemblance to mammalian intestinal Paneth cells, and thus, may be important for the intestinal defense system in salmonid fish.
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    A simplified assay for the activity of Aeromonas salmonicida glycerophospholipids cholesterol acyltransferase (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.1996.d01-90.x
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    Morphogenesis of the membranous labyrinth in penaeid shrimp cells infected with Penaeus monodon bacuiovirus (MBV) (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphogenesis of a highly organized cellular membrane structure, a membranous labyrinth (ML), in the cells of penaeid shrimp infected with Penaeus monodon baculovirus (MBV) is described. The ML possibly originates from dilated Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the outer nuclear membrane. The ML apparently grows by proliferation of the cellular membranes of these systems. In addition, its degree of development was correlated with stages of MBV reproduction.
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    Is the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), intestine a portal of entry for the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum? (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The role of the intestinal tract in Vibrio anguillarum infection of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), fingerlings was investigated in two in vivo models and the possible mechanisms involved were studied in vitro. Viable V. anguillarum cells were detected in spleens from more than 50% of the fish administered the pathogen orally or rectally, suggesting that the intestinal tract is a portal of entry for V anguillarum. In transmission electron micrographs, V. anguillarum- like cells were seen close to the rectal epithelium, suggesting penetration of the mucus layer, but no epithelial cell penetration or endocytosis was evident. Attachment to intact turbot intestines was investigated, and 80% or more of the bacterial cells still remained attached after serial washings. A significantly higher number of cells attached to rectal segments than to the other intestinal segments. In vitro, V. anguillarum cells did not adhere specifically to intestinal mucus, but rather accumulated close to intestinal mucus interfaces and subsequently penetrated them. It is proposed that the intestinal ttact of tutbot is a portal of entry for V. anguillarum and that the cells penetrate the intestinal mucus overlaying the epithelial cells.
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    Histopathology of experimental Streptococcus sp. infection in tilapia, Oroochromis niloticus (L.), and channel catfish, Ictafurus punctatus (Ratinesque) (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), were experimentally infected by immersion with three isolates (Lake, DL8O5 and MS91452) of Streptococcus sp. from diseased fish. To enhance infection, the lateral body surface of each fish was scraped prior to bacterial exposure. The Lake and DL8O5 isolates caused exophthalmia, ocular opacity and ocular haemorrhage in some tilapia. Histopathology of these fish revealed; meningitis; polyserositis of heart, liver, spleen, ovary and kidney; splenitis; ovaritis; and myocarditis. Isolate MS91452 induced only mild granulomas in spleen, kidney and ovary of tilapia. The Lake and DL8O5 isolates induced endophthalitis, Channel catfish infected with the Lake and DL805 isolates developed similar eye lesions to tilapia. Histologic lesions caused by all three isolates in channel catfish consisted of meningoencephalitis, mild myocarditis, splenitis and ovaritis, but these lesions were not as severe as in Nile tilapia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Humoral immune response of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, to Pleistophora anguillarum Hoshina, 1951 (Microspora) (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A humoral response of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, to the microsporean Pleistophora anguillarum Hoshina was demonstrated using immunoblotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Japanese eel immunoglobulin was purified by affinity chromatography. The immunoglobulin was composed of 25-kDa light chains and 72-kDa heavy chains. The ELISA values of P. anguillarum antibodies in naturally infected fish sera were significantly higher than those of clinically healthy fish. Spore proteins from the microsporean were separated by electrophoresis and subjected to analysis by Western blot. Sera from naturally infected fish showed different reaction patterns to the spore proteins. While the sera randomly selected from naturally infected eels all showed a significant positive reaction to P. anguillarum antigens, the mucus from only three out of the nine infected eels reacted positively in the ELISA test. Subsequent analyses indicated that there was no significant difference in the amount of mucus immunoglobulin among the tested eels. Therefore, the generally lower ELISA values of mucosal anti-P. anguillarum antibodies from the infected eels tested were evidently not caused by a lack of immunoglobulin per se, but seem to be the result of a lack of anti-P. anguillarum antibodies in the mucus and/or a lower affinity in the anti-P. anguillarum antibodies that were present.
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    Book reviews (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Biology of Fishes 2nd edn. By Q. Bone, N. B. Marshall & J. H. S. Blaxter. Fish Diseases and Disorders. Volume 1. Protozoan and Metazoan Infections. Edited by PTK Woo
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Necrotic myositis in cage cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), caused by Flexibacter psychrophilus (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A severe necrotic myositis characterized by large intramuscular bullae was identified in 100–500 g rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), maintained in freshwater netpens. Mortality increased as the temperature decreased, with mortality rates peaking at 10% per month. Flexibacter psychrophilus was recovered from the muscle lesions and kidneys of affected fish. The gross and histological description of the disease, and the phenotypic characteristics of the causative agent are described. The necrotic myositis isolate was utilized to experimentally reproduce the disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1996.tb00689.x
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  • 56
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    Comparison of passive and active immunization of fish against streptococcosis (enterococcosis) (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 19 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Passive immunization of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was carried out to determine the persistence of anti-Streptococcus sp. antibodies (ASA) raised in sheep, rabbits or rainbow trout. The protection afforded by passive immunization was compared with the protection obtained from active immunization by immersion in or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with formalin-killed cells. Assessments were undertaken concurrently for up to 3 months post-immunization (PI) to evaluate the practical potential of passive immunization. Passively administered sheep and rabbit antibodies were detected in fish sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbcnt assay for more than 60 days after i.p. injection. Fish responded immunologically to these antibodies and the highest humoral responses to sheep and rabbit ASA occurred at 2 months PI. The relative per cent survival (RPS) of rainbow trout challenged with virulent Streptococcus sp. after an i.p. injection (0.1 ml 100 g−1 fish body weight) of sheep, rabbit or fish ASA was: 88.8, 50 and 0% after 1 month; 33.3, 6.8 and 6.8% after 2 months; and 13.3, 0 and 6.6% after 3 months PI, respectively. Fish immunized actively had an RPS of 88.8 and 11.1% after 1 month, 38.1 and 4.7% after 2 months, and 36 and 0% after 3 months PI for the i.p. injection and immersion routes, respectively.
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    Ultrastructure of culture forms of the eel trypanosome, Trypanosoma granulosum Laveran & Mesnil, 1902, exposed to polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 22 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Polyamines are important in the growth, division and differentiation of many cell types, including trypanosomes. The ultrastructure of culture forms of Trypanosoma granulosum was examined following growth in a modified semidefined medium (controls) and in the same medium with added polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors (DFMO, MGBG and Berenil). Untreated trypanosomes had ultrastructural features in common with other cultured flagellates. Those treated with DFMO were generally more rounded in contour. Cytoplasmic vacuoles and swollen mitochondrial membranes suggested osmotic imbalance, perhaps resulting from compromised membrane integrity. An anticlockwise arm dividing subtubule B of the peripheral doublets of the flagellum was noted in some trypanosomes treated with 20 mM DFMO. Vacuolation was also induced by MGBG and flagellar division occurred more frequently at 0.2 mM than in controls. With 1 mM MGBG, mitochondria were difficult to discern and kinetoplasts were disrupted. With 0.2 mM Berenil, vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, membranous whorls, additional microtubules underlying subpellicular tubules and disaggregated kinetoplasts were noted. With 1 mM Berenil, much of the cell structure was destroyed, although the pellicle, flagellum and paraxial rod remained intact. The present study illustrates the importance of hnctional polyamine synthetic pathways for the integrity of membranes, mitochondria, kinetoplasts and possibly microtubules in cultured T. granulosum.
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    HLA-G POLYMORPHISM AND ALLELIC ASSOCIATION WITH HLA-A IN A FINNISH POPULATION (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 23 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The polymorphism of the HLA-G gene can be identified by PCR-RFLP analysis. This short communication describes the PCR-RFLP analysis of HLA-G polymorphisms in exons 2 and 3 and the association of different HLA-G and HLA-A alleles in 26 healthy Finnish families.
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    British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 23 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1996.tb00278.x
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    FREQUENCY OF COMPLEMENT THIRD COMPONENT (C3) AND PROPERDIN FACTOR (BF) PHENOTYPES IN PATIENTS WITH VARIOUS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HBV INFECTION (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 23 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four groups of children were tested for the distribution of C3 and BF phenotypes: HBV-infected patients with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome, with CAH and with glomerulonephritis, and healthy children. The frequency of the phenotype C3F was significantly higher in children with Gianotti-Crosti syndrome in comparison with healthy children. The frequency of the phenotype BFS was significantly higher in patients with glomerulonephritis than in individuals with CAH. The difference between the frequency of the BFS phenotype in glomerulonephritis patients and that in healthy subjects neared significance. We suggest that the carriers of these phenotypes are characterized by susceptibility to some immune complex diseases associated with HBV infection.
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    ANNOUNCEMENT (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 23 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1996.tb00269.x
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    C4 NULL ALLELES IN A SWEDISH POPULATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The distribution of C4 null alleles (C4Q0) was studied in a Swedish population comprising 410 male individuals from Stockholm County and Uppsala City. The prevalances of homozygous C4A*Q0 and C4B*Q0 determined by analysing the gene products in serum were 5.0 and 5.6%, respectively, in the Stockholm population and 4.0% each in the Uppsala population. These values are higher than those previously reported from other Caucasian populations. The finding reflects a different genetic composition of the Swedish population and may have relevance to the disease spectrum in this population as compared to other Caucasian populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1995.tb00281.x
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    QUANTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF PLASMATIC HLA-BCw MOLECULES WITH A LOCUS B AND Cw HLA SPECIFIC mAb (B1.23.2mAb) (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Plasmatic HLA class I molecules were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively with a B and Cw locus-specific mAb, B 1.23.2. sHLA-BCw were detected among all individuals with a wide range of concentration. The HLA-A29(19) allele was significantly associated with an increased sHLA-BCw mean concentration. Three different isoforms of relative molecular weights of 44, 39 and 36kDa were detected. The 39kDa class I heavy chain was not detected after immunoprecipitation with mAb B 1.23.2 in 17% of tested plasma, but was immunoprecipitated with W6/32 mAb.
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    FREQUENCY OF Gm AND Km PHENOTYPES IN CHILDREN WITH MUMPS MENINGITIS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Children with mumps meningitis, with mumps without meningitis and healthy subjects were examined for Gm 1, 2, 3, 5, 21 allotypes and for the Km 1 allotype. The comparison of the frequencies of Gm and Km phenotypes in three tested groups (each to the other) did not reveal significant differences. An association between mumps meningitis and the Gm or Km phenotypes was not found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1995.tb00253.x
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    NOMENCLATURE FOR FACTORS OF THE HLA SYSTEM, UPDATE JUNE 1995 (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1995.tb00250.x
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    DELETION OF THE 3 ′ SPLICE SITE OF THE LEADER-VARIABLE REGION INTRON OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAIN GENES INDUCES A DIRECT SPLICING OF LEADER TO CONSTANT REGION, RESULTING IN THE PRODUCTION OF TRUNCATED μ-CHAINS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An Abelson virus-transformed immature B cell line, AT8-1-12-5-2, produced truncated μ-chains. Sequencing analysis of the VHDJH complex on the expressed H-chain allele revealed the deletion of 75 nucleotides that involved leader-variable region intron and the 5’ end of the variable region, which resulted in the loss of the 3′ splice site of leader-variable region intron. Sequence studies of a leader- and CH1 -containing cDNA clone showed that leader region was directly spliced to the CH1 exon, resulting in the production of the truncated μ-chains without variable portion. Our results demonstrated for the first time that the only loss of the 3′ splice site of leader-variable region intron could induce an aberrant splicing between leader and constant region.
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    RAPID CHARACTERIZATION OF HLA CLASS I ALLELES BY GENE MAPPING USING ARMS PCR (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-313X.1995.tb00243.x
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    ANALYSIS OF HLA-CLASS II DQA1, DQB1, DRB1 and DPB1 IN ITALIAN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We studied the allelic constitution at the HLA class II DQA1, DQB1, DRB1 and DPB1 in 94 Italian multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 98 controls. No significant increase in the frequency of DR2 alleles was detected among MS patients, as previously observed both in European and some Italian studies. A slight increase was found for the DQA 1*0301 and DQB 1*0602 alleles in the MS patients. No significant association was found with the glutamine residue at position 34 of the DQ α chain, which was noted previously in MS patients from northern Europe.
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    THE POLYMORPHIC HUMAN TLX-B/CD46/MCP SYSTEM AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSPLANTATION AND REPRODUCTION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: TLX antigens have been found on most peripheral blood cells, trophoblasts, seminal vesicle cells and sperms. These antigens seem to be associated with the membrane co-factor protein (MCP) and the CD46 antigen. Alloantibodies to TLX antigens with FctRII-blocking features were obtained by transfusion of leucocytes or platelets. Preliminary population studies revealed that alloantibodies to TLX/CD46/MCP recognize four overlapping specificities. The terminology TLX-B was introduced with specificities TLX-BI, B2, B3, B4 and frequencies obtained in the population were: 38%, 46%, 42% and 26%, respectively. Family studies showed an independent segregation of the TLX and HLA alleles.At the cellular protein on trophoblast, the alloantibody detected a glycoprotein of 66-67 kDa molecular mass, which may correspond to the a chain of the TLX/CD46/MCP isotypes. A direct association of the alloantibody with FctRII could be excluded thus its FctR blocking feature is probably based on an indirect functional effect.After transfusion and in pregnancy the induction of TLX alloantibody production depended on the mismatching in the TLX/CD46/MCP phenotypes. Probable associations were revealed in the case of recurrent habitual abortion between the lack of FCTR blocking antibody production and the matched TLX specificities of the couples. After transfusion, TLX alloantibody production with FCTR and MLR blocking function was induced only when the recipient was lacking the TLX specificities expressed on the donor cells. Suppression of MLR was found only when TLX specificity in sera corresponded to the TLX specificity of the effector cell. The immunopathological importance of these findings in transplantation and reproductive medicine has yet to be clarified.
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    ABSENCE OF TAP 2D IN YORUBA NIGERIANS (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have characterized TAP allele frequencies in a panel of 71 Yoruba Nigerians using ARMS-PCR. With the exception that TAP 2D was absent in Nigerians, TAP 2 allele frequencies in this population were found to be similar to those in a UK white population. HLA-DR4 also was found to be at a low frequency in Yoruba Nigerians (1.4%). This may reflect the absence of TAP 2D in Nigerians as DR4 and TAP 2D are in linkage disequilibrium in UK Caucasoids.The most frequent TAP 1 allele in Yoruba Nigerians was TAP 1A (49%). However, this value will be an underestimate as TAP1 alleles could not be unequivocally assigned in 41 % of subjects using the ARMS-PCR methodology.
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    ‘BIO-ID’: RESTRICTED USE OF HLA MARKERS TO DETECT DOUBLE REGISTRATION ON COMPUTER FILES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of immunogenetics 22 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1744-313X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We propose to use the extreme diversity of HLA in order to detect, by anonymous check, double registration on computer files, of patients waiting for organ transplantation. A simulation on a panel of 69461 unrelated individuals, caucasoid, confirms the relevance of the method.
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    COMPUTATION OF BEST BOUNDS OF PROBABILITIES FROM UNCERTAIN DATA (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: An uncertainty reasoning method is presented in this article. The method can be used to compute from a given set of conditional probabilities the best lower bounds and the best upper bounds of those conditional probabilities that are not explicitly provided. The computation of the best upper(lower) bound of such a conditional probability relies on solution of a linear programming problem. Some reduction techniques are proposed in this article to improve the efficiency of our uncertainty reasoning method. As illustrated in Section 4.3, for many uncertainty reasoning problems in medical diagnosis, by using our reduction techniques, the best range of a conditional probability, which is specified by a lower bound and an upper bound, can be computed in polynomial time in terms of the number of basic events involved in the reasoning.
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    CONSTRAINED RESOLUTION AND ABDUCTTVE TEMPORAL REASONING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article presents our work on the effective implementation of abduction in temporal reasoning. This works builds on some results, both in the logic programming field and in the automated reasoning area. We have defined and implemented an abductive procedure, which is well adapted for temporal reasoning because it is based on a constrained resolution principle. Constrained resolution has two advantages for temporal reasoning: First, it allows us to deal efficiently with temporal ordering and equality predicates, which are otherwise too much trouble with classical resolution; second, it allows a restricted form of abduction where hypotheses are limited to ordering relationships. From the logic programming area, our work uses results and procedures developed by others in the abductive logic programming field. The procedure we define and implement in this work is relatively independent of the temporal formalism: It has been used with some reified temporal logics and with the event calculus. More generally it can be used on any point-based temporal formalism, provided that a correct and complete algorithm is available for checking the consistency of a set of temporal ordering relationships in this language.
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    LEARNING MONOTONIC-CONCAVE INTERVAL CONCEPTS USING THE BACK-PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORKS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Monotonicity and concavity play important roles in human cognition, reasoning, and decision making. This paper shows that neural networks can learn monotonic-concave interval concepts based on real-world data, Traditionally, the training of neural networks has been based only on raw data. In cases where the training samples carry statistical fluctuations, the products of the training have often suffered. This paper suggests that global knowledge about monotonicity and concavity of a problem domain can be incorporated in neural network training. This paper proposes a learning scheme for the back-propagation layered neural networks in learning monotonic-concave interval concepts and provides an example to show its application.
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    ON THE IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF AbTweak (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we describe the implementation and evaluation of the AbTweak planning system, a test bed for studying and teaching concepts in partial-order planning, abstraction, and search control. We start by extending the hierarchical, precondition-elimination abstraction of ABSTRIPS to partial-order-based, least-commitment planners such as Tweak. The resulting system, AbTweak, illustrates the advantages of using abstraction to improve the efficiency of search. We show that by protecting a subset of abstract conditions achieved so far, and by imposing a bias on search toward deeper levels in a hierarchy, planning efficiency can be greatly improved. Finally, we relate AbTweak to other planning systems SNLP, ALPINE, and SIPE by exploring their similarities and differences.
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    SOLVING NINE MEN'S MORRIS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The game of Nine Men's Morris is a draw. We obtained this result using a combination of endgame databases (1010 states) and search. Our improved algorithm for computing endgame databases allowed the game to be solved on a personal computer. Other games have been solved using knowledge-based methods to dramatically prune the search tree. Nine Men's Morris does not seem to profit from such methods, making it the first nontrivial game solved in which almost the entire state space has to be considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00251.x
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    LEARNING PLAYING STRATEGIES IN CHESS (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is believed that chess masters use pattern-based knowledge to analyze a position, followed by a pattern-based controlled search to verify or correct the analysis. This paper describes a first-order system called PAL that can learn patterns in the form of Horn clauses from simple example descriptions and general purpose knowledge. It is shown how PAL can leam chess patterns that are beyond the learning capabilities of current inductive systems. The patterns learned by PAL can be used for analysis of positions and for the construction of playing strategies. By taking the learned patterns as attributes for describing examples, a set of rules which decide whether a Pawn can safely be promoted without moving the King in a King and Pawn vs King endgame, is automatically constructed with a similarity-based learning algorithm. Similarly, a playing strategy for the King and Rook vs King endgame is automatically constructed with a simple learning algorithm by following traces of games and using the patterns learned by PAL. Limitations of first-order systems, PAL imparticularly, are exposed in domains where a large number of background definitions may be required for induction. Conclusions and future research directions are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00253.x
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    PERFECT RECALL AND PRUNING IN GAMES WITH IMPERFECT INFORMATION (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Games with imperfect information are an interesting and important class of games. They include most card games (e.g., bridge and poker) as well as many economic and political models. Here we investigate algorithms for findi ng the simplest form of a solution (a pure-strategy equilibrium point) to imperfect information games expressed in their extensive (game tree) form. We introduce to the artificial intelligence community a classic algorithm, due to Wilson, that solves one-player games with perfect recall. Wilson's algorithm, which we call iMP-minimax, runs in time linear in the size of the game-tree searched. In contrast to Wilson's result, Koller and Meggido have shown that finding a pure-strategy equilibrium point in one-player games without perfect recall is NP-hard. Here, we provide another contrast to Wilson's result–we show that in games with perfect recall but more than one player, finding a pure-strategy equilibrium point, given that such an equilibrium point exists, is NP-hard.Our second contribution is to present a pruning technique for Wilson's IMP-minimax algorithm to make the latter more tractable. We call this new algorithm IMP-alpha-beta. We provide a theoretical framework (model) and analyze IMP-alpha-beta in that model. IMP-alpha-beta is of direct value for one-player, perfect-recall games. It also has strong potential for other imperfect information games, as it is a natural (but as yet untested) heuristic in those cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00256.x
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    GO-MOKU SOLVED BY NEW SEARCH TECHNIQUES (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many decades ago, Japanese professional Go-Moku players stated that Go-Moku (five-in-a-row on a horizontally placed 15×15 board) is a won game for the player to move first. So far, this claim has never been substantiated by (a tree of) variations or by a computer program. Meanwhile, many variants of Go-Moku with slightly different rules have been developed. This paper shows that for two common variants, the game-theoretical value has been established.Moreover, the Go-Moku program Victoria is described. It uses two new search techniques: threat-space search and proof-number search. One of the results is that Victoria is bound to win against any (optimal) counterplay if it moves first. Furthermore, it achieves good results as a defender against nonoptimally playing opponents. In this contribution we focus on threat-space search and its advantages compared to conventional search algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00250.x
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    LEARNING OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION STRATEGIES FOR GAME PLAYING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Human chess players exhibit a large variation in the amount of time they allocate for each move. Yet, the problem of devising resource allocation strategies for game playing has not received enough attention. In this paper we present a framework for studying resource allocation strategies. We define allocation strategy and identify three major types of strategies: static, semi-dynamic, and dynamic. We then describe a method for learning semi-dynamic strategies from self-generated examples. We present an algorithm for assigning classes to the examples based on the utility of investing extra resources. The method was implemented in the domain of checkers, and experimental results show that it is able to learn strategies that improve game-playing performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00254.x
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    GENERAL GAME-PLAYING AND REINFORCEMENT LEARNING (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 12 (1996), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper provides a blueprint for the development of a fully domain-independent single-agent and multiagent heuristic search system. It gives a graph-theoretic representation of search problems based on conceptual graphs and outlines two different learning systems. One, an “informed learner”, makes use of the graph-theoretic definition of a search problem or game in playing and adapting to a game in the given environment. The other, a “blind learner”, is not given access to the rules of a domain but must discover and then exploit the underlying mathematical structure of a given domain. Relevant work of others is referenced within the context of the blueprint.To illustrate further how one might go about creating general game-playing agents, we show how we can generalize the understanding obtained with the Morph chess system to all games involving the interactions of abstract mathematical relations. A monitor for such domains has been developed, along with an implementation of a blind and informed learning system known as Morphll. Performance results with MorphK are preliminary but encouraging and provide a few more data points with which to understand and evaluate the blueprint.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1996.tb00257.x
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    PLANNING TO FIND THE REFERENTS OF NOUN PHRASES (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 11 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Finding the referent of a definite noun phrase is a classic problem in natural language processing. Most work assumes that when a program begins to analyze an utterance, it already has the knowledge it needs for identifying referents. If a robot accepts commands in natural language, this assumption may not hold. Suppose a user says, “Go get the book on the table in room 3,” but the robot has never been in room 3, so it lacks the knowledge it needs to identify the referent of “the book on the table in room 3.” To gain this knowledge, the robot must travel to room 3 and search. This article describes a simulated robot that accepts commands in English and actively searches for the referents of definite descriptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1995.tb00051.x
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    A NEW METHOD FOR INFLUENCE DIAGRAM EVALUATION (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 11 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: As influence diagrams become a popular representational tool for decision analysis, influence diagram evaluation attracts more and more research interests. In this article, we present a new, two-phase method for influence diagram evaluation. In our method, an influence diagram is first mapped onto a decision graph and then the analysis is carried out by evaluating the decision graph. Our method is more efficient than Howard and Matheson's because, among other reasons, our method generates a much smaller decision graph for the same influence diagram. Like those most recent algorithms reported in the literature, our method also provides a clean interface between influence diagram evaluation and Bayesian net evaluation. Consequently, various well-established algorithms for Bayesian net evaluation can be used in influence diagram evaluation. Furthermore, our method has a few unique merits. First, it takes advantage of asymmetry in influence diagrams to avoid unnecessary computation. Second, by using heuristic search techniques, it provides an explicit mechanism for using heuristic information that may be available in a domain-specific form. These additional merits make our method more efficient than the current algorithms in general. Finally, by using decision graphs as an intermediate representation, the value of perfect information can be computed in a more efficient way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1995.tb00046.x
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    A LOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION FOR TRUTH MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS WITH DEPENDENCY-DIRECTED BACKTRACKING (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 11 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper we present various logical characterizations of justification-based (nonmonotonic) truth maintenance systems (JTMS). These characterizations, which are proved to be equivalent, aim at describing dependency-directed backtracking (DDB) (i.e., the process of resolving conflicts which can arise when nogoods are allowed in the set of justifications), mainly relying on the intuitive idea that a contrapositrve use of justifications is needed to resolve inconsistencies. The idea is first formalized by means of the notion of three-valued labeling and then through a transformation which explicitly adds all contrapositives of the justifications. An abductive characterization of the JTMS is provided through a further transformation which converts a set of nonmonotonic justifications to a corresponding abduction framework. This approach provides a unifying framework, based on the notion of abduction, for describing both JTMSs and assumption-based TMSs (ATMSs).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1995.tb00022.x
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    DESIGNING AND BUILDING A NEGOTIATING AUTOMATED AGENT (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 11 (1995), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Negotiations are very important in a multiagenl environment, particularly, in an environment where there are conflicts between the agents, and cooperation would be beneficial. We have developed a general structure for a Negotiating Automated Agent that consists of five modules: a Prime Minister, a Ministry of Defense, a Foreign Office, a Headquarters and Intelligence. These modules are implemented using a dynamic set of local agents belonging to the different modules. We used this structure to develop a Diplomacy player. Diplomat. Playing Diplomacy involves a certain amount of technical skills as in other board games, but the capacity to negotiate, explain, convince, promise, keep promises or break them, is an essential ingredient in good play. Diplomat was evaluated and consistently played better than human players.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1995.tb00026.x
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    Déjà vu all over again: AAAI ’98 Madison, Wisconsin, USA 26–30 July 1998 (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 16 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00091
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    A hierarchical expert system for integrated scheduling of ship berthing, discharging and material transport (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Berthing ships at a port and unloading the stowed materials require a series of scheduling problems: ship berthing, discharging, and material transport. To deal effectively with the scheduling complexity due to mutual interdependence among those problems, this paper proposes a two-level hierarchical architecture for the integrated scheduling of all the activities arising in port. The hierarchical architecture assigns ships to multiple lower level dispatchers, each of which makes its own discharging and material transport schedule independently while satisfying the requirements imposed by the higher level coordinator. If any problem occurs within a dispatcher, the higher level coordinator attempts to resolve the trouble through the coordination of other dispatchers. Based on the hierarchical architecture, a prototype scheduling expert system is developed using G2 for the port scheduling problem at a steelworks. Through the object- oriented interaction of frames, the system is shown to effectively construct integrated schedules from the berth scheduling to the material transport scheduling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00082
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    ESAS: A case-based approach to business planning and monitoring (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Creating and sustaining a competitive advantage in today’s turbulent world markets is a formidable business challenge. For many organisations, operating within an inherently unstable external environment has resulted in the need for a cultural rethink. Business complacency, brought about by corporate industry monopolisation, the reliance on reputation, brand identity, and customer allegiance, is no longer a recipe for sustained market growth. Companies have realised that being market focused could provide them with a competitive edge within the marketplace. To achieve this organisations have turned to the ‘Quality movement’, embracing the Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy and its inherent tools (auditing frameworks, concept of quality systems etc.) as a means to recapture lost ground. ESAS (Enterprise Strategic Advisory System) is a prototype intelligent system that utilises a case- based approach to address the issues raised above, by providing organisations with advice on market- led quality and competitive strategy. This paper explores the philosophy and ideas behind the ESAS concept, and describes the development of an ESAS prototype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00076
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    The Two Faces of AI: AAAI ’97 - Providence, Rhode Island, USA, 27–31 July 1997 (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00070
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    Book Reviews (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Gillies, Donald, Artificial Intelligence and Scientific MethodGurney, Kevin, An Introduction to Neural Networks
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00063
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    Towards Industrial Application of Intelligent Training Systems (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Computer-based training is an area where knowledge-based techniques enable us to achieve new system functionalities which cannot be attained with conventional techniques. Knowledge-based training systems can adapt the course, the lesson and the instructional strategy to the needs and attitude of the individual trainee, so as to obtain a completely individualised instruction. Due to these capabilities they are known as Intelligent Training Systems (ITSs). After their introduction in the mid-eighties with their first successful application in the military sector, ITSs are now mature enough for practical use in civil applications.This paper presents the experience gained by the authors over the last decade through the realisation of two industrial prototypes in different sectors and the recent development of a full-scale application. Such experience led to a specification methodology and to a development framework which now provide a solid baseline for the industrial application of the ITS technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00060
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    Truth Maintenance in Blackboard Environment (1998)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 15 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Constraint satisfaction and search problems generally fall into the class of problems for which a direct algorithmic solution does not exist. The solution of these problems requires the examination of state spaces. A problem solver (inference engine) alone is not able to organize and maintain state space consistently. For this purpose a so-called truth maintenance system is required. Our truth maintenance system (MEKON) organizes data within a data abstraction called a context. Each context corresponds to one problem state and contains currently believed data. The truth maintenance system provides believed data retrieval, belief revision, contradiction handling and non-monotonicity handling, the features that help a problem solver to examine state spaces. MEKON represents an ATMS-like system implemented within BEST (Blackboard-based Expert System Toolkit). However, some special MEKON features such as state variables, context sensitive generation of assumptions and explicit context generation, that are not present in standard ATMSs, facilitate not only the solution of constraint satisfaction problems, but also the solution of search problems (not provided by standard ATMSs). Being deeply integrated with Prolog/Rex, BEST’s knowledge representation language, and BEST’s inference engine, MEKON provides a simple and efficient means for the examination of state spaces. Facts, hypotheses (assumptions), and concepts (frames) are used to describe a problem state, contexts are used to represent points in the state spaces, while rules are used to perform state transitions. MEKON is the only truth maintenacne system that provides truth maintenance capabilities on local blackboards thus enabling the solution of complex problems which include different kinds of real constraint satisfaction and search problems concerning diagnosis, allocation tasks, classification tasks, planning or scenario making.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00061
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    Book Reviews (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Russell, Stuart and Norvig, Peter Artificial Intelligence: A Modern ApproachEdwards, Alistair, D.N. (ed.) Extra-Ordinary Human-Computer Interaction: Interfaces for Users with DisabilitiesVacca, John R. VRML: Bringing Virtual Reality to the Internet
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00057
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    REDSIEX: A Cooperative Network of Expert Systems with Blackboard Architectures (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The blackboard architecture, originally developed for the system that permits the comprehension of language, HEARSAY II, has later been used in a great variety of domains and in various environments for the construction of systems. From the classic architecture of HEARSAY II, many applications, generalizations, extensions and refinements have been developed. In this paper we present REDSIEX, (RED de SIstemas EXpertos) which is a network of expert systems within a blackboard architecture, for the cooperation solution of distributed problems. The REDSIEX system inherits various of the elements defined by the architecture of HEARSAY II and incorporates new components and organization. These produce a very characteristic and exclusive global work style in the solution of problems, within a conceptual framework of emergent control. The main structural and functional characteristics of REDSIEX are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00055
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    Diary (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.t01-3-00058
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    Diary (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00052
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    The sorting techniques: a tutorial paper on card sorts, picture sorts and item sorts (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although sorting techniques (e.g. card sorts) are widely used in knowledge acquisition and requirements acquisition, they have received little formal attention compared to related techniques such as repertory grids and laddering. This paper briefly describes the main sorting techniques, then provides a detailed tutorial on one variety (repeated single-criterion sorts), using a worked example. Guidelines for choice and sequencing of techniques are given, both in relation to varieties of sorting technique and in relation to other techniques. It is concluded that the sorting techniques are a valuable part of the elicitor's methodological toolkit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00045
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    Using the CARMEN’s framework to model and acquire knowledge (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The manner in which CARMEN (Constraints And Rules Management ENgine), an operational expert system generator developed as part of the ESPRIT project ITHACA, models and acquires knowledge is discussed. Central to CARMEN are three types of control entities (TASKs, MKSs and BKSs) which are used to describe problem-solving at the knowledge-use level. Modeling of domain knowledge is done both at the deep and surface levels. The Integrity Checking Task (or ICT) is used to illustrate the manner in which CARMEN works. We conclude the paper with a comparison of CARMEN with other approaches in knowledge modeling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00043
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    Application of artificial neural networks for the development of a signal monitoring system (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A prototype of a Signal Monitoring System (SMS) utilizing artificial neural networks is developed in this work. The prototype system is unique in: 1) its utilization of state-of-the-art technology in pattern recognition such as the Adaptive Resonance Theory family of neural networks, and 2) the integration of neural network results of pattern recognition and fault identification databases.The system is developed in an X-windows environment that offers an excellent Graphical User Interface (GUI). Motif software is used to build the GUI. The system is user-friendly, menu-driven, and allows the user to select signals and paradigms of interest. The system provides the status or condition of the signals tested as either normal or faulty. In the case of faulty status, SMS, through an integrated database, identifies the fault and indicates the progress of the fault relative to the normal condition as well as relative to the previous tests.Nuclear reactor signals from an Experimental Breeder Reactor are analyzed to closely represent actual reactor operational data. The signals are both measured signals collected by a Data Acquisition System as well as simulated signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00044
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    Case Based Diagnosis and Repair of Software Faults (1997)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 14 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Software debugging (the diagnosis and repair of faults in software) can be a difficult and time consuming problem. In many cases a problem which can take an inexperienced developer a long time to correct can be quickly identified and corrected by a more experienced one. This is often because they have seen that problem (or a similar one) before. In this paper we present a system (called WATSON) which automatically constructs an explanation of the fault and a repair strategy from a library of partial repair models. This system exploits Case Based Reasoning (CBR) technology to perform this construction. The paper introduces the concepts behind CBR before going on to describe the components of the WATSON system. It then illustrates, by example, how WATSON constructs a diagnosis and repair model from the case databases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00037
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