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  • Articles  (446)
  • Annual Reviews  (446)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (446)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (446)
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  • Articles  (446)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism During and After Exercise (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 121-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Food on Drug Absorption (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 383-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002123
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS DURING LACTATION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 19-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Additional energy needs for an exclusively breastfeeding woman are approximately 670 kcal/day. If one allows for gradual weight loss, the net increment needed is about 500 kcal/day. There is little evidence of energy-sparing adaptations in basal metabolic rate or dietary-induced thermogenesis during lactation, although physical activity may be reduced during the early postpartum period. In women with adequate fat reserves, moderately negative energy balance is not likely to affect lactation. The recommended increment in protein intake during lactation has been estimated to be about 15 g/day, based on a milk protein concentration of 11 g/liter. However, if one takes into account the protein cost of non-protein nitrogen in human milk, the recommended increment in protein is about 20 g/day. The latter value is consistent with data from nitrogen balance studies in lactating women. Low protein intakes are unlikely to affect milk volume but may alter certain fractions of milk nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.19
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 77-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-chain fatty acids are involved in all aspects of cellular structure and function. For controlling amounts of fatty acids, cells are endowed with two acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) systems. ACC-alpha is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, and ACC-beta is believed to control mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These two isoforms of ACC control the amount of fatty acids in the cells. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ACC-alpha cause enzyme inactivation and activation, respectively, and serve as the enzyme's short-term regulatory mechanism. Covalently modified enzymes become more sensitive toward cellular metabolites. In addition, many hormones and nutrients affect gene expression. The gene products formed are heterogeneous and tissue specific. The ACC-beta gene is located on human chromosome 12; the cDNA for this gene has just been cloned. The gene for the alpha-isoform is located on human chromosome 17. The catalytic core of the beta-isoform is homologous to that of the alpha-isoform, except for an additional peptide of about 150 amino acids at the N terminus. This extra peptide sequence makes the beta-form about 10,000 daltons larger, and it is thought to be involved in the unique role that has been assigned to this enzyme. The detailed control mechanisms for the beta-isoform are not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.77
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TASTE PREFERENCES AND FOOD INTAKE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 237-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sensory responses to the taste, smell, and texture of foods help determine food preferences and eating habits. However, sensory responses alone do not predict food consumption. The view that a "sweet tooth" leads to obesity through excess sugar consumption is overly narrow. In reality, there are multiple links between taste perceptions, taste preferences, food preferences, and food choices and the amount of food consumed. Taste responses are influenced by a range of genetic, physiological, and metabolic variables. The impact of taste factors on food intake further depends on sex and age and is modulated by obesity, eating disorders, and other pathologies of eating behavior. Food preferences and food choices of populations are further linked to attitudinal, social, and-probably most important-economic variables such as income. Nutrition education and intervention strategies aimed at improving population diets ought to consider sensory pleasure response to foods, in addition to a wide range of demographic and sociocultural variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.237
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIETARY PHYTOESTROGENS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 353-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Broadly defined, phytoestrogens include isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans. A number of these compounds have been identified in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains commonly consumed by humans. Soybeans, clover and alfalfa sprouts, and oilseeds (such as flaxseed) are the most significant dietary sources of isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans, respectively. Studies in humans, animals, and cell culture systems suggest that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in prevention of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease. Proposed mechanisms include estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, induction of cancer cell differentiation, inhibition of tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase activities, suppression of angiogenesis, and antioxidant effects. Although there currently are no dietary recommendations for individual phytoestrogens, there may be great benefit in increased consumption of plant foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.353
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTRACELLULAR LIPID-BINDING PROTEINS AND THEIR GENES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 277-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular lipid-binding proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight single-chain polypeptides that form 1:1 complexes with fatty acids, retinoids, or other hydrophobic ligands. These proteins are products of a large multigene family of unlinked loci distributed throughout the genome. Each lipid-binding protein exhibits a distinctive pattern of tissue distribution. Transcriptional control, regulated by a combination of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, allows for a variety of both cell and tissue-specific expression patterns. In some cells, fatty acids increase the expression of the lipid-binding protein genes. Fatty acids, or their metabolites, are activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of transcription factors. Therefore, as the concentration of lipid in the diet increases, the expression of lipid-binding proteins coordinately increases. As revealed by X-ray crystallography, the lipid-binding proteins fold into beta-barrels, forming a large internal water-filled cavity. Fatty acid ligands are bound within the cavity, occupying only about one-third of the accessible volume. The bound fatty acid is stabilized via a combination of enthalpic and entropic forces that govern ligand affinity and selectivity. Cytoplasmic lipid-binding proteins are the intracellular receptors for hydrophobic ligands, delivering them to the appropriate site for use as metabolic fuels and regulatory agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.277
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPARATIVE NUTRITION OF IRON AND COPPER (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 501-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The suggestion from nutritional studies with mammals of a link between iron and copper metabolism has been reinforced by recent investigations with yeast cells. Iron must be in the reduced ferrous (FeII) state for uptake by yeast cells, and reoxidation to ferric (FeIII) by a copper oxidase is part of the transport process. Thus, yeast cells deficient in copper are unable to absorb iron. In an analogous way, animals deficient in copper appear to be unable to move FeII out of cells, probably because it cannot be oxidized to FeIII. Invertebrate animals use copper and iron in ways very similar to vertebrates, with some notable exceptions. In the cases where vertebrates and invertebrates are similar, the latter may be useful models for vertebrate metabolism. In cases where they differ (e.g. predominance of serum ferritin in insects, oxygen transport by a copper protein in many arthropods, central importance of phenoloxidase, a copper enzyme in arthropods), the differences may represent processes that are exaggerated in invertebrates and thus more amenable to study in these organisms. On the other hand, they may represent processes unique to invertebrates, thus providing novel information on species diversity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WHY DO WE EAT?A Neural Systems Approach1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 597-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Neuroregulators found at various brain sites are involved in controlling food intake, a behavior that occurs for many reasons. Different neuroregulators may affect different stimuli that impact eating behavior. For example, neuropeptide Y may initiate feeding for energy needs, opioid peptides may provide the rewarding aspects of eating, and corticotropin releasing factor may affect stress-induced eating. We know that the neural networks regulating feeding also impact other components of energy balance. Neuropeptide Y not only increases eating, it also decreases energy expenditure in brown fat and increases enzymatic activity associated with fat storage in white fat, resulting in a more obese animal. What the sites of action are of these neuroregulators and how they interact with regulators at other sites are of utmost importance. Different regions of the brain, together with the periphery, communicate via signals acting in coordinated fashion, which leads to the final outcome: eating less or more and expending less or more energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.597
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARNITINE METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION IN MICROORGANISMS AND MAMMALS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In procaryotes, l-carnitine may be used as both a carbon and nitrogen source for aerobic growth, or the carbon chain may be used selectively following cleavage of trimethylamine. Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of preferred substrates, some bacteria use carnitine, via crotonobetaine, as an electron acceptor. Formation of trimethylamine and gamma-butyrobetaine (from reduction of crotonobetaine) from l-carnitine by enteric bacteria has been demonstrated in rats and humans. Carnitine is not degraded by enzymes of eukaryotic origin. In higher organisms, carnitine has specific functions in intermediary metabolism. Concentrations of carnitine and its esters in cells of eukaryotes are rigorously maintained to provide optimal function. Carnitine homeostasis in mammals is preserved by a modest rate of endogenous synthesis, absorption from dietary sources, efficient reabsorption, and mechanisms present in most tissues that establish and maintain substantial concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular carnitine pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.39
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIETARY OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE POTENTIATION OF VIRAL INFECTION1 (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 93-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of several viral infections, including hepatitis, influenza, and AIDS. Dietary oxidative stress due to either selenium or vitamin E deficiency increases cardiac damage in mice infected with a myocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3. Such dietary oxidative stress also allows a normally benign (i.e. amyocarditic) coxsackievirus B3 to convert to virulence and cause heart damage. This conversion to virulence is due to a nucleotide sequence change in the genome of the benign virus, which then resembles more closely the nucleotide sequence of virulent strains. Although it has been known for many years that poor nutrition can affect host response to infection, this is the first report of host nutrition affecting the genetic sequence of a pathogen. Further research is needed to determine whether poor host nutrition plays any role in the emergence of new viral diseases via alterations in the genotype of an infectious agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.93
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF VITAMIN GLYCOSIDES (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 277-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glycosylated forms of pyridoxine, vitamin D, niacin, pantothenate, and riboflavin exist in nature, whereas glycosides of retinol and ascorbic acid are products of in vitro transglycosidation. beta-Glucosides of pyridoxine (a) are prevalent in plant-derived foods, (b) contribute to human nutrition as partially available sources of vitamin B6, (c) undergo partial hydrolysis by a novel mammalian cytosolic beta-glucosidase, and (d) exert a weak antagonistic effect on the utilization of free pyridoxine. Niacin exists in grains as complexed forms with low bioavailability, whereas vitamin D glycosides are toxic components of certain calcinogenic plants of importance in animal health. Glycosides of pantothenate and riboflavin appear to be minor products of mammalian metabolism. Glycosylation of retinol or other hydrophobic alcohols may facilitate glycolipid turnover, whereas a stable ascorbyl glucoside may have nutritional applications. Glycosylation of vitamins exerts widely ranging chemical and biological effects, with great nutritional and metabolic significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.277
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NITROGEN CYCLING IN THE GUT (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 385-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This review examines the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the utilization of nitrogen, the identities of the nitrogenous substances entering and leaving the gut, and the significance of this recycling in the overall nitrogen economy of the body. It is concerned with nonruminant mammals, including man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.385
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIET, NUTRITION, AND PROSTATE CANCER (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 413-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cancer of the prostate gland is one of the most common malignancies in affluent nations, in part due to the application of new screening and diagnostic tools. The development of life-threatening prostate cancer is the culmination of a complex series of initiation and promotional events over a period of decades and under the influence of many interacting genetic and environmental factors. A rapidly accumulating scientific literature provides compelling evidence for the hypothesis that diet and nutrition are important factors modifying risk of prostate cancer. Additional resources devoted to interactive research efforts by laboratory scientists and epidemiologists will provide further enlightenment and continued refinement of our assessment of risks and benefits for specific nutrients and dietary patterns. These studies provide hope that evidence-based dietary interventions will significantly impact the risk of prostate cancer and enhance the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.413
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANT LIPIDS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 197-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vegetable oils are a major component of human diets, comprising as much as 25% of average caloric intake. Until recently, it was not possible to exert significant control over the chemical composition of vegetable oils derived from different plants. However, the advent of genetic engineering has provided novel opportunities to tailor the composition of plant-derived lipids so that they are optimized with respect to food functionality and human dietary needs. In order to exploit this new capability, it is essential for food scientists and nutritionists to define the lipid compositions that would be most desirable for various purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.197
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARRIER-MEDIATED MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF FOLATES IN MAMMALIAN CELLS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 91-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mediated internalization of folates is required for cellular macromolecular biosynthesis. Multiple carrier-mediated mechanisms have been identified that can fulfill this role in a variety of mammalian cell types, including neoplastic cells, with and without proliferative potential. The absorption of dietary folates also relies on the function of a carrier-mediated system in mature luminal epithelium of small intestine. The various carrier-mediated systems can be distinguished by their preferences for various folate compounds as permeants as well as by differences in temperature and pH dependence. The widely studied one-carbon, reduced-folate transport system is mediated by a transporter encoded by the newly discovered RFC-1 (reduced-folate carrier) gene. The characteristics of this gene in rodent and human cells are similar, consistent with the close similarity between these species of folate transport mediated by this transporter. However, differences occur in the form of tissue-specific expression, alternate splicing, and 5' end mRNA heterogeneity, as well as in promoter utilization regulating transcription. RFC-1 gene expression also appears to regulate luminal epithelial cell folate absorption in small intestine. However, the properties of RFC-1-mediated folate transport in these cells is anomalous when compared with that seen in nonabsorptive cell types. Detailed mechanisms as to the regulation of RFC-1 transcription are now emerging along with other information on structure and function of the transporter and its alteration following mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.91
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    The Hypobetalipoproteinemias (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 15 (1995), S. 23-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.000323
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Whole-Body Protein Turnover in Humans-Past, Present, and Future (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 15 (1995), S. 57-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.000421
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Role of Vitamin K in Bone Metabolism (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 15 (1995), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.000245
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    BIOAVAILABILITY AND BIOCONVERSION OF CAROTENOIDS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 19-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Factors that influence the bioavailability of carotenoids and their bioconversion to retinol are species of carotenoids, molecular linkage, amount of carotenoids consumed in a meal, matrix in which the carotenoid is incorporated, effectors of absorption and bioconversion, nutrient status of the host, genetic factors, host-related factors, and mathematical interactions. In this paper, current knowledge of these factors is examined. Although data are not sufficiently comparable to allow an extensive systematic comparison of results, a number of conclusions can be drawn from the information available.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.19
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  • 21
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    GENETIC DISORDERS OF CARNITINE METABOLISM AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT1 (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 179-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Carnitine functions as a substrate for a family of enzymes, carnitine acyltransferases, involved in acyl-coenzyme A metabolism and as a carrier for long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria. Carnitine biosynthesis and/or dietary carnitine fulfill the body's requirement for carnitine. To date, a genetic disorder of carnitine biosynthesis has not been described. A genetic defect in the high-affinity plasma membrane carnitine-carrierin leads to renal carnitine wasting and primary carnitine deficiency. Myopathic carnitine deficiency could be due to an increase in efflux moderated by the carnitine-carrierout. Defects in the carnitine transport system for fatty acids in mitochondria have been described and are being examined at the molecular and pathophysiological levels. The nutritional management of these disorders includes a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet and avoidance of those events that promote fatty acid oxidation, such as fasting, prolonged exercise, and cold. Large-dose carnitine treatment is effective in systemic carnitine deficiency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.179
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  • 22
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    THE GENETICS OF OSTEOPOROSIS: Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 233-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue that leads to bone fragility and an increase in fracture risk. It is a disease with a complex etiology that includes genetic and environmental contributors. Environmental factors that influence bone density include dietary factors-such as intakes of calcium, alcohol, and caffeine-and lifestyle factors-such as exercise and smoking. Ethnic differences in the propensity to nontraumatic bone fracture suggest that genetic factors are important. Recently, common allelic variations in the vitamin D receptor gene have been found to be associated with bone mineral density in racially diverse population groups, as well as in prepubertal girls, young adult and postmenopausal women, and men. However, many studies have not been able to find this association. Additional approaches, such as sib-pair analysis, will probably be necessary in the future to identify the important genetic determinants of osteoporosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.233
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  • 23
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    Factors Influencing Disease Expression in Hemochromatosis (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 139-160 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001035
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  • 24
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    Mechanisms of Food Allergy Allergy (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 161-177 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001113
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    Vitamin E in Humans: Demand and Delivery (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001541
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    Regulation of Metabolism by Retinoic Acid and its Nuclear Receptors (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 257-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001353
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    Dietary Change and Traditional Food Systems of Indigenous Peoples (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 417-442 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002221
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    DEVELOPMENT AND BIOMEDICAL TESTING OF MILITARY OPERATIONAL RATIONS1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 51-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article gives a brief history of military nutrition research in this century and reviews recent advances made through field testing. Although modern rations are nutritionally complete, ration developers are challenged to improve palatability to promote increased intakes in field training and combat settings. The principal goal for military nutritionists is to identify the optimal macronutrient mix and specific ration components that sustain a soldier's performance in the face of operational stressors such as sleep deprivation, intense physical activity, climatic extremes, and hypobaric hypoxia. Energy expenditures during typical field-training exercises average approximately 4000 kcal/day, whereas energy intakes are usually 3000 kcal/day or less when operational rations are consumed. One way to ameliorate the effects of this shortfall is to provide soldiers with a carbohydrate beverage supplement.
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    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PANCREATIC LIPASE AND COLIPASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 141-158 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dietary fats are essential for life and good health. Efficient absorption of dietary fats is dependent on the action of pancreatic triglyceride lipase. In the last few years, large advances have been made in describing the structure and lipolytic mechanism of human pancreatic triglyceride lipase and of colipase, another pancreatic protein that interacts with pancreatic triglyceride lipase and that is required for lipase activity in the duodenum. This review discusses the advances made in protein structure and in understanding the relationships of structure to function of pancreatic triglyceride lipase and colipase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.141
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    REGULATION OF MILK LIPID SECRETION AND COMPOSITION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 159-184 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Triacylglycerols make up 98% of the lipid content of milk, ranging in different species from 0 to 50% of the total milk volume. The fatty aid composition of the triacylglycerols depends on the species, the dietary fatty acid composition, and the carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio of the diet. The rate of lipid synthesis in the lactating mammary gland depends on the stage of mammary development and is decreased by fasting and starvation in ruminants and rodents but not in species that fast during lactation, such as seals and hibernating bears. Regulatory agents include insulin, prolactin, and non-esterified fatty acids. Dietary trans fatty acids may depress milk lipid synthesis under certain conditions. Evidence is presented that fatty acids may play a major regulatory role in acute changes in de novo mammary fatty acid synthesis, acting primarily on the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.159
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    ROLE OF NUTRITION IN PREVENTION OF THE PROGRESSION OF RENAL DISEASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 435-455 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In rats with renal disease, low-protein diets slow the decline in renal function, histologic damage, and mortality. Low-protein (and phosphorus) diets can also ameliorate uremic symptoms, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic renal failure. Albeit controversial, evidence also suggests that dietary protein restriction can slow the rate of progression of renal failure and the time until end-stage renal failure. These dietary regimens appear to be safe and patients with chronic renal failure are able to activate normal compensatory mechanisms designed to conserve lean body mass when dietary protein intake is restricted. When low-protein diets are prescribed, patients should be closely monitored to assess dietary compliance and to ensure nutritional adequacy. Evidence that the spontaneous intake of dietary protein decreases in patients with progressive chronic renal failure who consume unrestricted diets should not be construed as an argument against the use of low-protein diets. Rather, it is a persuasive argument to restrict dietary protein intake in order to minimize complications of renal failure while preserving nutritional status.
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    ROLE OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE REGULATION OF MUSCLE GLUCOSE UPTAKE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 487-499 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Insulin vasodilates skeletal muscle vasculature via an endothelium-derived nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Data suggests that insulin interacts directly with the endothelium to cause nitric oxide release. This insulin-mediated increase in muscle perfusion accounts for ~30% of insulin's overall action to stimulate muscle glucose uptake, suggesting a role for insulin and glucose delivery as a determinant of insulin action. Hindlimb perfusion experiments, where perfusion rate is fixed, suggest that changes in distribution of microcirculatory perfusion can modulate substrate uptake. The potential role of insulin to enhance flow through capillary networks that are efficient at nutrient transfer to tissue (nutritive flow) relative to non-nutritive flow is discussed.
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    APPLICATIONS OF MASS ISOTOPOMER ANALYSIS TO NUTRITION RESEARCH (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 559-596 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Investigations into regulating metabolic pathways with stable isotopes have, over the past decade, undergone major development with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry in studying labeling patterns of newly synthesized biomolecules. In this review, we concentrate on investigations of mass isotopomer distribution (MID) measured by mass spectrometry. We review the applications of MID to analytical problems, in particular the possibility of amplifying the measurement of low isotopic enrichments by incorporating multiple molecules or atoms of a primary analyte into the molecule of a secondary analyte, the MID of which is assayed. We also review new information on the regulation of intermediary metabolism gathered from the analysis of MID patterns of synthesized compounds. Lastly, we review the applications of MID to the synthesis of polymeric molecules, with emphasis on the validity of these techniques. A number of these techniques are applicable to investigations of nutrient metabolism in health and disease.
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    DIETARY FRUCTANS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 117-143 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fructan is a general term used for any carbohydrate in which one or more fructosyl-fructose link constitutes the majority of osidic bonds. This review focuses on the fate of inulin-type fructans (namely native chicory inulin, oligofructose produced by the partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin, and synthetic fructans produced by enzymatic synthesis from sucrose) in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as on their systemic physiological effects on mineral absorption, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, hormone balance, and nitrogen homeostasis. The scientific evidence for the functional claims of inulin-type fructans is discussed, as well as their potential application in risk reduction of disease, namely constipation, infectious diarrhea, cancer, osteoporosis, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, obesity, and non-insulin dependent diabetes.
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    RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS OF COBALAMIN (VITAMIN B12) (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 173-195 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dietary cobalamin (Cbl) (vitamin B12) is utilized as methyl-Cbl and the coenzyme 5'-deoxyadenosyl Cbl by cells of the body that have the enzymes methionine synthase and methyl malonyl CoA mutase, which convert homocysteine to methionine and methyl malonyl CoA to succinyl CoA, respectively. Prior to conversions and utilizations as the active alkyl forms of Cbl, dietary Cbl is absorbed and transported across cellular plasma membranes by two receptor-mediated events. First, dietary and biliary Cbl bound to gastric intrinsic factor (IF) presented apically to the ileal absorptive enterocytes is transported to the circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis via apically expressed IF-Cbl receptor. Second, Cbl bound to plasma transcobalamin (TC) II is taken up from the circulation by all cells via a TC II receptor expressed in the plasma membrane of these cells, and in polarized cells via a TC II receptor expressed in the basolateral membranes. This review updates recent work and focuses on (a) the molecular and cellular aspects of Cbl binding protein ligands, IF and TC II, and their cell-surface receptors, IF-Cbl receptor and TC II receptor; (b) the cellular sorting pathways of internalized Cbl bound to IF and TC II in polarized epithelial cells; and (c) the absorption and transport disorders that cause Cbl deficiency.
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    HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 217-246 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Homocysteine is a sulfur amino acid whose metabolism stands at the intersection of two pathways: remethylation to methionine, which requires folate and vitamin B12 (or betaine in an alternative reaction); and transsulfuration to cystathionine, which requires pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The two pathways are coordinated by S-adenosylmethionine, which acts as an allosteric inhibitor of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase reaction and as an activator of cystathionine beta-synthase. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a condition that recent epidemiological studies have shown to be associated with increased risk of vascular disease, arises from disrupted homocysteine metabolism. Severe hyperhomocysteinemia is due to rare genetic defects resulting in deficiencies in cystathionine beta synthase, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, or in enzymes involved in methyl-B12 synthesis and homocysteine methylation. Mild hyperhomocysteinemia seen in fasting conditions is due to mild impairment in the methylation pathway (i.e. folate or B12 deficiencies or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase thermolability). Post-methionine-load hyperhomocysteinemia may be due to heterozygous cystathionine beta-synthase defect or B6 deficiency. Early studies with nonphysiological high homocysteine levels showed a variety of deleterious effects on endothelial or smooth muscle cells in culture. More recent studies with human beings and animals with mild hyperhomocysteinemia provided encouraging results in the attempt to understand the mechanism that underlies this relationship between mild elevations of plasma homocysteine and vascular disease. The studies with animal models indicated the possibility that the effect of elevated homocysteine is multifactorial, affecting both the vascular wall structure and the blood coagulation system.
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    MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF VITAMIN E TRANSPORT (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 343-355 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract If the function of vitamin E is that of an antioxidant and the various forms of vitamin E have similar antioxidant activities, then why does RRR-alpha-tocopherol have the highest biologic activity? This chapter describes how interactions by investigators from various scientific disciplines using stable isotopes, molecular biology tools, and sophisticated genetic studies of humans with vitamin E deficiency have led to an understanding of this problem. This chapter provides an overview of (a) studies using deuterated tocopherols that demonstrated that the plasma preference for alpha-tocopherol is dependent on metabolic processes in the liver; (b) the isolation, molecular biology, and function of the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein; and (c) studies that demonstrated that patients who were vitamin E deficient as a result of no known cause had defective alpha-tocopherol transfer protein genes. Finally, we focus on the future-what remains to be learned about the regulation of vitamin E in tissues.
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    CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIOL-ANCHORED, SECRETED, AND INTRACELLULAR VERTEBRATE MONO-ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASES1 (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 485-509 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mono-ADP-ribosylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins in which the ADP-ribose moiety of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transferred to an acceptor amino acid. Five mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases (ART1-ART5) have been cloned and expression is restricted to tissues such as cardiac and skeletal muscle, leukocytes, brain, and testis. ART1 and ART2 are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored ectoenzymes. ART5 appears not to be GPI-linked and may be secreted. In skeletal muscle and lymphocytes, ART1 modifies specific members of the integrin family of adhesion molecules, suggesting that ADP-ribosylation affects cell-matrix or cell-cell interactions. In lymphocytes, ADP-ribosylation of surface proteins is associated with changes in p56lck tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling. The catalytic sites of bacterial toxins and vertebrate transferases have conserved structural features, consistent with a common reaction mechanism. ADP-ribosylation can be reversed by ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases, resulting in the regeneration of free arginine. Thus, an ADP-ribosylation cycle may play a regulatory role in vertebrate tissues.
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    The Evolution of National Nutrition Policy (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 15 (1995), S. xiii 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.005033
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    Regulation of Tight-Junction Permeability During Nutrient Absorption Across the Intestinal Epithelium (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 15 (1995), S. 35-55 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD PREFERENCES (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 41-62 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using a developmental systems perspective, this review focuses on how genetic predispositions interact with aspects of the eating environment to produce phenotypic food preferences. Predispositions include the unlearned, reflexive reactions to basic tastes: the preference for sweet and salty tastes, and the rejection of sour and bitter tastes. Other predispositions are (a) the neophobic reaction to new foods and (b) the ability to learn food preferences based on associations with the contexts and consequences of eating various foods. Whether genetic predispositions are manifested in food preferences that foster healthy diets depends on the eating environment, including food availability and child-feeding practices of the adults. Unfortunately, in the United States today, the ready availability of energy-dense foods, high in sugar, fat, and salt, provides an eating environment that fosters food preferences inconsistent with dietary guidelines, which can promote excess weight gain and obesity.
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    Contributions of Plant Pathology to the Biological Sciences and Industry (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 1-23 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Pioneer Leaders in Plant Pathology: ES Luttrell (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 23-35 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    The Impact of Molecular Characters on Systematics of Filamentous Ascomycetes (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 37-67 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Concepts and Terminology on Plant/Pest Relationships: Toward Consensus in Plant Pathology and Crop Protection (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 69-102 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    The Oak Wilt Enigma: Perspectives from the Texas Epidemic (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 103-118 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    The Relationship Between Plant Disease Severity and Yield (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 119-144 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    The Secret Life of Foliar Bacterial Pathogens on Leaves (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 145-172 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Involvement of Bacterial Polysaccharides in Plant Pathogenesis (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 173-197 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Conceptual and Practical Aspects of Variability in Root-Knot Nematodes Related to Host Plant Resistance (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 199-221 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Transmission of Viruses by Plant Nematodes (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 223-249 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Biochemical and Biophysical Aspects of Water Deficits and the Predisposition to Disease (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 251-274 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Phytoalexins, Stress Metabolism, and Disease Resistance in Plants (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 275-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001423
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    Active Oxygen in Plant Pathogenesis (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 299-321 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001503
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    Pathogen-Derived Resistance to Plant Viruses (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 323-343 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.001543
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    Clonality in Soilborne, Plant-Pathogenic Fungi (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 369-391 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002101
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    The Molecular Basis of Infection and Nodulation by Rhizobia: The Ins and Outs of Sympathogenesis (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 345-368 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002021
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    The Development of Disease Resistance in Wheat (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 429-443 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002241
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    Molecular Approaches to Manipulation of Disease Resistance Genes (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 393-427 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002141
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    Epidemiological Approach to Disease Management Through Seed Technology (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 445-466 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Remote Sensing and Image Analysis in Plant Pathology (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 489-528 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002421
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    Plant Disease Incidence: Distributions, Heterogeneity, and Temporal Analysis (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 529-564 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002525
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    Models from Plant Pathology on the Movement and Fate of New Genotypes of Microorganisms in the Environment (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 33 (1995), S. 467-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.33.090195.002343
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    PLANT PATHOLOGY:A Discipline at a Crossroads (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California at Berkeley was destroyed as a consequence of a contentious reorganization. The circumstances that led to the reorganization provide some insight into the challenges facing the discipline of plant pathology. The underlying basis for plant pathology as a science is to address problems of plant disease. This requires a balance between disciplinary and problem-solving research and a continuum from achieving fundamental advances in knowledge to the development and implementation of problem-solving approaches. Changes in colleges and universities have placed extreme stress on this essential structure. The dilemma that must be addressed is how to reestablish the problem-solving continuum where it has been broken and strengthen it where it has been weakened. Plants are essential for life, and they will always be affected by disease. The understanding and management of these diseases is the responsibility and the challenge of plant pathology today and in the future.
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    HELEN HART, REMARKABLE PLANT PATHOLOGIST (1900-1971) (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Helen Hart was a Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Minnesota from 1924 until retirement in 1966. Born in Janeville, Wisconsin, she died at Grants Pass, Oregon. Her scholarly research concentrated on wheat stem rust to understand host pathogen relationships and to develop rust-resistant cultivars. She did not teach formal courses but was heavily involved in making seminars a vital part of instruction, in teaching languages needed for graduate studies, and as an informal advisor for most rust research theses. She had common sense, excellent scientific judgment, and sound instincts on personnel matters that served the department well. A talented science writer, Hart served as editor of hundreds of theses and departmental manuscripts for publication. Her writing and editing skills were used as associate editor of Phytopathology for two years and as editor-in-chief from 1944-1951. A strong advocate of The American Phytopathological Sociecty, Helen Hart served on Council for 12 years and as President in 1956. Helen Hart was a great professional scientist who had a far-reaching impact on plant pathology during the twentieth century.
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    DR. GOTTHOLD STEINER (1886-1961): VERSATILE NEMATOLOGIST (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 25-28 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Swiss-born Dr. Gotthold Steiner was a pioneer in formulating the discipline of nematology. He worked with the American nematologist NA Cobb and together they were responsible for acceptance of the concept of nematode phytoparasites. Steiner had special expertise in anatomy, morphology, phytonematology, marine nematodes, nutrition, mermithids, and selected invertebrate taxa. He authored 191 scientific papers, established the ubiquitous phytoparasitic genus Helicotylenchus, described the pinewood nematode, and did significant work with three important economic pests, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Heterodera rostochiensis, and H. schachtii. He was responsible for introducing training programs in nematology in USDA laboratories.
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    THE RED QUEEN HYPOTHESIS AND PLANT/PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 29-50 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH) explains how pathogens may maintain sexual reproduction in hosts. It assumes that parasites become specialized on common host genotypes, reducing their fitness. Such frequency-dependent selection favors sexual reproduction in host populations. Necessary conditions are that resistance and virulence are genotype specific so that host genotype frequencies respond to changes in pathogen genotype frequencies, and vice versa. Empirical evidence on the genetic basis of disease, variation in resistance and virulence, and patterns of infection in sexual and asexual plants support certain features of the hypothesis. However, gene-for-gene interactions are generally not consistent with the RQH because they do not result in cycling of gene frequencies, unlike a matching allele mechanism. A conclusion of whether the RQH can explain the maintenance of sexual reproduction cannot be reached at present. Nevertheless, the RQH theory has shed light on many aspects of plant/pathogen interactions important for reducing pathogen damage in agricultural systems.
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    THE ROLE OF PLANT CLINICS IN PLANT DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND EDUCATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 51-66 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The scarcity of literature in the realm of plant clinics operating in the developing world brought us to the decision to perform a survey in non-OECD countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, and in central and southern Europe. Forty-one completed questionnaires that refer to 79 plant clinics were returned. The best-equipped clinics are operated by the international research bodies. By and large, this review shows that considerable progress has been achieved in the physical development of plant clinics in developing countries and in staffing them with well-trained personnel. Not surprisingly, however, many inadequacies and inconsistencies still need to be addressed before clinics can fully play their part in providing plant protection services to their clients. Success and constraining indicators in the diagnostic performance of the clinics are identified. A model of the'ideal plant clinic' is suggested.
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    DWARF BUNT: Politics, Identification, and Biology (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 67-85 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dwarf bunt is a disease of wheat caused by the smut fungus Tilletia controversa Kuhn. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the primary host of economic significance. Although the total acreage affected by dwarf bunt is small relative to total wheat production worldwide, the disease has assumed attention disproportionate to its economic impact because it has become a matter of contention in world trade in cereals. This review describes the political and economic issues underlying the study and identification of T. controversa.
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    FUNGAL TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 87-108 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thirty soilborne viruses or virus-like agents are transmitted by five species of fungal vectors. Ten polyhedral viruses, of which nine are in the family Tombusviridae, are acquired in the in vitro manner and do not occur within the resting spores of their vectors, Olpidium brassicae and O. bornovanus. Fungal vectors for other viruses in the family should be sought even though tombusviruses are reputed to be soil transmitted without a vector. Eighteen rod-shaped viruses belonging to the furo- and bymovirus groups and to an unclassified group are acquired in the in vivo manner and survive within the resting spores of their vector, O. brassicae, Polymyxa graminis, P. betae, and Spongospora subterranea. The viral coat protein has an essential role in in vitro transmission. With in vivo transmission a site in the coat protein-read through protein (CP-RT) of beet necrotic yellow vein furovirus determines vector transmissibility as does a site in a similar 98-kDa polyprotein of barley mild mosaic bymovirus. The mechanisms by which virions move (or are moved) into and out of the protoplasm of zoospores or of thalli needs study.
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    BACTERIAL AVIRULENCE GENES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 153-179 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although more than 30 bacterial avirulence genes have been cloned and characterized, the function of the gene products in the elictitation of resistance is unknown in all cases but one. The product of avrD from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea likely functions indirectly to elicit resistance in soybean, that is, evidence suggests the gene product is an enzyme involved in elicitor production. In most if not all cases, bacterial avirulence gene function is dependent on interactions with the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes. Many hrp genes are similar to genes involved in delivery of pathogenicity factors in mammalian bacterial pathogens. Thus, analogies between mammalian and plant pathogens may provide needed clues to elucidate how virulence gene products control induction of resistance.
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    EPICHLOE SPECIES: Fungal Symbionts of Grasses (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 109-130 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epichloe species and their asexual descendants (Acremonium endophytes) are fungal symbionts of C3 grasses that span the symbiotic continuum from antagonism to mutualism depending on the relative importance, respectively, of horizontal transmission of sexual spores versus vertical clonal transmission in healthy grass seeds. At least seven sexual Epichloe species are identifiable by mating tests, and many asexual genotypes are interspecific hybrids. Benefits conferred by the symbionts on host plants include protection from biotic factors and abiotic stresses such as drought. Four classes of beneficial alkaloids are associated with the symbionts: ergot alkaloids, indolediterpenes (lolitrems), peramine, and saturated aminopyrrolizidines (lolines). These alkaloids protect host plants from insect and vertebrate herbivores, including livestock. Genetic engineering of the fungal symbionts as more suitable biological protectants for forage grasses requires identification of fungal genes for alkaloid biosynthesis, and DNA-mediated transformation of the fungi.
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    FASTIDIOUS XYLEM-LIMITED BACTERIAL PLANT PATHOGENS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 131-151 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Numerous bacteria have been isolated from within plants, and many reported from xylem, but only three species of xylem-limited bacteria (XLB) that are fastidious in cultural requirements, are plant pathogens, and exclusively occupy xylem, have been well characterized. Two XLB, Xylella fastidiosa and Pseudomonas syzygii, are transmitted by sucking insects that feed on xylem sap but are not transmitted mechanically from plant to plant. In contrast, Clavibacter xyli is mechanically transmitted to plants by cutting tools. All of these XLB occupy a highly specialized yet diverse ecological niche: the water-conducting systems of an extremely wide range of plant hosts. A variety of detection methods are available as diagnostic aids; each method has advantages and disadvantages; no single method is best for all uses. Molecular and genetic comparisons of strains of XLB lag behind progress being made for many other plant-pathogenic bacteria, but such studies are needed to answer important questions: (a) How do XLB move from cell to cell within plants? (b) What are the physiological and genetic bases of plant host specificity for XLB? (c) Why are only xylem-feeding specialists vectors of X. fastidiosa (and probably P. syzygii), when many leafhoppers feed regularly (but not continuously) on xylem?
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    CHEMORECEPTION IN PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 181-199 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role and functioning of the anterior chemosensory organs of plant parasitic nematodes is examined, with particular emphasis on the amphids. The morphology of the amphids is discussed primarily in the context of the changes in the ultrastructure associated with different life stages. The involvement of amphidial secretions in chemoreception and the behavioral and electrophysiological analyses of nematode responses to semiochemicals are discussed with special reference to research on sex pheromones. These research techniques, combined with the use of lectins and antibodies, provide information on nematode sensilla that may lead to novel control strategies for economically important plant parasitic nematodes based on perturbing nematode sensory perception to prevent host or mate location.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.181
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    NEMATODE MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AND SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 201-225 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract In small-scale, subsistence agriculture in the tropics and the subtropics, traditional farming practices have evolved that provide a sustainable means of reducing the incidence and damage caused by pests including nematodes. Other newer, cultural and low-input practices can also be successfully introduced in small-scale farming. In sustainable and subsistence farming systems, nematodes and some other pests can be managed by integrating different farming practices into four strategies: preventing the introduction and spread of nematodes; using direct, nonchemical, cultural and physical control methods; encouraging naturally occurring biological control agents; and maintaining or enhancing the biodiversity inherent in multiple cropping and multiple cultivar traditional farming systems to increase the available resistance or tolerance to nematodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.201
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    HELPER-DEPENDENT VECTOR TRANSMISSION OF PLANT VIRUSES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 227-247 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of noncirculatively transmitted viruses have evolved a vector transmission strategy that involves, in addition to virions, virus-encoded proteins that are not constituents of virions. These "helpers" and the genes encoding them have been characterized for viruses in the genera Potyvirus and Caulimovirus. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that these helpers act by mediating retention of virions in regions of the vector's alimentary tract from which they subsequently can be egested to initiate an infection. The possible advantage this convergently evolved strategy could confer to noncirculatively transmitted virus quasispecies is discussed.
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    BIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RICE VIRUSES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 249-274 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 15 known viruses that occur in rice are rice black-streaked dwarf, rice bunchy stunt, rice dwarf, rice gall dwarf, rice giallume, rice grassy stunt, rice hoja blanca, rice necrosis mosaic, rice ragged stunt, rice stripe necrosis, rice stripe, rice transitory yellowing, rice tungro bacilliform, rice tungro spherical, and rice yellow mottle viruses. This paper describes their geographical distribution, relation to vectors, infection cycles, field dispersal, and development, and lists recorded outbreaks of the viruses. Many rice viruses have become serious problems since rice cultivation has been intensified. Double-cropping of rice using improved, photo-insensitive cultivars of short growth duration has significantly influenced the incidence of these viruses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.249
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    MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF RICE TUNGRO VIRUSES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 275-297 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rice tungro, the most important virus disease of rice in South and Southeast Asia, is caused by a complex of two viruses, rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). RTBV is a plant pararetrovirus with bacilliform particles, the structure of which is based on T = 3 icosahedral symmetry cut across the threefold axis.The particles encapsidate a circular double-stranded DNA of 8 kbp that encodes four proteins. The current information on the properties, functions, and expression of these proteins is discussed, as is the evidence for replication by reverse transcription. Two major strains of RTBV have been recognized, one from the Indian subcontinent and the other from Southeast Asia. RTSV particles contain a single-stranded RNA genome of 12 kb that encodes a large polyprotein and possibly one or two smaller proteins. The properties and processing of the polyprotein are described and the resemblance to picornaviruses noted.
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    ROOT SYSTEM REGULATION OF WHOLE PLANT GROWTH1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 325-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract New evidence confirms earlier postulates that root signals to shoots, including abscisic acid, nitrate flux, and cytokinins, modify whole plant growth processes including leaf expansion, stomatal behavior, and biosynthesis of photosynthetic enzymes. Root signals are thought to reflect soil water, nutrient, and mechanical attributes, as sensed by roots. Meristematic activities in root tips initiate changes in root architecture, modifying the soil volume subject to root uptake, and may provide multiple sensory and signaling capabilities. Knowledge of root signals regulating whole plant growth processes suggests new analytical and experimental tools for integrated analysis of plant phasic development, optimal growth, and ecological fitness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.325
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    OZONE AND PLANT HEALTH (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 347-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytotoxic effects of ozone are described with emphasis on secondary plant metabolism. Numerous ozone-induced genes, enzymes and stress metabolites of antioxidative and phytopathological defense reactions have been discovered for herbaceous plants and forest tree species. Ozone induces reactions normally elicited by viral and microbial pathogens. The molecular basis (receptors, signal chains) for induction by ozone remains to be elucidated. The induced stress reactions seem to change plant predisposition to either enhanced tolerance or susceptibility for a second stressor. The following topics are discussed: ozone and biotic disease, the role of ozone on field sites and ozone limit values.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.347
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    PLANT VIRUS GENE VECTORS FOR TRANSIENT EXPRESSION OF FOREIGN PROTEINS IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 299-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of plant virus gene vectors for expression of foreign genes in plants provides attractive biotechnological tools to complement conventional breeding and transgenic methodology. The benefits of virus-based transient RNA and DNA replicons versus transgenic gene expression include rapid and convenient engineering coupled with flexibility for expeditious application in various plant species. These characteristics are especially advantageous when very high levels of gene expression are desired within a short time, although instability of the foreign gene in the viral genome can present some problems. The strategies that have been tested for foreign gene expression in various virus-based vectors include gene replacement, gene insertion, epitope presentation, use of virus controlled gene expression cassettes, and complementation. Recent reports of the utililization of virus vectors for foreign gene expression in fundamental research and biotechnology applications are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.299
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    MORPHOGENESIS AND MECHANISMS OF PENETRATION BY PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 367-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infection structures of phytopathogenic fungi are modified hyphae specialized for the invasion of plant tissues. Initial events are adhesion to the cuticle and directed growth of the germ tube on the plant surface. At the site of penetration, appressoria are often formed that may have melanized walls and develop high turgor pressure to support the penetration process. The penetration hypha accumulates components of the cytoskeleton in the tip and secretes a variety of cell wall-degrading enzymes in a highly regulated fashion in order to penetrate the cuticle and the plant cell wall. This article reviews recent papers on the cytology, physiology, and molecular biology of the penetration process.
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    GENETICS OF RESISTANCE TO WHEAT LEAF RUST1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 435-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) is the most widespread and regularly occurring rust on wheat. Genetic resistance is the most economical method of reducing yield losses due to leaf rust. To date, 46 leaf rust resistance genes have been designated and mapped in wheat. Resistance gene expression is dependent on the genetics of host-parasite interaction, temperature conditions, plant developmental stage, and interaction between resistance genes with suppressors or other resistance genes in the wheat genomes. Genes expressed in seedling plants have not provided long-lasting effective leaf rust resistance. Adult-plant resistance genes Lr13 and Lr34 singly and together have provided the most durable resistance to leaf rust in wheat throughout the world. Continued efforts to isolate, characterize, and map leaf rust resistance genes is essential given the ability of the leaf rust fungus to overcome deployed resistance genes.
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    PATHOGEN QUIESCENCE IN POSTHARVEST DISEASES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 413-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This chapter examines the quiescence period during different stages of fungal attack of postharvest pathogens: quiescence during spore germination and initial hyphal development, during and after appressorium formation, and quiescence of germinated appressorium and subcuticular hyphae. The different mechanisms for quiescence are reviewed: factors affecting quiescence of germinated spores, appressoria formation and germination, and fungal colonization. Special emphasis is given to mechanisms of quiescence involving fungal colonization: 1. the pathogen's nutritional requirements, 2. preformed antifungal compounds, 3. the elicitation of phytoalexins and preformed compounds, and 4. the activation of factors in fungal pathogenicity.
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    MICROBIAL ELICITORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 387-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Elicitors are molecules that stimulate any of a number of defense responses in plants. Research over the past decade has focused on the mechanisms by which plant cells perceive and transduce these biological signals to activate defense responses. Of particular interest has been the identification of specific elicitor-binding proteins that might function as physiological receptors in the signal transduction cascade. The existence of specific high-affinity binding sites has been demonstrated for oligosaccharide, glycopeptide, and peptide elicitors, and candidate elicitor-binding proteins have been identified for several of them. The properties of these binding sites/proteins are consistent with those expected of physiologically important receptors, although experimental verification of the role of these binding proteins as receptors has not yet been obtained. The purification and characterization of specific elicitor-binding proteins is essential for a detailed understanding of the molecular basis for the signal exchange between plant hosts and microbial pathogens that leads to activation of host defenses.
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    RECOMBINATION AND THE MULTILOCUS STRUCTURE OF FUNGAL POPULATIONS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 457-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review examines the relationship between recombination and the multilocus structure of populations. This discussion of population structure is based on the pattern of genetic variation within populations, especially the frequencies of multilocus genotypes, which can be used for making inferences about recombination. Three questions are addressed: Is population structure consistent with a random mating hypothesis? Is there evidence for recombination? How frequently does recombination occur?
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    CHANGING OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF DECIDUOUS FRUIT TREE DISEASES (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 527-547 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of disease management programs for deciduous fruit trees in the United States over the past 50 years has been influenced by factors that include public concern over pesticide residues on fruit and in the environment, the development of resistance of many important tree pathogens to fungicides and bactericides, the loss of fungicide registrations and restrictions on their use due to concern for human health and the environment and/or marketing decisions by the manufacturers, and changes in cultural practices and marketing objectives. These factors have led to wider use of forecasting models and cultural controls, the development of resistance management strategies, and the introduction of new equipment and methods for pesticide application. These same factors will most likely continue to drive the fruit industry to adopt disease management programs that rely less on pesticides in the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.527
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    BREEDING DISEASE-RESISTANT WHEATS FOR TROPICAL HIGHLANDS AND LOWLANDS1 (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 503-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat is grown on about 10 million ha in the tropical highlands and lowlands of the world, where it is an important food source. Many farmers in these areas work under subsistence conditions. Wheat diseases in tropical regions can be severe and require significant efforts to control. For economic and environmental reasons, host plant resistance is the most appropriate and sustainable disease control method. We describe highland and lowland tropical wheat regions and discuss CIMMYT's breeding strategies, philosophies, and progress in developing resistance to the major diseases such as rusts, foliar blights, fusarium scab, BYD, and spot blotch. Additionally, we review the role of national wheat research programs and beneficial spillovers of our combined breeding efforts to other wheat production areas of the world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.503
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    QTL MAPPING AND QUANTITATIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 479-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is a highly effective approach for studying genetically complex forms of plant disease resistance. With QTL mapping, the roles of specific resistance loci can be described, race-specificity of partial resistance genes can be assessed, and interactions between resistance genes, plant development, and the environment can be analyzed. Outstanding examples include: quantitative resistance to the rice blast fungus, late blight of potato, gray leaf spot of maize, bacterial wilt of tomato, and the soybean cyst nematode. These studies provide insights into the number of quantitative resistance loci involved in complex disease resistance, epistatic and environmental interactions, race-specificity of partial resistance loci, interactions between pathogen biology, plant development and biochemistry, and the relationship between qualitative and quantitative loci. QTL mapping also provides a framework for marker-assisted selection of complex disease resistance characters and the positional cloning of partial resistance genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.479
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    RESISTANCE TO PHENYLAMIDE FUNGICIDES:A Case Study with Phytophthora infestans Involving Mating Type and Race Structure (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 549-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phenylamide-resistant isolates of Phytophthora infestans have gradually become an important part of populations in many countries. However, fungicide mixtures containing a phenylamide component are still an effective strategy for the control of late blight in potato and tomato. The proportion of phenylamide-resistant isolates fluctuates from year to year and within the season. Almost concurrent with the appearance of resistant isolates was the discovery of the A2 mating type of P. infestans in many European countries and in other parts of the world. However, no genetic correlation exists between resistance and mating type, and the proportion of A2 isolates in European populations remains small. Resistance to phenylamides became established in A1 populations before the appearance of A2 type. Resistant isolates express equal or greater fitness than sensitive isolates, but no correlation was detected between resistance and race structure. The continuous changes in P. infestans populations require careful adaptation of successful disease control programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.549
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    BEVERLY T. GALLOWAY: Visionary Administrator (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 29-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: With a career that began at the University of Missouri in the early 1880s and culminated at the USDA in the 1930s, Beverly Galloway devoted his life to practical botany and agriculture. He became a driving force in the movement for "New Botany" during a period that stressed an experimental approach as well as new disciplines such as plant pathology. As administrator and scientist, he was arguably the single, most influential figure involved in the early growth and development of plant pathology and the plant sciences generally in the USDA. From assistant mycologist in the Section of Mycology to Chief of the Bureau of Plant Industry to Assistant Secretary of the USDA, Galloway displayed exceptional administrative acumen. His administrative and scientific skills were instrumental in laying the foundations for the science of plant pathology during its formative period in the United States.
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    STATUS OF CACAO WITCHES' BROOM: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 34 (1996), S. 573-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Origins of Theobroma cacao and Crinipellis perniciosa occurred in the Amazon Basin region of South America, and their interaction, the witches' broom disease, was first described in the late 1700s. The 100 years of scientific investigations of witches' broom of cacao that began in the 1890s developed the present state of knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of witches' broom that are discussed. Recommended management to reduce the deleterious effects of witches' broom on cacao production include the use of phytosanitation (removal of diseased plant parts), applications of chemical fungicides, and the use of host resistance. At present, there is a paucity of resistant planting materials, and efforts to evaluate germplasm for resistance to witches' broom are described. Research topics to augment present knowledge about witches' broom of cacao are presented with the hope that disease management can be improved.
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    PHILIP HERRIES GREGORY 1907-1986: Pioneer Aerobiologist, Versatile Mycologist (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Philip Gregory pioneered aerobiology as a topic for research, drawing together inputs from many disciplines to contribute to better understanding of fungal spore dispersal, plant disease epidemiology, and allergy. In childhood, he was interested in natural history and meteorology and frequently suffered from asthma. Initially, he worked with dermatophytes in Winnipeg, where he was influenced by Buller. Returning to Britain, he investigated the epidemiology first of flower bulb diseases and then of potato virus diseases, noting the occurrence of disease gradients in crops. He developed theories of spore dispersal during wartime air-raid duties and published these in his classic paper of 1945. The remainder of his career was largely spent obtaining data in support of his theories of spore dispersal and disease gradients, on understanding splash dispersal, in identifying the cause of farmer's lung disease, and in his retirement, in elucidating the epidemiology of black pod disease of cocoa in Nigeria.
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    FRANK LAMSON-SCRIBNER: Botanist and Pioneer Plant Pathologist in the United States (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 17-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Frank Lamson-Scribner, in 1885, became the first scientist commissioned by the United States Department of Agriculture with the responsibility to study diseases of economic plants. His innovative approach established the foundation for applied plant pathology at the USDA. In an early international cooperative effort in plant pathology, he detailed the life history of the grape black rot pathogen. His early studies with the Bordeaux mixture introduced the American farmer to the modern era of chemical control. Scribner became the botanist and director of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station. He published the first book written on the subject of plant diseases in the United States, and described a new nematode disease of potato. He asserted that the practical value of plant pathology to farmers would only follow meticulous studies of the life history of pathogens.
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    THE IMPACT OF TI-PLASMID-DERIVED GENE VECTORS ON THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PHYTOHORMONES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 45-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular basis of tumor formation on dicotyledonous plants by Agrobacterium relies on the transfer to the plant cell of a unique segment of bacterial DNA, the T-DNA. The T-DNA contains genes that are active in the plant cell and encode hormone biosynthetic enzymes, or proteins that deregulate the cell's response to phytohormones. Study of this process has yielded not only knowledge of how alterations in phytohormone homeostasis can affect plant cell growth, but also has provided the essential tools to study phytohormone signaling in transgenic plants. Furthermore, T-DNA insertion into the plant genome forms the basis of gene tagging, a versatile method for isolating genes involved in phytohormone signal transduction and action.
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    PRESENTATION OF HETEROLOGOUS PEPTIDES ON PLANT VIRUSES:Genetics, Structure, and Function (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 67-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Capsid proteins of a number of plant viruses are permissive to genetic modifications in which foreign polypeptides are inserted in exposed loops or at their C termini. Plant viruses with these genetic alterations often grow at wild-type levels, providing gram quantities of modified viruses. Presented polypeptides studied most extensively correspond to antigenic epitopes of animal viruses and in some cases appropriately altered plant viruses generate neutralizing antibodies to the cognate animal virus when the plant virus is used as a vaccine. Structure-based analyses of these animal-plant virus chimeras have led to rational alterations to the presentation in efforts to increase the efficacy of the presented peptide.
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    WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST CONTROL IN NORTH AMERICA: A Case History (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 87-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract White pine blister rust was introduced into North America at the turn of the twentieth century, threatening valuable white pine resources. Measures to eliminate, contain, or control this disease constitute the most extensive forest disease control effort in time, money, men, and materiel in the history of US forestry. The major thrust was protection of pine stands by eliminating currant and gooseberry (ribes) alternate hosts from within and around these stands. Failures with ribes eradication resulted in application of antibiotic fungicides without adequate testing. These failures, coupled with lower dependence on white pines and reduced need for a large reserve of men for fire fighting, led to sudden termination of the program in 1967. The chronology of events and interactions between agencies and personnel responsible for the program provide an interesting case history and, it is hoped, valuable lessons for the future.
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    THE EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 111-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is an anamorphic species that includes both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. Plant pathogenic forms cause a wilt disease and are grouped into formae speciales based on their host range; some are further subdivided into pathogenic races. Many formae speciales are comprised of multiple clonal lineages and, in some cases, a pathogenic race is associated with more than one clonal lineage, suggesting independent origins. Although some evidence suggests one pathogenic race may give rise to another, recent derivation of a pathogen from a nonpathogen has not been documented. Most new occurrences of Fusarium wilt appear to be the result of a recent introduction rather than an independent local origin of the pathotype. Asexual propagation is the dominant influence on population structure in F. oxysporum and the absence of sexual reproduction is not likely to prevent this pathogen from continuing to inflict significant damage on susceptible crop hosts.
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    THE ROLE OF hrp GENES DURING PLANT-BACTERIAL INTERACTIONS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 129-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract hrp genes control the ability of phytopathogenic bacteria to cause disease and to elicit hypersensitive reactions on resistant plants. Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that Hrp proteins are components of Type III secretion systems, regulatory proteins, proteinaceous elicitors of the hypersensitive reaction, and enzymes needed for synthesis of periplasmic glucans. Significantly, Type III secretion systems are involved with the secretion of pathogenicity proteins in bacterial pathogens of animals. The transcriptional activation of a number of bacterial avirulence (avr) genes is controlled by Hrp regulatory proteins, and recent experimental evidence suggests that Avr proteins may be transported by Hrp secretion systems. It has also been hypothesized that pathogenicity and/or virulence gene products exit bacterial phytopathogens via Hrp pathways. Thus, hrp genes may be one of the most important groups of genes found in phytopathogenic bacteria in relationship to pathogenicity and host range.
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    BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUSES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 35 (1997), S. 167-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Barley yellow dwarf viruses represent one of the most economically important and ubiquitous groups of plant viruses. This review focuses primarily on four research areas in which progress has been most rapid. These include (a) evidence supporting reclassification of BYDVs into two genera; (b) elucidation of gene function and novel mechanisms controlling gene expression; (c) initial forays into understanding the complex interactions between BYDV virions and their aphid vectors; and (d ) replication of a BYDV satellite RNA. Economic losses, symptomatology, and means of control of BYD are also discussed.
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