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  • 1995-1999  (1,999)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (1,999)
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  • Articles  (1,999)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Quantum theory ; Bell's theorem ; realisability of probability functions ; quantum ontology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A class of probability functions is studied. This class contains the probability functions of half-spin particles and spinning classical objects. A notion of realisability for these functions is defined. In terms of this notion two versions of Bell's theorem and their inverses are stated and proved.
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: discovery ; heuristics ; functional language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper provides an explication and defense of a view that many philosophers and biologists have accepted though few have understood, the idea that functional language can play an important role in biological discovery. I defend four theses in support of this view: (1) functional statements can serve as background assumptions that produce research problems; (2) functional questions can be important parts of research problems; (3) functional concepts can provide a framework for developing general theories; (4) functional statements can serve as heuristics for generating hypotheses. I develop and defend these four claims by describing a taxonomy of functional discourse, providing an account of scientific discovery, and by applying this framework to some cases of successful research in biology.
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 153-168 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: transcendental pragmatics ; ultimate foundation ; Apel ; Kuhlmann
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Is transcendental pragmatics a matter of ultimate foundation or a matter of holism? Transcendental pragmatics as developed by Karl-Otto Apel has been the object of various criticisms. Against the fallibilists' claim (Albert) that argumentation is at last either dogmatic, axiomatic or circular, the transcendental pragmatists have given an argument that ultimate foundation (‘Letztbegründung’) cannot be proved to be impossible. But this clarification of their claims leaves open the questions whether their method can establish universal statements, and whether they prove statements which are synthetica priori. Against the claim of the reconstructive scientist (Habermas) they have to restate their view, and take into account an element of fallibilism. Here we encounter a first element of holism. With regard to the question whether there can be ultimate foundation without ultimate foundation of the method of ultimate foundation holism breaks in. The distinction between a vicious and a transcendental circle, used against Albert, is of no use in the establishment of the transcendental circle.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 323-326 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: pseudoscience ; A. A. Derksen ; epistemology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary I respond to two criticisms levelled by A. A. Derksen in a recent issue of this journal against characterizing pseudoscience as structurally flawed practice: I argue that he surreptitiously invokes this conception, his official view that we should concentrate on pseudoscientists' pretensions rather than their practices notwithstanding; and I critically examine his contention that judgements of scientificity (and pseudoscientificity) cannot properly be made independently of a consideration of whether the relevant theories and practices are empirically well-confirmed.
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  • 5
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 365-404 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: practical progress ; biomedical sciences ; Regularität ; Myokardprotektion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to elucidate the structure of the term ‘practical progress’ and to reconstruct it logically. The importance of discovery and confirmation of new regularities as well as of practical rules arising from them depends on their contribution to the solution of practical problems. The application of this structuralistic definition of ‘practical progress’ is demonstrated with an example from cardiac surgery concerning the solution of the practical medical problem of myocardial protection during open heart surgery.
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  • 7
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 55-69 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Constructivist Philosophy of Science ; Measurement-theoretical Apriori ; Protogeometry ; Protologic ; Protophysics ; Protoscience ; Prototheory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A central concept of the constructivist philosophy of science is the term ‘protoscience’. From an orthodox point of view, protosciences are bound to give the so called ‘measurement-theoretical Apriori’ (‘meßtheoretisches Apriori’) for a science. Protophysics for example (operationally) defines the quantities ‘length’, ‘time’, and ‘mass’. Thereby it yields some basic physical laws, which usually are regarded as “laws of nature”, but in fact follow already from the definitions of the basic quantities. The attempt to establish other protodisciplines than protophysics is traditionally regarded as not very promising, because other sciences do not like physics build their main theories on certain basic quantities. Nevertheless such enterprises like “protochemistry”, “protobiology” and “protopsychology” recently appeared on the scene. Does this mark a breakthrough in constructivist philosophy of science or is this multiplication of protosciences no more than a promotion strategy? In the article it is shown that the orthodox definition of ‘protoscience’ is in fact far to narrow. An alternative definition is proposed which on one hand preserves the classic tasks of protophysics but on the other hand allows for other protosciences as equally useful enterprises. A central concept within the complex topic “protoscience” is the one of ‘reconstruction’. It can be shown that there is a certain ambiguity in the use of this critical concept. Therefore the article ends with a reconstruction of the term ‘reconstruction’.
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 167-170 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: International Congress ; Logic ; Methodology ; History and Philosophy of Science ; Foundations of Formal and Natural Sciences ; Ethics and social aspects of Science and Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The International Union of History and Philosophy of Science organizing the 10th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science is at its cross-road: the alternative is mass-performance or creative exchange of ideas. The program is criticized because the thematic center in History and Philosophy of Science has been shifted too far into the realm of micro-fields of Logic and the time reduction for presentation and discussion of papers to 20 minutes should be reconsidered. Several outstanding papers are shortly discussed: Martin-Löw on “Formalized Tarski-Semantics of Type Theory”, Hoyningen-Huene on “Feyerabend and Kuhn”, Leroux on “Helmholtz and Hertz”, and Muller on “Bell meets Dirac”. Finally the visiting-program is gratefully appreciated.
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 281-306 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: common sense ; common sense psychology ; modal logics ; psycho-logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This paper is about the efforts the norwegian psychologist Jan Smedslund made in analyzing and checking philosophically his theory called ‘Psycho-logic’. I am going to reconstruct and discuss the debates between Smedslund and several critics, which have been going on since about 1978, mainly in the “Scandinavian Journal of Psychology”. A result will be that the kind of modal logics Smedslund uses — a type with realistic semantics and epistemology — is not the proper one for the analysis of ‘Psycho-logic’.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 347-352 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: dialectic ; theory of dialectic ; Hegel ; Hegel's logic ; predication ; transcendental conditions of predicate logic ; formal explication ; artefacts of formalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The criticism formulated by L. B. Puntel concerning the theory of dialectic proposed by the author is rejected. Puntel's attempt at explicating predication by means of (second order) predicate logic fails: It misjudges predication being already presupposed for the possibility of predicate logic, thus belonging to the transcendental conditions of formal predicate logic, so that predication itself cannot be further explicated by means of such logic. What is in fact criticized by Puntel is something like an artefact of formalization. The unreflected application of formal logic here generates problems instead of solving them.
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  • 11
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 307-323 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Continuity ; natural classification ; history ; aims of science ; realism ; Pierre Dulem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wer nur einen kurzen Blick auf die Wellen, die einen Strand zu erobern versuchen, wirft, bemerkt nicht das Ansteigen der Flut. Er sieht, wie eine Woge sich erhebt, näher kommt, sich schäumend bricht, er sieht wie sie einen schmalen streifen Sand bedeckt und sich dann wieddr zurückzieht, wobei der Boden, der erobet schien, wieder trocken wird. eine neue Wogen folgt ihr, welche manchmal ein wenig weiter geht als die vorherige, manchmal dagegen nicht einmal jenen Kiesel erreicht, den diese benetzt hatte. Aber unter dieseer oberflächlichen Hin- und Herbewegung entsteht eine andere, tiefergehende, langsamere, dem kurzen Beobachter unmerkliche Bewegung, die stets im Selben Sinne fortschreitet, der zufolge das Meer unaufhörlich steigt.
    Notes: Summary Duhem is commonly held to have founded his view of history of science as continuous on the ‘metaphsical assertion’ of natural classification. With the help of a strict distinction between formal and material characterization of natural classification I try to show that this imputation is problematic, if not simply incorrect. My analysis opens alternative perspectives on Duhem's talk of continuity, the ideal form of theories, and the rôle of ‘bon sens’; moreover it emphasizes some aspects of Duhem's realism that play an important part in his philosophy of science.
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  • 12
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 413-417 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 206-210 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 83-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: emergence ; levels ; explanation ; determinism ; ontology ; reduction ; materialism ; vitalism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The vitalism/reductionism debate in the life sciences shows that the idea of emergence as something principally unexplainable will often be falsified by the development of science. Nevertheless, the concept of emergence keeps reappearing in various sciences, and cannot easily be dispensed with in an evolutionary world-view. We argue that what is needed is an ontological non reductionist theory of levels of reality which includes a concept of emergence, and which can support an evolutionary account of the origin of levels. Classical explication of emergence as “the creation of new properties” is discussed critically, and specific distinctions between various kinds of emergence is introduced for the purpose of developing an ontology of levels, framed in a materialistic and evolutionary perspective. A concept of the relation between levels as being inclusive is suggested, permitting the “local” existence of different ontologies. We identify, as a working hypothesis, four primary levels and explicate their nonhomomorphic interlevel relations. Explainability of emergence in relation to determinism and predictability is considered. Recent research in self-organizing non-linear dynamical systems represents a revival of the scientific study of emergence, and we argue that these recent developments can be seen as a step toward a final “devitalisation” of emergence.
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 19-53 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hacking ; observation ; ontology ; operationalism ; reality ; Stegmüller ; theory ladenness ; van Fraassen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Operationalism and theoretical entities. The thesis of the“theory ladenness” of observation leads to an antinomy. In order to solve this antinomy a technical operationalism is sketched, according to which theories should in principle not contain anything that cannot be reduced to technical procedures. This implies the rejection of Quine's underdeterminacy thesis and of many views about the theoretical-observational distinction, e.g. neopositivistic views, van Fraassen's view, Sneed-Stegmüller's view. Then I argue for the following theses: 1. All scientific concepts are theory laden in the sense that they allow us to anticipate possible experiences, but they have to be in principle fully observable, i.e. integrally convertible into operational-technical applications. 2. The observation/theory distinction can be maintained as a historical one: what is observable depends on the instruments that are available at any stage of the development of science. 3.In principle theoretical entities are empirically real in Hacking's sense. However, some aspects of Hacking's realism are to be criticized. Theoretical entities are to be resolved into the totality of the interrelated properties accessible to us by means of theoretical points of view embodied in scientific instruments.
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  • 16
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 235-256 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: philosophy of chemistry ; epistemology ; experiment ; classification ; reference ; prediction ; technology ; matter ; material properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper shows epistemological, methodological and ontological peculiarities of chemistry taken as a classificatory science of materials using experimental methods. Without succumbing to standard interpretations of physical science, chemical methods of experimental investigation, classification, reference, theorizing, prediction and production of new entities are developed one by one as first steps towards a philosophy of chemistry. Chemistry challenges traditional concepts of empirical object, empirical predicate, reference frame and theory, but also the distinction commonly drawn between natural science and technology. Due to its many peculiarities, I propose to treat chemistry philosophically as a special type of science, apart from other sciences.
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  • 18
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Hume ; philosophy of geometry ; infinite divisibility ofextension ; philosophy of space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although Hume's analysis of geometry continues to serve as a reference point for many contemporary discussions in the philosophy of science, the fact that the first Enquiry presents a radical revision of Hume's conception of geometry in the Treatise has never been explained. The present essay closely examines Hume's early and late discussions of geometry and proposes a reconstruction of the reasons behind the change in his views on the subject. Hume's early conception of geometry as an inexact non-demonstrative science is argued to be a consequence of his attempt to discredit geometrical proofs of infinite divisibility of extension by anchoring the meaning of geometrical concepts in inherently inexact qualitative measurement procedures. This measurement-based attack on the exactness and certainty of geometry is analyzed and shown to be both self-refuting and inconsistent with the general epistemological framework of the Treatise. The revised conception of geometry as a demonstrative science in the first Enquiry is then interpreted as Hume's response to the failure of his earlier attempt to discredit geometrical proofs of infinite divisibility of extension.
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  • 19
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  • 20
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 401-402 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 21
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Putnam ; natural kind terms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract According to Putnam the reference of natural kind terms is fixed by the world, at least partly; whether two things belong to the same kind depends on whether they obey the same objective laws. We show that Putnam's criterion of substance identity only “works” if we read “objective laws” as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. Moreover, at least some of the laws of some of the special sciences have to be included. But what we consider to be good special sciences and what not depends upon our values. Hence, “objective laws” cannot be read as “OBJECTIVE LAWS”. It follows that the reference of natural kind terms cannot be fixed by the world, not even partly. The final conclusion applies to a variety of realisms.
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  • 22
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 361-403 
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  • 23
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 37-57 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: interdisciplinary ; extension/intension ; complexity ; subsymbolic representation ; structure of time ; three-digit relation of cognition ; postulate of relation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical gaps of the cognitive science. First of all the gap-thesis is based on a criticism 1. of the computer-orientated cognitive science (it confuses information with the information carrier), 2. of connectivism (its linguistic borrowing from the neurobiology is not appropriate), 3. of Varelas production model (the elimination of the function of representation results in the loss of the cognitive ability). From the context of meaning and time, then the author sketches a cognitive theoretical approach, in which thinking as a (symbolic and/or subsymbolic) representation of meaning is introduced, which develops in a three-digit relation between world, language and substrate on the basis of isomorphy of time.
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  • 24
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 205-223 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: constructive philosophy of science ; discourse theory of truth ; foundation of discourse rules ; prototheories ; starting point of foundations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pre-discoursive agreement. Theory of scientific truth and procedural justification. — On basis of the constructive philosophy of science, the attention is focussed to the pre-discoursive elements of discoursive theories of truth. By using a pragmatic approach it is shown that foundation of those pre-discoursive elements, like discourse rules or the basic terminology, is possible though the discourse rules are not available at this level. Propositions which can be shown in the presented theory to be true, always describe a know-how instead of a knowledge about the world. As a result, the relevance of the presented analysis for prototheories of scientific disciplines is investigated.
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  • 25
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: cumulativism ; deduction and induction ; empiricism andrationalism ; fallibilism and fundamentalism ; irrationalism ; instrumentalist and realist views of scientific theories ; metaphysics ; method ; methodological maxims (strategems)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The basic (negative and positive) methodological maxims of three currents of philosophy of science (logical empiricism, falsificationism, and postpositivism) are formulated. Many of these maxims (stratagems) are controversial, e.g., the stance about the nonsense of metaphysics, and that of its indispensability. The restricted validity of these maxims allows for their unification. Within the framework of most of them there may be a relationship of (synchronic, or diachronic) subordination of the contradicting desiderata. In this vein ten stratagems are formulated.
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  • 26
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 352-355 
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  • 27
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 101-130 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: concept of truth ; criterion of truth ; protocol sentence ; linguistic framework ; formal and material mode of speech ; ontology ; structure ; logical syntax ; semantics ; internal and external questions ; existence ; fact ; reality ; world ; Carnap ; Hempel ; Neurath ; Schlick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The present article purports to show that the protocol sentence debate, pursued by some leading members of the Vienna Circle in the mid-1930s, was essentially a controversy over the explanation and the real significance of the concept of truth. It is further shown that the fundamental issue underlying the discussions about the concept of truth was the relationship between form and content, as well as between logic/language and the world. R. Carnap was the philosopher who most explicitly and systematically attempted to come to grips with this problem. It is shown that the form-content distinction pervades the three most important phases of Carnap's philosophical development: the structuralist (in Der logische Aufbau der Welt), the syntactical and the semantical. His final semantical stance is essentially determined by the concept of linguistic frameworks. The article purports to demonstrate that this concept cannot be dispensed with in philosophy, but that Carnap failed to work out its ontological implications. Finally, the concept of an internal ontology is briefly delineated.
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  • 28
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 176-178 
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  • 29
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 201-232 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific revolutions ; epistemic ruptures ; epistemicframework ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; Kuhn ; Lakatos ; Crowe ; Dauben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The question whether Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions could be applied to mathematics caused many interesting problems to arise. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether there are different kinds of scientific revolution, and if so, how many. The basic idea of the paper is to discriminate between the formal and the social aspects of the development of science and to compare them. The paper has four parts. In the first introductory part we discuss some of the questions which arose during the debate of the historians of mathematics. In the second part, we introduce the concept of the epistemic framework of a theory. We propose to discriminate three parts of this framework, from which the one called formal frame will be of considerable importance for our approach, as its development is conservative and gradual. In the third part of the paper we define the concept of epistemic rupture as a discontinuity in the formal frame. The conservative and gradual nature of the changes of the formal frame open the possibility to compare different epistemic ruptures. We try to show that there are four different kinds of epistemic rupture, which we call idealisation, re-presentation, objectivisation and re-formulation. In the last part of the paper we derive from the classification of the epistemic ruptures a classification of scientific revolutions. As only the first three kinds of rupture are revolutionary (the re-formulations are rather cumulative), we obtain three kinds of scientific revolution: idealisation, re-presentation, and objectivisation. We discuss the relation of our classification of scientific revolutions to the views of Kuhn, Lakatos, Crowe, and Dauben.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 273-287 
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    Keywords: concept of observation ; research practices ; instruments ; image processing ; astronomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Vision, Visibility, and Empirical Research. In general, natural scientists use the concept of observation in a liberal way: they talk of observing electrons, DNA, or distant quasars. Several philosophers of science have recently argued for a similar use of the concept of observation: they have claimed that the important aspects of scientific research can only be properly reconstructed in accordance with how this term is actually used in science. With reference to an example from astronomy, I point out that the proposed generalisation of the concept of observation leads to undesirable consequences. I argue that a differentiated conceptual framework is required in order to give an adequate account of the varieties of scientific experience. Thus, the appropriate starting point for distinguishing these various scientific research practices should not be the generalised scientific conception of observation, but instead distinctly different uses of the term observation drawn from ordinary language.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 179-185 
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  • 32
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 87-101 
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    Keywords: deterministic chaos ; computational complexity ; effective complexity reduction
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    Notes: Abstract Some problems rarely discussed in traditional philosophy of science are mentioned: The empirical sciences using mathematico-quantitative theoretical models are frequently confronted with several types of computational problems posing primarily methodological limitations on explanatory and prognostic matters. Such limitations may arise from the appearances of deterministic chaos and (too) high computational complexity in general. In many cases, however, scientists circumvent such limitations by utilizing reductional approximations or complexity reductions for intractable problem formulations, thus constructing new models which are computationally tractable. Such activities are compared with reduction types (more) established in philosophy of science.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 17-36 
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    Keywords: Cartesianism ; geometrodynamics ; holism ; non-separability ; quantum entanglement
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more balanced judgement than the widespread impression that the changes which are called for in today's philosophy of physics and which centre around the concept of holism amount to a rupture with the framework of Cartesian philosophy of physics. I argue that this framework includes a sort of holism: As a result of the identification of matter with space, any physical property can be instantiated only if there is the whole of matter. Relating this holism to general relativity, I maintain that this holism cannot be directly applied to today's philosophy of physics consequent upon the failure of geometrodynamics. I show in what respect precisely the holism in quantum physics amounts to a revision of the holism within Cartesianism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 379-388 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 289-316 
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    Keywords: realism in quantum theory ; empirical versus metaphysical realism ; Bohmian interpretations ; Vienna Circle ; Salmon's account of causal explanation ; d'Espagnat's empirical realism
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    Notes: Abstract On Two Types of Realism in Quantum Theory. Current realist approaches to the foundations of quantum theory emphasize the dichotomy between (Copenhagen) positivism and ‘beable’-realism. Recently it was even attempted to turn this picture into two (equally possible) histories in order to legitimate Bohmian Mechanics as a viable alternative. This paper argues that this dichotomy is philosophically inadequate and historically questionable by embedding it into the philosophical discussion on positivism and realism that has taken place since the 1920s. Logical Empiricists back then advocated empirical realism and contrasted it to absolutistic metaphysical realism. From this viewpoint David Bohm's ‘beable’-realism combines elements of Mach's sensualism with a pre-Kantian metaphysics. As Wesley Salmon's position shows, empirical realism can become quite pronounced without relapsing into Bohmian philosophy. Instead it arrives close to the GRWP-interpretation. Hence, when Bernard d'Espagnat binds both together as ‘ontological interpretations’, he blurs the borderline between empirical and metaphysical realism that his Veiled Reality has set out to draw, quite in concordance with Logical Empiricism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 365-378 
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    Keywords: Kant ; theory and experiment ; hermeneutics ; realism/anti-realism debate ; Bezugnahme
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    Notes: Abstract Representing and Reconstructing: A Hermeneutical Reply to Ian Hacking. Hacking published in 1983 Representing and Intervening which has provoked, particularly in the US, the so called realism/anti-realism debate which is still alive today. He lays claim to anti-realism for theory and to realism for the experiment. Following him, only that which can be used for manipulating something (e.g., the path of an electon) is realistic. H. Putnam is a severe critic of this dualism. In my paper I am going to take the Hacking-Putnam controversy as a starting-point for the problem about the determination of the relation between theory and experiment in the natural sciences. I shall then follow M. Schlick's discussion of this problem and the current solution to the problem as offered by H. Pietschmann. The differing interpretation of Kant according to the three perspectives shall be the guideline for the argumentation. The goal of my argumentation is that theory and experiment do not live their own lives, that in experimenting one always continues traditional chains of action, and that natural science cannot be regarded independently of the life world it takes place in. This insight into the representing and reconstructing overturns in natural science, due to the necessity of human decisions, opens up their hermeneutical dimension.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 75-92 
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    Keywords: Kuhn ; Wittgenstein ; paradigm ; incommensurability ; language games ; relativism ; rationality
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    Notes: Summary The present paper argues that there is an affinity between Kuhn'sThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Wittgenstein's philosophy. It is maintained, in particular, that Kuhn's notion of paradigm draws on such Wittgensteinian concepts as language games, family resemblance, rules, forms of life. It is also claimed that Kuhn's incommensurability thesis is a sequel of the theory of meaning supplied by Wittgenstein's later philosophy. As such its assessment is not fallacious, since it is not an empirical hypothesis and it does not have the relativistic implications Kuhn's critics repeatedly indicated. Although concepts are indeed relative to a language game or paradigm, interparadigmatic intelligibility is preserved through the standard techniques of translation or praxis. The impossibility of radical translation which is captured by the claim of incommensurability lies with that which cannot be said but only shown.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 135-142 
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    Keywords: (un)predictability ; chaotic behavior ; mathematics ; physicalism ; nonlinearity
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    Notes: Summary Recent challenges of the mechanistic world picture seem only to have strengthened the position of mathematics. So it continues to guarantee perfect predictability, the dream of physicalism. During recent decades, however, computer simulations have shown mathematicians that even simple sets of equations may have, not an exact, but a whole range of solutions. With some of their examples we demonstrate the unpredictable behavior of simple systems. As a result, the dream is over. On the other hand, mathematicians also discovered that previously ‘chaotic’ phenomena could be represented by relatively simple formules. This leads to a dramatic increase in the explanatory power of mathematics. This change of the scientific scenery will have a profound methodological impact on the relationship between the natural and the other sciences.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 143-152 
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    Keywords: metacognition ; conceptual transcendence ; objective explanatory attitude ; historiographical context ; demarkational problem ; cognitive withdrawal ; meta-methodological arsenal
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    Notes: Summary The paper intends to identify some particular basic assumptions, approaches and means of proceeding, which are spontaneously shared by philosophers, sociologists and historians of science, besides the common interchange of meta-notions describing science. To this end, the specific subject matter, scope, meta-cognitive goals and methodological background of each of the three domains of science study is first outlined. Only two shared proceedings are further discussed in details: the objective attitude, called ‘playing a stranger’, and the historiographers' involvement in demarcational problem resolution. A far-reaching prospect is finally suggested for philosophers and historiographers: methodological partnership, leading towards the elaboration of an impending integral metatheory of science.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 169-185 
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    Keywords: (Anti)Realism ; interpretationism ; semiotics ; mono-/polysemy ; anthropology ; truth ; hermeneutical circle ; preconception (prejudice) ; principle of charity ; fallibilism ; criteria of truth and objectivity ; fictional and informative systems of signs ; author's intention
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    Notes: Summary Towards a reconstruction of philosophical hermeneutics. Following Nietzsche, Heidegger and, on the other hand, Cassirer and Wittgenstein, a philosophy of interpretation, i.e. a relativism of world-views, is at present increasing in continental as well as in analytical philosophy. From the basis of a critical fallibilism the shortcomings of the new epistemological antirealism are pointed out in general, and, hence, consequences are drawn for the more specialized case of metahermeneutics (hermeneutics being defined as a sort of pragmatical semiotics). A combination of realistic and antirealistic elements is recommended as unevitable. According to this, firstly, the key-concepts of hermeneutics must be differentiated, and, secondly, a fundamental set of criteria can be established that bridges the gap between metahermeneutics and hermeneutical practice.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 313-322 
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    Keywords: circularity ; confirmation ; holism ; measurement ; operationalism ; regressus in infinitum ; test of empirical hypotheses ; time
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    Notes: Summary An operationalist argument criticized. Operationism maintains that the relation between a quantity and its operational criteria is established by definition. The assertion that the relation holds cannot be an empirical hypothesis; it is neither falsifiable nor confirmable, since it is not even testable. With an example concerning the measurement of time it is shown that this argument rests upon an untenable presupposition.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 345-363 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 411-412 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 1-13 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 29-53 
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    Keywords: philosophy of science ; philosophy of language ; abstraction ; ideation ; materially-synthetic abstraction ; chemistry ; biology ; constructivism ; methodical philosophy
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    Notes: Summary The methods of abstraction and ideation are indispensable tools to introduce new concepts in a scientific terminology. The latter is paradigmatically introduced within the ‘protophysical program’ whereas abstraction is commonly applied in logics and mathematics. The application within the reconstruction of chemistry and biology causes several problems. Ideation appears to be inadequate whereas the application of abstraction necessitates a critical and minute examination of the corresponding equivalence relations. These problems are solved by the introduction of the method ofmaterially synthetic (material-synthetische) abstraction which is exemplified by the introduction of the chemical concept of ‘substance’ (Stoff) and the biological concept of ‘hereditary factor’ (Erbanlage).
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 171-185 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 131-165 
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    Keywords: Hegelian dialectic ; dialectical logic ; Hegelian logic ; formal logic ; formalization ; negation ; contradiction ; concept ; higher concept ; categories ; antinomic structure
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    Notes: Summary The present article purports to answer the old question of whether the concept (and the method) of Hegelian dialectic can be clarified. Three arguments are advanced in defence of the claim that Hegel's conception is not in fact intelligible. The first argument shows that dialectical negation leads to an infinite regress. The second argument analyses Hegel's claim that the dialectical method yields a positive result and demonstrates that this claim remains completely unsubstantiated and unsubstantiable. The third argument comes to the conclusion that Hegelian dialectic cannot pretend to be an acceptable explication of the “intuitive” understanding of negation. An APPENDIX examines critically a new attempt by D. Wandschneider of reconstructing the first steps of Hegelian dialectical logic by displaying “antinomic structures” and by employing (at least to a limited extent) the techniques of formal logic.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 215-234 
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    Keywords: abstraction ; application entities ; idealization function ; idealization relation ; idealized entities ; idealized representation ; idealized theory-element ; idealized theory-net ; theory application
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    Notes: Summary The concept of Galilean Idealization is based on a pragmatically grounded relation between universes of so-called real and idealized entities. The concept was developed in the course of a critical discussion of different explications of the concept of idealization (e.g. by W. F. Barr, C. G. Hempel and L. Nowak), these being attempts to specify sufficient syntactic and semantic criterions for idealization. But this line of argument shall not be followed here. Instead, first the concept of Pragmatic Idealization, and as its special case the Galilean one, is presented (1.) and certain aspects of the application of an idealized theory are discussed (2.). Then, working within the Strucuralist View of theories, definitions of the idealized variants of the diachronic theory-element and theory-net are presented (3.).
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 353-366 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 407-411 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 421-422 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 183-204 
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    Keywords: ars memorativa ; history of science ; memory ; sociological theory ; theoretical structures
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    Notes: Abstract The essay developes the principles of the antique resp. medieval ars memorativa, which was a skill of memorizing large amounts of varying informations. Then the parsonian theory of society is analysed and it is shown, that it is constructed according to the same principles. Hence it follows the thesis, that at least special kinds of sociological (and psychological) theories can be considered as modernized forms of the old ars memorativa. The author defends this thesis against a set of nearby objections. It is not tried to prove the historical truth of thesis, i.e. to show, that the tradition of theoretical literature indeed roots in the tradition of antique resp. medieval ars memorativa. In any case an examination of this question might yield new insight in the prehistory of theoretical thought.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 211-232 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 121-158 
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    Keywords: concept of truth ; satisfaction ; satisfaction-schemata ; definition ; principle of compositionality ; sequence
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    Notes: Abstract The Idea behind Tarski's Definition of Truth. In Tarski's presentations of his truth-definition, the steps of the construction are not sufficiently explained. It is not clear, on what general strategy the construction is based, what the fundamental ideas are, how some crucial steps work, and especially how the transition from the definition of satisfaction to the definition of truth should be understood. The paper shows that the account given in the model-theoretic literature, which is supported by Tarski's lemmata A and B, is unsatisfactory, because Tarski's notion of truth can't be interpreted as ‘truth independent of the assignment of values to the variables’. Moreover, a satisfactory account of all the crucial steps is given.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 385-388 
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    Keywords: physicalism ; mind-body problem ; intentional logic
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    Notes: Abstract Does Physicalism lead to absurd results? Franz von Kutschera argued in his book „Grundfragender Erkenntnistheorie” that the weakest version of physicalism, i. e. the thesis that physical facts determine all the facts there are, leads to the absurd result that events in a remote future determine the present brain states of a person. It is shown that the argument is flawed in several respects and that the absurd result is not a consequence of physicalism but of an auxiliary premiss of Kutschera's.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 275-296 
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    Keywords: ideal type ; intensional logic ; Max Weber ; qualitative methods in social research
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    Notes: Abstract Weber's Ideal Type as a Method of Forming the Content of Theoretical Concepts in Social Sciences}. Max Weber introduced the ideal type as the specific method of concept formation in social sciences. But the ideal type is not established in social research. Instead, authors in philosophy of science until today try to reconstruct and interpret what Weber said about ideal types as well as what might be their importance in Weber's social theory. The thesis of the following paper is that the difficulties in understanding Weber's ideal types are linked with Weber's intensional logic of concept formation. The thesis is defended in three steps. The first step deals with Weber's understanding of what is a scientific question in cultural sciences. Secondly Weber's critical arguments against positivism, hegelianism and historism are worked out. Thirdly, Weber's method of concept formation is reconstructed.
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    Keywords: theory of natural rationality ; Edinburgh School ; relativism ; symmetrical explanation of all beliefs andknowledge-claims ; Hesse‘s network model ; social interests ; manipulation of the input of experience ; classification ofobjects ; theory of active social use of nature
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    Notes: Abstract Edinburgh School's theory of natural rationality, enunciated to render symmetrical explanation plausible, thereby providing support for its relativism, is presented and evaluated. I have endeavoured to demonstrate that there are gross misinterpretations of Hesse's theory of science, network model, and her conceptions of classification of objects and of universals; that Edinburgh School's theory of natural rationality suffers from a considerable area of ignorance concerning its foundation. I have further shown that not only the theory is not descriptive of the actuality of people's reasoning, but it in fact is normatively laden. Even if these problems can be overcome, I have shown that it ultimately does not render all beliefs equivalent insofar as rationality status is concerned, and hence symmetrical explanation will still not be possible. Concerning the Edinburgh School's interest theory, I have argued that there are some incoherencies in the proposed positions; and that even if these are rectified the resulting theory leads to grotesque absurdities.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 141-145 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 147-196 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 139-141 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 197-202 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 356-360 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 327-345 
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    Keywords: neopositivism ; induction ; incommensurability ; historyand historiography of science ; dialectics
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    Notes: Abstract The paper analyses the development of some themes in the contemporary philosophy of science in Italy. Section 1 reviews the dabate on the legacy of neopositivism. The spread of the philosophy of Popper is outlined in Section 2, with particular regard to the problem of the vindication of induction. Section 3 deals with the debate on the incommensurability thesis, while Section 4 examines its consequences on the possible relationships between historical and epistemological studies of science. The last section is devoted to one of the most recent trends in the Italian philosophy of science: the resumption of Aristotelian dialectics.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 301-326 
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    Keywords: balance theories ; intertheoretical relations ; reduction ; social sciences ; structuralist reconstruction
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    Notes: Abstract Theory Reduction in the Social Sciences. The example of balance theories. A central topic both in philosophy of science as well as in the empirical sciences is the reconstruction of the relations between theories. In the past comparisons of theories by means of traditional linguistic methods have proved to be extremely difficult and complicated. In this article the reconstruction of intertheoretical relations based on model-theoretical terms is propagated, as formulated within the structuralist view of theories. The efficiency of a model theoretical based comparison of theories is demonstrated by two theory elements from the social science research program of balance theories: The basic element by Heider and the transitivity theory by Holland and Leinhardt. First of all both theory elements are introduced informally and reconstructed in the structuralist format. On the basis of these reconstructions can be shown, that the Heider theory can be formally reduced to the Holland-Leinhardt theory and that the theory younger in history means an improvement. However, an integration of all balance theoretical elements into a theory net is not possible.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 71-122 
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    Keywords: science ; philosophy of science ; methodology ; realism ; naturalism ; empiricism ; cognitive science ; feminism ; experiment ; scientific practice
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    Notes: Abstract This survey of major developments in North American philosophy of science begins with the mid-1960s consolidation of the disciplinary synthesis of internalist history and philosophy of science (HPS) as a response to criticisms of logical empiricism. These developments are grouped for discussion under the following headings: historical metamethodologies, scientific realisms, philosophies of the special sciences, revivals of empiricism, cognitivist naturalisms, social epistemologies, feminist theories of science, studies of experiment and the disunity of science, and studies of science as practice and culture. A unifying theme of the survey is the relation between historical metamethodologists and scientific realists, which dominated philosophical work in the late 1970s. I argue that many of the alternative cognitive naturalisms, social epistemologies, and feminist theories that have been proposed can be understood as analogues to the differences between metamethodological theories of scientific rationality and realist accounts of successful reference to real causal processes. Recent work on experiment, scientific practice, and the culture of science may, however, challenge the underlying conception of the field according to which realism and historical rationalism (or their descendants) are the important alternatives available, and thus may take philosophy of science in new directions.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 123-127 
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    Keywords: Analytical philosophy ; hermeneutics
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    Notes: Abstract Report on a symposium “Analytical Philosophy of Science today”, July 23–24, 1995, in Beijing. The symposium demonstrates the actual interest and familiarity of Chinese researchers with Western philosophy of science and especially with analytical philosophizing. Main topics were diagnoses of the actual state of the art, discussion and critique of some classics and classical analytical conceptions, application of analytical thinking on hermeneutical problems, and its possible social function.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 59-85 
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    Keywords: Biologismus ; Physikalismus ; Pluralismus ; differenzierte Wissenschaftstypologie ; Autonomie der Biologie ; Vielfalt ; Individualität ; Ganzheit ; nomothetische und idiographische Wissenschaft
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Between Physics of Organism and Organismic Physics: Object and Method of Biology. In the history of biological theory one can observe an oscillation between two tendencies of thinking, namely the biologistic and the physicalistic point of view. Both aim at a general or unified theory of nature that is relevant for scientific research as well as for philosophical reflection. In terms of a pluralistic approach these two ways of theory-formation must be rejected. Biology e.g. as a specific natural science, characterized by its mid-position between ‘nomothetic’ and ‘idiographic’ thinking (Windelband), is much more than a subordinate branch of physical knowledge. This very autonomy of biology does not only result from a special methodology or from a specific theoretical framework. On the contrary, the methodological and functional autonomy of biology is due to the very features of the phenomena investigated. These features include multitude, individuality and wholeness.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 155-171 
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    Keywords: biological function ; immunological self/non-self discrimination ; innate/acquired immunity ; connectivity ; Tauber
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Biological self reference idioms in brain-centered or nervous-system-centered self determination of the consious Self reveal an interesting contrast with biological self-determination by immunological self/non-self discrimination. This contrast is both biological and epistemological. In contrast to the consciousness conscious of itself, the immunological self-determination imposes a protective mechanism against self-recognition (Coutinho et al. 1984), which adds to a largely unconscious achievement of the biological Self (Popper 1977; Medawar 1959). The latter viewpoint is in contrast with the immunological Self-determination as an essentially cognitive process as expressed in the analysis of Tauber (1994). Comparison of the immune system in vertebrates and invertebrates, according to new biological insights, has contributed to a better understanding of the relative role of innate (or inherited) immunity versus immunity acquired during each individual life. Also in this respect, immunological self-achievement shows both a striking analogy and a fundamental discrepancy with the activity of the nervous system. The analysis of immunological Self/non-self discrimination versus brain-centered self-determination adds to the understanding of the function paradigm in biological self-reference idioms, especially when regarding the importance of the connectivity notion in both systems. Adopting functional explanatory schemes for understanding immunological self-non-self discrimination, as well as for the understanding of functional mapping of the brain at (conscious) activity (Friston et al. 1993; Frith et al. 1995), forwards the notion of effective/functional connectivity. Network connectivity not only is a primary question in solving the dimensionality question for immunological ‘idiotypic networks’ (Jerne 1974a, b; 1984), it may also have an important value in describing phase transitions in the development of both immune and nervous systems.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 1-16 
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    Keywords: scientific realism ; incommensurability ; causal theory of meaning ; metaphysical realism ; god's eye point of view ; internal realism ; Putnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability. Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force as a weapon against incommensurability.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 189-192 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 193-197 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 397-401 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 317-339 
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    Keywords: knowledge ; full belief ; epistemology ; radicalprobabilism ; instrumentalism ; pragmatism ; bayesianism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The radical probabilist counsels the prudent never to put away uncertainty, and hence always to balance judgment with probabilities of various sizes. Against this counsel I shall advise in favor of the practice of full belief — at least for some occasions. This advice rests on the fact that it is sometimes in a person's interests to accept certain propositions as a means of bringing it about that others recognize oneself as having accepted those propositions. With the pragmatists, therefore, I shall reject the view that belief formation must in every instance be a truth-directed affair. Unlike the pragmatists, however, I shall conclude that the enterprise of belief formation is not directed exclusively, or even primarily, at attaining knowledge. In other words, pursuit of that which it profits to believe, on the one hand, and pursuit of knowledge on the other, are distinct enterprises, which overlap (when they do) only accidentally.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 25-34 
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    Keywords: Positivism ; Carnap ; realism ; instrumentalism ; strict empiricism ; Vienna Circle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Several lines of argument support the notion that the legacy of positivism (if cast in terms of the realist/instrumentalist debate) is more realist than not. Work by Joia Lewis and Alberto Coffa on both Schlick and Carnap is cited, and contemporary work from Van Fraassen and Boyd briefly alluded to. Note is made of the differences within contemporary realist theory, and it is included that Carnap's essay “Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology” is crucial for resolution of the debate. In closing it is noted that the spirit of much of the original positivist work reinforced the contention than those who work within the framework of science do in fact accept the reality of key scientific entities.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 1-10 
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    Keywords: motion ; actuality-potentiality ; form-matter ; praxis-poesis ; process-result
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In thePhysics, Aristotle defines motion as ‘the actuality of what is potentially, qua potential’ (Phys. 201b5). This definition has been interpreted countless times and has been the subject of heated controvery. At issue today is whether $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^,$$ ντελ $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^{'}$$ ξεια refers to motions as a process or a state. Accordingly, if the idea of $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^,$$ ντελ $$\mathop \varepsilon \limits^{'}$$ ξεια is believed to refer to a process, it is translated to mean actualization. If on the other hand it is taken to refer to a state, it is translated as meaning actuality. In the first instance, known as the ‘state-view’, a change is defined as being thestate of a changing object when it is actually potentiallyF, for someF 1. In the second, or ‘process-view’, a change is defined as theactualization of a potentially. It seems to me that both views mistakenly assume that Aristotle succeeded in defining motion as motion. As a consequence, the discussion has focused on a presumed content that the definition does not offer. Indeed, were it the case that Aristotle's definition was adequate, there would hardly be any point in even considering the question of whether he had intended to regard motion as being a state or a process. In this paper I examine both of these views and offer an alternative interpretation of my own that differs markedly from either. Additionally, I shall show that just as Aristotle's definition represents a projection of his particular attitude toward nature — so also recent interpretations of his definition represent a projection of the attitudes of modern thinker's toward Aristotle's philosophy.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 191-202 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 203-205 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 259-268 
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    Keywords: Goodman's Paradoxon ; Grue ; Induction ; Justification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The model function for induction of Goodmans's composite predicate “Grue” was examined by analysis. Two subpredicates were found, each containing two further predicates which are mutually exclusive (green and blue, observed before and after t). The rules for the inductive processing of composite predicates were studied with the more familiar predicate “blellow” (blue and yellow) for violets and primroses. The following rules for induction were violated by processing “grue”: From two subpredicates only one (blue after t) appears in the conclusion. As a statement about a future and unobserved condition this subpredicate, however, is not projectible for induction whereas the only suitable predicate (green before t) does not show up in the conclusion. In a disjunction “a v b” where “a” is true and “b” false the disjunction is true. When, however, the only true component is dropped, what remains is necessarily false. An analogous mistake may be observed in the processing of “grue”, where the only true component (green) was dropped in the conclusion. — As a potent criterion for correct inductions a check of the necessity of the conclusions is recommended.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 269-295 
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    Keywords: Qualia ; Brain ; Subject ; “Dilemma of discussion”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Qualia in the node-point between mind and body: Dilemma of present discussion about the subjectivity of mental states. The present discussion about qualia shows a bewildering variety of different positions. We show implicit assumptions about brain, subject, and qualia of this complex discussion. By means of three assumptions we divide the discussion about qualia into three different positions (proposition, opposition, intermediate solutions). These positions and their exemplaric authors are briefly presented along the lines of the three assumptions. The next step shows how each position solves the dilemma which arises if one relates all three assumptions by eliminating at least one of the three assumptions. Finally, general problems in the discussion of qualia are shown by means of which the dilemma of the relation between brain, subject and qualia may be brought closer to a solution without eliminating one assumption.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 207-225 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 267-279 
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    Keywords: Holism ; particularism ; Bell's theorem ; supervenience ; philosophy of quantum physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The present essay aims at broadening the recent discussion on the issue of holism vs. particularism in quantum physics. I begin with a clarification of the relation between the holism/particularism debate and the discussion of supervenience relation. I then defend particularism in physics (including quantum physics) by considering a new classification of properties of physical systems. With such a classification, the results in the Bell theorem are shown to violate spatial separability but not physical particularism.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 325-346 
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    Keywords: Imre Lakatos ; Scientific Research Programmes ; Rational Reconstruction ; Origin of Life Theories ; Oparin-S. Fox ; Haldane-Muller ; Orgel-Crick-Spiegelman ; Ribozymes ; Qßreplicase System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary During the course of its short history the discipline concerned with the origin of life has given birth to several scientific programmes in the Lakatosian sense, two of the most prominent and widespread being those initiated by Oparin (life began from protein entities) and Muller-Haldane (life began from genetic entities). The present paper sets down the abses for the rational reconstruction of both views by identifying theirhard core and some of their successivedevelopments. An assessment is made of the various stages in the evolution of these programmes with respect to the crucial Lakatosian notions ofprogressivity andregressivity and of how their arguments stand up against one another. This epistemological analysis also establishes the internal reasons why the RNA version of thegenotype programme (developed in particulr by L. Orgel and S. Spiegelman) has today taken on a progressive character and enjoys recognition by the international scientific cvommunity.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 367-406 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 27 (1996), S. 419-419 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 159-183 
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    Keywords: qualia ; physicalism ; property identity ; epiphenomenalism
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Qualia and Physicalism. It is assumed that the following three relations exhaust the possibilities for a physicalist account of qualia: 1. determination, 2. identity, 3. realization. The first relation is immediately rejected because it does not exclude property dualism. The second faces the problem that it is probably impossible to discriminate empirically between the identity thesis and the epiphenomenalist position. The third cannot handle qualia adequately, for qualia are not functional properties and the realization relation is only plausible as a relation between physical realizers and functional properties. Finally, if one attempts to replace multiple realization by multiple identities it is shown that the notion of multiple property identities is unintelligible. The upshot is that if these three relations exhaust the possibilities of a physicalist construal of qualia then physicalism is wrong.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 1-18 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 359-366 
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    Keywords: (non-)idealized entities ; (non-)idealized representations ; synchronic theory-elements and -nets ; idealized diachronictheory-elements and -nets ; Boyle-Mariotte-law ; Van der Waals-law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the connection between the Boyle-Mariotte-law and the Van der Waals-law from the perspective of the Structuralist Theory Conception as well as the Pragmatic Idealization Concept (PIC). It was inspired by an interesting paper by Martti Kuokkanen and Timo Tuomivaara, recently published in this journal.1 One result of the Kuokkanen-Tuomivaara-paper is that the Boyle-Mariotte-law is not an idealized law and therefore not an idealized special case of the Van der Waals-law, but that its models can be expanded to the models of an idealized special case of the Van der Waals-law. From the perspective of idealized diachronic theory-elements and -nets the second part of this result shall be questioned.
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  • 90
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    Keywords: chemistry ; critical rationalism ; methodicalreconstruction ; normative epistemology ; operational definition
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    Notes: Abstract Popper's critical rationalism is widely accepted under scientists and philosophers of science as a proper method for the reconstruction of scientific theories. On occasion of the application of the Popperian ideas for the reconstruction of chemistry by Akeroyd the flaws of the critical rationalist approach are criticised and a methodical alternative is proposed, involving the operational definition of scientific terms.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 389-399 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 129-131 
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    Keywords: forms of life ; language-games ; Garver-Haller-controversy ; holism ; understanding of other cultures.
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    Notes: Abstract Report on the symposium “The Conflict of Forms of Life in Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language”, November 22–25, 1995, Passau, Germany. The main issues were the conflicts between different forms of human life and how Wittgenstein's later philosophy contributes to the problem of understanding of other cultures.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 203-204 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 21-36 
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    Keywords: Spezielle Relativitätstheorie ; Prinzip der methodischen Ordnung ; Protophysik ; Konstruktive Geometrie ; Chronometrie
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    Notes: Abstract About a methodically ordered reconstruction of the theory of special relativity. One of the main results of the theory of special relativity is that our basic concepts concerning space and time must be revised, because there is new experimental evidence. But on the other hand it was meant to move in a circular procedure, if the usual methods of measuring distances and temporal durations are refused on the ground of experimental results that are based on even these measuring methods. Thus a reconstruction of the theory of special relativity was demanded. It consists of a finite number of steps and basicly one may presuppose that each step may at best include the results of undertaken steps. This reconstruction will be discussed in this article. It begins with the socalled proto-physics (Protophysik) that reflects the production of measuring rods and clocks without recurring on the existence of other clocks or measuring rods. Then Newtonian mechanics, electrodynamics, the refinement of classical mechanics, the formalism of transforming according to the Lorentz Group and the construction of moved systems of reference are brought into a methodically correct order.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 265-287 
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    Keywords: mathematics ; mathematician ; scientific migration ; scientific mobility ; scientific affinity
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    Notes: Abstract Cognitive Mobility, a Macroscopic Investigation of Migration of Scientists between Research Fields Studied by Example of Mathematics. — In history of science, scientific migrations of famous scientists are well-known. Nothing is known, however, about the total of migrations between fields of science, despite the importance of scientific mobility for information transfer and exchange. In the present investigation all migrations between the major 39 subdisciplines of mathematics from 1959 through 1975 are studied in a macroscopic manner. The quantitative importance of migration for the development of mathematical fields is assessed. In an analysis of the relationship between the affinity of fields and mobility between them a „principle of least migration distance” is established. Furthermore, some aspects of a Markov-chain treatment of scientific mobility are discussed.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 289-299 
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    Keywords: dialetheism ; paraconsistent logic ; paradox ; infinity ; quantification ; domain principle ; Priest ; Hegel ; Cantor ; Cartwright
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    Notes: Abstract The present article critically examines three aspects of Graham Priest's dialetheic analysis of very important kinds of limitations (the limit of what can be expressed, described, conceived, known, or the limit of some operation or other). First, it is shown that Priest's considerations focusing on Hegel's account of the infinite cannot be sustained, mainly because Priest seems to rely on a too restrictive notion of object. Second, we discuss Priest's treatment of the paradoxes in Cantorian set-theory. It is shown that Priest does not address the issue in full generality; rather, he relies on a reading of Cantor which implicitly attributes a very strong principle concerning quantification over arbitrary domains to Cantor. Third, the main piece of Priest's work, the so-called “inclosure schema”, is investigated. This schema is supposed to formalize the core of many well-known paradoxes. We claim, however, that formally the schema is not sound.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 341-364 
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    Keywords: antirealism ; metaphysical realism ; mathematicalrealism ; model-theoretic argument ; Skolem-Paradox
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    Notes: Abstract Two of Hilary Putnam's model-theoretic arguments against metaphysical realism are examined in detail. One of them is developed as an extension of a model-theoretic argument against mathematical realism based on considerations concerning the so-called Skolem-Paradox in set theory. This argument against mathematical realism is also treated explicitly. The article concentrates on the fine structure of the arguments because most commentators have concentrated on the major premisses of Putnam's argument and especially on his treatment of metaphysical realism. It is shown that the validity of Putnam's arguments is doubtful and that realists are by no means forced to accept the theses Putnam ascribes to them. It is concluded that Putnam fails to give convincing arguments for rejecting mathematical or metaphysical realism. Furthermore, Putnam's internal realism is discussed critically.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 11-24 
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    Keywords: deterministic chaos ; dynamical system ; falsifiability ; predictability ; provisos ; reproducibility of experiments ; sensitive dependence on initial conditions ; structural identity of explanation and prediction
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    Notes: Summary Deterministic Chaos: Some Interesting Points of View from the Philosophy of Science. A comparatively simple example is used to present some of the main features of deterministic chaos. From the point of view of the philosophy of science, three questions are dealt with: if the equations of motion of chaotic systems are falsifiable in a strict sense; whether experiments on chaotic systems are reproducible; to what extent the development of chaotic systems is predictable. It emerges that in these respects chaotic systems, though being deterministic, behave essentially in the same way as stochastic (indeterministic) systems do.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 35-62 
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    Keywords: ethics ; intuitionism ; epistemology ; objectivism ; moral knowledge ; moral values
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Using the mathematical frameworks of economic preference ranking, subjective probability, and rational learning through empirical evidence, the epistemological implications of teleological ethical intuitionism are pointed out to the extent to which the latter is based on cognitivist and objectivist concepts of value. The notions of objective value and objective norm are critically analysed with reference to epistemological criteria of intersubjectively shared valuative experience. It is concluded that one cannot meaningfully postulate general material theories of morality that could be tested, confirmed or refuted by intersubjective empirical evidence of preferences and values, however loosely the empirical evidence of values may be interpreted. This situation is explained with reference to the ways in which preceived values become systematically influenced by the concomitants of individual valuative experience, but which have nothing to do with contingent subjective interests.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 93-117 
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    Keywords: interdisciplinary communication ; genesis of scientific facts ; specifity of scientific knowledge ; development of theoretical explanations of a discovery ; reception of findings by scientific public
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    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Interdisciplinarity and the Development of Knowledge. The author is engaged in the question how to explain the development of scientific meanings of facts which does not coincide with producing them rather with processes of the scientists' public communication. So long as the facts are adjustable to the conventional theories of those discipline which the researcher belongs to this connection does not reveal perfectly clear. More instructive is a consideration of so-called ‘anomalies’. The author demonstrates with an example of the history of science that researchers in case of new phenomena use to borrow concepts from other disciplines for resolving the interpretative problems. It emerges a loose net-work of concepts. In this way the researchers are producing a disciplinary mixed public at the same time. This process is seen as an important phase of the development of new theories and, complementary, new disciplines.
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