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  • Articles  (9)
  • incommensurability  (5)
  • spiders  (4)
  • Springer  (9)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1995-1999  (9)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (9)
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  • Articles  (9)
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  • Springer  (9)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Classification of Scientific Revolutions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 201-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific revolutions ; epistemic ruptures ; epistemicframework ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; Kuhn ; Lakatos ; Crowe ; Dauben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The question whether Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions could be applied to mathematics caused many interesting problems to arise. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether there are different kinds of scientific revolution, and if so, how many. The basic idea of the paper is to discriminate between the formal and the social aspects of the development of science and to compare them. The paper has four parts. In the first introductory part we discuss some of the questions which arose during the debate of the historians of mathematics. In the second part, we introduce the concept of the epistemic framework of a theory. We propose to discriminate three parts of this framework, from which the one called formal frame will be of considerable importance for our approach, as its development is conservative and gradual. In the third part of the paper we define the concept of epistemic rupture as a discontinuity in the formal frame. The conservative and gradual nature of the changes of the formal frame open the possibility to compare different epistemic ruptures. We try to show that there are four different kinds of epistemic rupture, which we call idealisation, re-presentation, objectivisation and re-formulation. In the last part of the paper we derive from the classification of the epistemic ruptures a classification of scientific revolutions. As only the first three kinds of rupture are revolutionary (the re-formulations are rather cumulative), we obtain three kinds of scientific revolution: idealisation, re-presentation, and objectivisation. We discuss the relation of our classification of scientific revolutions to the views of Kuhn, Lakatos, Crowe, and Dauben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008317930920
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kuhn'sThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions revisited (1995)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 75-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Kuhn ; Wittgenstein ; paradigm ; incommensurability ; language games ; relativism ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The present paper argues that there is an affinity between Kuhn'sThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Wittgenstein's philosophy. It is maintained, in particular, that Kuhn's notion of paradigm draws on such Wittgensteinian concepts as language games, family resemblance, rules, forms of life. It is also claimed that Kuhn's incommensurability thesis is a sequel of the theory of meaning supplied by Wittgenstein's later philosophy. As such its assessment is not fallacious, since it is not an empirical hypothesis and it does not have the relativistic implications Kuhn's critics repeatedly indicated. Although concepts are indeed relative to a language game or paradigm, interparadigmatic intelligibility is preserved through the standard techniques of translation or praxis. The impossibility of radical translation which is captured by the claim of incommensurability lies with that which cannot be said but only shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130927
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contemporary Philosophy of Science in Italy: An Overview (1998)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 327-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: neopositivism ; induction ; incommensurability ; historyand historiography of science ; dialectics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper analyses the development of some themes in the contemporary philosophy of science in Italy. Section 1 reviews the dabate on the legacy of neopositivism. The spread of the philosophy of Popper is outlined in Section 2, with particular regard to the problem of the vindication of induction. Section 3 deals with the debate on the incommensurability thesis, while Section 4 examines its consequences on the possible relationships between historical and epistemological studies of science. The last section is devoted to one of the most recent trends in the Italian philosophy of science: the resumption of Aristotelian dialectics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008227523927
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Putnam's Causal Theory of Meaning Compatible with Internal Realism? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific realism ; incommensurability ; causal theory of meaning ; metaphysical realism ; god's eye point of view ; internal realism ; Putnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability. Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force as a weapon against incommensurability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008240206638
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thomas Kuhn‘s Latest Notion of Incommensurability (1997)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 257-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Kuhn ; incommensurability ; instruments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To correct the misconception that incommensurability implies incomparability, Kuhn lately develops a new interpretation of incommensurability. This includes a linguistic theory of scientific revolutions (the theory of kinds), a cognitive exploration of the language learning process (the analogy of bilingualism), and an epistemological discussion on the rationality of scientific development (the evolutionary epistemology). My focus in this paper is to review Kuhn's effort in eliminating relativism, highlighting both the insights and the difficulties of his new version of incommensurability . Finally I suggest that some of Kuhn's difficulties can be overcome by adopting a concept of rationality that filly appreciates the important role of instruments in the development of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008220212003
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allozyme Diversity in Non-social Spiders: Pattern, Process and Conservation Implications (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 327-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: allozymes ; heterozygosity ; gene flow ; fitness ; spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this article we summarize estimates of genetic variation based on allozymes for 30 non-social spider species. Overall, these species show moderate levels of genetic variability (mean Ho = 6.8%) compared to other invertebrate species surveyed for allozymes, although a number of spiders possess only minimal variation. Fossorial spiders, especially those which are coastal dune dwellers, typically display less variation than other non-social arachnids. In general, differences in heterozygosity estimates between groups of non-social spiders in this article are not confounded by the varying mix of proteins that have been assayed by individual investigators. There is a significant positive relationship between genetic variability and gene flow (Nm), indicating that non-social spider populations which exhibit reduced variability are likely to be genetically isolated. Population bottlenecks, directional selection and environmental homogeneity have all been cited to account for reduced variability in particular non-social spiders. In addition, an analysis using the genus Lutica suggests that low genetic variation may be accompanied by decreased population fitness. Since the potential for evolutionary change is dependent on the existence of genetic variability, our findings indicate that a number of non-social spiders may be at risk in terms of long-term population viability. This conclusion should be verified/extended via a combination of more genetic surveys; genetic and ecological monitoring of populations and their fitnesses in the wild; and experimental studies of the mechanisms underlying fitness differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009612909147
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spiders in Conservation Planning: A Survey of US Natural Heritage Programs (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 341-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; conservation ; heritage programs ; databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conservation planning. Conservation priority setting, environmental review and local land-use planning activities in the US increasingly rely on information compiled by the Natural Heritage Network. A review of heritage database content and a survey of natural heritage programs both indicate a paucity of compiled data on the US spider fauna. Heritage programs are probably hampered by the unavailability of current species checklists, identification services and keys, and a general unfamiliarity with the fauna. Clearly, further development of information on rare or imperiled spiders will depend on increased communication and collaboration with arachnologists.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009641620689
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying Change Through Time in Spider Assemblages: Sampling Methods, Indices and Sources of Error (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 309-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: biological monitoring ; community dynamics ; diversity indices ; turnover ; spiders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Using a sample dataset from six sites in the Southern Appalachian mountains in the United States, I evaluate the usefulness of diversity indices and similarity/difference indices for monitoring the changes in spider (Order Araneae) assemblages through time. The Shannon index, Brillouin index, Simpson's index and Margalef's index were correlated with each other and were able to detect successional changes in two old clear-cuts as well as disturbance to a Beech gap forest possibly due to Beech Bark Disease. Turnover, Bray-Curtis similarity, and Morisita-Horn similarity also detected successional differences between the forest types and indicated the short-term and long-term changes in a mature forest stand. Seasonal changes (early to late summer) in spider communities were consistently higher than yearly changes. I identify and discuss the implications of various sources of error that will adversely affect the accuracy and efficiency of a monitoring protocol: sensitivity of indices to sample size, sampler bias, inclusion of juveniles, taxonomic uncertainty and stochastic sampling effects. Although gross trends are still apparent in the sample data regardless of these errors, more subtle changes may be obscured. It is these subtle trends which may be more useful to managers attempting to identify disturbance before irreversible damage occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009600813111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Different Agricultural Land-uses on Epigeal Spider Diversity in Scotland (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 273-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; agriculture ; land-use ; modelling ; diversity ; Scotland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Detailed knowledge of the biodiversity of spider communities on agricultural land is important both in terms of enhancing pest control and understanding the driving forces influencing nature conservation value. Pitfall traps were used to assess spider species diversity at 71 Scottish agricultural sites between May and September during 1996 and 1997. Land-use varied from intensive arable fields, grasslands and extensive heather (Calluna vulgaris) moorland. Spider species richness (S) was found to decrease significantly as farm management intensity increased. Several linear regression models based on the 1996 data (50 sites) and a selection of plant, soil and landscape variables explained up to 88% of the variation in species richness. Four of these models were used to estimate 1997 species richness (36 sites: 15 repeat and 21 new) and up to 58% of sites were correctly predicted to within ± four species of the actual number caught. As only 60% of the repeat 1997 sites had values of S within four units of their 1996 score, this suggested a relatively high level of model accuracy. Model accuracy increased to 64% when all four models were used for each site, suggesting the individual models should be targeted at specific land-use types. We discuss the relevance of these models for predicting the consequences of changes in agricultural land-use for spider diversity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009649222102
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