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  • Articles  (12)
  • Orthoptera  (7)
  • incommensurability  (5)
  • Springer  (12)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1995-1999  (12)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (12)
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  • Articles  (12)
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  • Springer  (12)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Classification of Scientific Revolutions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 201-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific revolutions ; epistemic ruptures ; epistemicframework ; incommensurability ; paradigm ; Kuhn ; Lakatos ; Crowe ; Dauben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The question whether Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions could be applied to mathematics caused many interesting problems to arise. The aim of this paper is to discuss whether there are different kinds of scientific revolution, and if so, how many. The basic idea of the paper is to discriminate between the formal and the social aspects of the development of science and to compare them. The paper has four parts. In the first introductory part we discuss some of the questions which arose during the debate of the historians of mathematics. In the second part, we introduce the concept of the epistemic framework of a theory. We propose to discriminate three parts of this framework, from which the one called formal frame will be of considerable importance for our approach, as its development is conservative and gradual. In the third part of the paper we define the concept of epistemic rupture as a discontinuity in the formal frame. The conservative and gradual nature of the changes of the formal frame open the possibility to compare different epistemic ruptures. We try to show that there are four different kinds of epistemic rupture, which we call idealisation, re-presentation, objectivisation and re-formulation. In the last part of the paper we derive from the classification of the epistemic ruptures a classification of scientific revolutions. As only the first three kinds of rupture are revolutionary (the re-formulations are rather cumulative), we obtain three kinds of scientific revolution: idealisation, re-presentation, and objectivisation. We discuss the relation of our classification of scientific revolutions to the views of Kuhn, Lakatos, Crowe, and Dauben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008317930920
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kuhn'sThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions revisited (1995)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 26 (1995), S. 75-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Kuhn ; Wittgenstein ; paradigm ; incommensurability ; language games ; relativism ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The present paper argues that there is an affinity between Kuhn'sThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Wittgenstein's philosophy. It is maintained, in particular, that Kuhn's notion of paradigm draws on such Wittgensteinian concepts as language games, family resemblance, rules, forms of life. It is also claimed that Kuhn's incommensurability thesis is a sequel of the theory of meaning supplied by Wittgenstein's later philosophy. As such its assessment is not fallacious, since it is not an empirical hypothesis and it does not have the relativistic implications Kuhn's critics repeatedly indicated. Although concepts are indeed relative to a language game or paradigm, interparadigmatic intelligibility is preserved through the standard techniques of translation or praxis. The impossibility of radical translation which is captured by the claim of incommensurability lies with that which cannot be said but only shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130927
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contemporary Philosophy of Science in Italy: An Overview (1998)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 29 (1998), S. 327-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: neopositivism ; induction ; incommensurability ; historyand historiography of science ; dialectics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper analyses the development of some themes in the contemporary philosophy of science in Italy. Section 1 reviews the dabate on the legacy of neopositivism. The spread of the philosophy of Popper is outlined in Section 2, with particular regard to the problem of the vindication of induction. Section 3 deals with the debate on the incommensurability thesis, while Section 4 examines its consequences on the possible relationships between historical and epistemological studies of science. The last section is devoted to one of the most recent trends in the Italian philosophy of science: the resumption of Aristotelian dialectics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008227523927
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Putnam's Causal Theory of Meaning Compatible with Internal Realism? (1999)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: scientific realism ; incommensurability ; causal theory of meaning ; metaphysical realism ; god's eye point of view ; internal realism ; Putnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Putnam originally developed his causal theory of meaning in order to support scientific realism and reject the notion of incommensurability. Later he gave up this position and adopted instead what he called ‘internal realism’, but apparently without changing his mind on topics related to his former philosophy of language. The question must arise whether internal realism, which actually is a species of antirealism, is compatible with the causal theory of meaning. In giving an answer I begin with an analysis of the content and metaphysical background of scientific realism. I show that it presupposes metaphysical realism and that Putnam's philosophical conversion is due to his becoming aware of the latter's incoherence. After giving a brief sketch of internal realism I conclude by arguing that within this new theoretical framework the causal theory of meaning loses its force as a weapon against incommensurability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008240206638
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thomas Kuhn‘s Latest Notion of Incommensurability (1997)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 28 (1997), S. 257-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: Kuhn ; incommensurability ; instruments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To correct the misconception that incommensurability implies incomparability, Kuhn lately develops a new interpretation of incommensurability. This includes a linguistic theory of scientific revolutions (the theory of kinds), a cognitive exploration of the language learning process (the analogy of bilingualism), and an epistemological discussion on the rationality of scientific development (the evolutionary epistemology). My focus in this paper is to review Kuhn's effort in eliminating relativism, highlighting both the insights and the difficulties of his new version of incommensurability . Finally I suggest that some of Kuhn's difficulties can be overcome by adopting a concept of rationality that filly appreciates the important role of instruments in the development of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008220212003
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation of orthopteran biological diversity relative to landscape change in temperate Eurasia (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 247-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; grasshoppers ; katydids ; populations ; communities.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses orthopteran conservation in temperate and subtropical Eurasia. Distribution patterns of the orthopteran centres of diversity and endemism are described. Eleven main areas of diversity and endemism are identified. The majority of rare taxa are associated with these areas. The distribution of protected areas is discussed in relation to orthopteran conservation. Some proposals for inclusion or exclusion of certain orthopteran species on the IUCN and national Red Lists are debated. Emphasis is given to landscape heterogeneity and ecosystem mosaics for orthopteran biodiversity conservation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009620519058
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acoustic monitoring of Orthoptera and its potential for conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 217-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation monitoring ; bioacoustics ; biodiversity ; Orthoptera ; tropical forests.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Songs of Orthoptera can be used for inventorying and monitoring of individual species and communities. Acoustic parameters such as carrier frequency and pulse rates allow the definition of recognizable taxonomic units (RTUs) which help to overcome the taxonomic impediment due to our scanty knowledge, particularly of tropical faunas. Bioacoustic diversity is a first estimate for species richness and provides baseline data which can be a prerequisite for conservation. Additional ecological and behavioural information such as habitat preference and singing schedules can be inferred. Many Orthoptera are sensitive indicator species for habitat quality in temperate and tropical ecosystems. Examples are given for evaluation of habitat quality and deterioration by acoustic detection of Orthoptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009695813606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The taxonomic impediment in orthopteran research and conservation (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; biodiversity ; taxonomy ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is estimated that only 10–15% of the world's insect fauna has been described and named. Efforts to inventory insect biodiversity are hampered by this taxonomic impediment, which is compounded by the logistical problems of an insufficient taxonomic workforce and their remote location in museums thousands of miles from the areas of highest biodiversity. Compared to most other invertebrate groups however, the taxonomic impediment is relatively benign in the order Orthoptera. This is a small to medium-sized order (approximately 20 000 described species) which is well known taxonomically, owing to the group's agricultural importance worldwide. Furthermore, orthopteran taxonomists are now fortunate to have a published up-to-date catalogue of all known species, which has just become accessible as a regularly updated database on the World Wide Web. Whilst new information technology, in the form of e-mail networks, World Wide Web sites and CD-ROM information archives, is already enhancing communication between specialists and helping to reduce the logistical problems of documenting orthopteran biodiversity, a major reinvestment in basic taxonomic research is needed if we are to reduce the existing taxonomic impediment significantly. There is general agreement that an internationally coordinated approach will be necessary and priorities must be set to tackle the biodiversity/systematics crisis. In the future, the Orthoptera can make an important contribution to invertebrate faunal surveys and have potential as an indicator taxon. Furthermore, the Orthoptera Species File establishes a taxonomic framework which could be readily enlarged to include geographic data and phenology of species from existing museum specimens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009633811789
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management of orthopteran pests: a conservation perspective (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 253-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; insecticide ; biological control ; pest management.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although the vast majority of orthopterans are not pests, some species have the potential to cause serious damage to human interests. Management of pest populations frequently conflicts with conservation of orthopteran species and processes, particularly when the pest species or its ecological processes are susceptible to extinction or when the pest population is coincident with non-target orthopterans. With respect to chemical control, the greatest hazards are the broad-spectrum, highly lethal properties of most agents, which can be mitigated with formulation and application methods. Biological control risks permanent, large-scale changes to orthopteran species and processes which can be minimized with bioinsecticidal and other short-lived or selective formulations and reliable host-range testing. Cultural control may have large-scale, broad-spectrum impacts to non-target orthopterans, but these hazards can be diminished by appropriate testing and monitoring. Mechanical control methods may be impractically labour intensive, but they are highly target specific and therefore warrant further consideration. Social control measures such as education, insurance and compensation programmes appear to have little direct potential for harm to orthopteran conservation, but the complex socioeconomic and, ultimately, environmental consequences of such programmes have not been assessed. The melding of orthopteran pest management and conservation requires that we perceive these insects and their ecological processes to be vital elements of sustainable agroecosystems. Our management of orthopterans (both non-target and pest populations) must focus on keeping good stewards on the land.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009699914515
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orthoptera conservation: pests and paradoxes (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; conservation ; pests ; paradoxes ; biodiversity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Orthoptera species and assemblages vary enormously in biology, abundance, population variability and geographic range. This means that some are major pests but others are threatened with extinction or are extinct through human agency. Most pest species are in the Acrididae, yet proportionately more threatened species are in the less speciose families. Pest Orthoptera species are unusual on islands, which nevertheless support several threatened non-acridid species. In contrast, continental species of Acrididae and Tettigoniidae are the ones principally threatened. Many of the threatened Orthoptera species are confined to a small geographical area and are highly threatened by anthropogenic impacts that coincide with their small ranges. Yet some formerly widespread pest taxa have become extinct. Genetic polymorphism to a solitary phase appears to be an extinction-avoidance mechanism. While ‘classically’ threatened point endemics can receive conservation action, not much can be done for the periodically at risk abundant species. Preservation of orthopteran biodiversity is a complex and paradoxical task.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009652016332
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocating a threatened New Zealand giant orthopteran, Deinacrida sp. (Stenopelmatidae): some lessons (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; Anostostomatidae ; Deinacrida ; translocation ; conservation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Experiences from the first efforts to translocate an orthopteran, the Mahoenui giant weta (Deinacrida sp.), are described. Some of the problems included monitoring at low densities, transferred weta dispersing and coordinating the different components of the translocation programme over a long period of time. Options for translocation are discussed, such as using wild-caught or captive-bred animals. Techniques of release, such as immediate release or using an enclosure on the release site, allowing transferees to breed, then releasing their progeny, are also discussed. It was concluded that the latter was probably the most effective approach to translocation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009664301311
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The grasshoppers of Costa Rica: a survey of the parameters influencing their conservation and survival (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 2 (1998), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Orthoptera ; Neotropics: biodiversity, conservation ; wet forest habitats.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Seventy-five per cent of the acridomorph fauna of Costa Rica is confined to the wet forest environment. This habitat also has a disproportionately large proportion of species which are of restricted distribution within the country or are endemic to Costa Rica or are flightless. The grasshoppers of dry forest, grassland and swamp habitats have in general the reverse properties: they include relatively few species and most of these are capable of flight and are widely distributed both within and outside of Costa Rica. The major factor influencing the long-term survival (or, conversely, the extinction) of the major part of the grasshopper fauna of Costa Rica is likely to be the preservation (or destruction) of the wet forest habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009668402220
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