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  • Articles  (1,020)
  • Emerald  (968)
  • Blackwell Publishers Inc  (52)
  • 1995-1999  (1,020)
  • 1940-1944
  • Computer Science  (1,020)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Referees (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00071
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inferring dependencies from relations: a conceptual clustering approach (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper we consider two related types of data dependencies that can hold in a relation: conjunctive implication rules between attribute-value pairs, and functional dependencies. We present a conceptual clustering approach that can be used, with some small modifications, for inferring a cover for both types of dependencies. The approach consists of two steps. First, a particular clustered representation of the relation, called concept (or Galois) lattice, is built. Then, a cover is extracted from the lattice built in the earlier step. Our main emphasis is on the second step. We study the computational complexity of the proposed approach and present an experimental comparison with other methods that confirms its validity. The results of the experiments show that our algorithm for extracting implication rules from concept lattices clearly outperforms an earlier algorithm, and suggest that the overall lattice-based approach to inferring functional dependencies from relations can be seen as an alternative to traditional methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00100
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constructing and Utilizing a Model of User Preferences in Collaborative Consultation Dialogues (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A natural language collaborative consultation system must take user preferences into account. A model of user preferences allows a system to appropriately evaluate alternatives using criteria of importance to the user. Additionally, decision research suggests both that an accurate model of user preferences could enable the system to improve a user's decision-making by ensuring that all important alternatives are considered, and that such a model of user preferences must be built dynamically by observing the user's actions during the decision-making process. This paper presents two strategies: one for dynamically recognizing user preferences during the course of a collaborative planning dialogue and the other for exploiting the model of user preferences to detect suboptimal solutions and suggest better alternatives. Our recognition strategy utilizes not only the utterances themselves but also characteristics of the dialogue in developing a model of user preferences. Our generation strategy takes into account both the strength of a preference and the closeness of a potential match in evaluating actions in the user's plan and suggesting better alternatives. By modeling and utilizing user preferences, our system is able to fulfill its role as a collaborative agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00091
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Title Index for Volume 15 (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00102
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  • 5
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    Introduction to the Special Issue on PACLING '97 (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00084
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  • 6
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    Retrieving Domain-Specific Collocations by Co-occurrences and Word Order Constraints (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we describe a method for automatically retrieving collocations from large text corpora. This method comprises the following stages: (1) extracting strings of characters as units of collocations, and (2) extracting recurrent combinations of strings as collocations. Through this method, various types of domain-specific collocations can be retrieved simultaneously. This method is practical because it uses plain text with no specific-language-dependent information, such as lexical knowledge and parts of speech. Experimental results using English and Japanese text corpora show that the method is equally applicable to both languages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00085
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  • 7
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    Cooperative Understanding of Utterances and Gestures in a Dialogue-Based Problem Solving System (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A dialogue plays an important role in learning how to solve a problem and form a concept. We are developing a problem solving and knowledge acquisition system based on co-reference between drill texts and dialogue with a teacher, focusing on first-grade mathematics. This paper presents a method of cooperative understanding of utterances and gestures within dialogue. We first describe our system design principles, which provide the basis for the integration of multimodal information during a dialogue. We define a principle of complementarity, explain its implementation, and describe the architecture of the problem solving system. We then show how to integrate our algorithms for utterance and gesture analysis within that software architecture. A feature-based approach is used for gesture recognition, derived from a sequence of images arising during the cooperative analysis of utterances. We conclude with an evaluation of the system against the design principles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00089
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  • 8
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    Introduction to the Special Issue on Context in Natural Language Processing (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00041
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  • 9
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    Reasoning with Intensional Negative Adjectivals: Semantics, Pragmatics, and Context (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Intensional negative adjectives alleged, artificial, fake, false, former, and toyare unusual adjectives that depending on context may or may not be restricting functions. A formal theory of their semantics, pragmatics, and context that uniformly accounts for their complex mathematical and computational characteristics and captures some peculiarities of individual adjectives is presented.Such adjectives are formalized as new concept builders, negation-like functions that operate on the values of intensional properties of the concepts denoted by their arguments and yield new concepts whose intensional properties have values consistent with the negation of the old values. Understanding these new concepts involves semantics, pragmatics and context-dependency of natural language. It is argued that intensional negative adjectives can be viewed as a special-purpose, weaker, conntext-dependent negationin natural language. The theory explains and predicts many inferences licensed by expressions involving such adjectives. Implementation of sample examples demonstrates its computational feasibility. Computation of context-dependent interpretation is discussed.The theory allows one to enhance a knowledge representation system with similar concept building, negation-like, context-dependent functions, the availability of which appears to be a distinct characteristic of natural languages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00043
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  • 10
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    The Foundations of Taxonomic Encoding (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Taxonomies (partially ordered sets and lattices) are important in many areas of computing science, particularly object-oriented languages, machine learning, and knowledge representation. Taxonomic encoding strives to enhance the efficiency of taxonomic representation and use, which becomes increasingly important as the size of taxonomies grows. In this paper, we describe a formal structure, called a spanning set, in which taxonomic encoding techniques can be characterized. Any taxonomic encoding scheme implements a mapping from the original ordered set into a structure, such as the lattice of bit-vectors or logical terms, in which operations can be performed efficiently. We analyze the fundamental properties any such mapping must satisfy in order to preserve subsumption, joins, or meets. Spanning sets are an abstract framework within which we portray and compare existing encoding techniques, and provide a context in which new encoding problems can be analyzed, leading to existing, related algorithms or, using other results we develop in this paper, guiding the development of new algorithms. We also explore the limits of minimal-sized encodings, proving a lower bound for simple forms of encoding and showing that, in general, finding minimal-sized encodings is NP-hard. This paper can thus be viewed as both a synthesis of current research in taxonomic encoding and a repository of new results and directions for encoding as viewed from the perspective of spanning sets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00076
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Logic for Nested Graphs (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We study the expressiveness of Nested Graphs, an extension of conceptual graphs. Nesting is introduced as a formal version of the intuitive “zooming in” on descriptions of individuals. Projections are defined inductively as the formal tool for “reasoning with nested graphs.” Nested graphs are translated to “colored” formulas. Coloring represents anaphoras in a way similar to conceptual graphs. A system of Gentzen sequents is shown to be adequate and complete with respect to projections of nested graphs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00066
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  • 12
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    AI Can Rival Control Theory for Goal Achievement in a Challenging Dynamical System (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Nonlinear dynamical systems are notoriously difficult to control. The Acrobot is an under-actuated double pendulum in a gravitational field. Under most driving schemes the Acrobot exhibits chaotic behavior. But with careful applications of energy it is possible to gradually pump the system so as to swing it over its supporting joint. This swing-up task is of current interest to control theory researchers.Conventional notions of AI planning are not easily extended to domains with interacting continuously varying quantities. Such continuous domains are often dynamic; important properties change over time even when no action is taken. Noise and error propagation can preclude accurately characterizing the effects of actions or predicting the trajectory of an undisturbed system through time. A plan must be a conditional action policy or a control strategy that carefully nudges the system as it strays from a desired course. Automatically generating such plans or action strategies is the subject of this research.An AI system successfully learns to perform the swing-up task using an approach called explanation-based control (EBC). The approach combines a plausible qualitative domain theory with empirical observation. Results are in some respects superior to the known control theory strategies. Of particular importance to AI is EBC's notion of a “plan” or “strategy” and its method for automatic synthesis. Experimental evidence confirms EBC's ability and generality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00097
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  • 13
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    Efficient Processing of Queries and Assertions about Qualitative and Quantitative Temporal Constraints (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A critical problem for managers of temporal information is the treatment of assertions and of complex types of queries because in many cases the treatment could involve reasoning on the whole knowledge base of temporal constraints. We propose an efficient approach to this problem. First, we show how different types of queries can be answered (in a complete way) in a time polynomial in the dimension of the query and independently of the dimension of the knowledge base. Second, we provide an efficient (and complete) procedure to deal with sessions of interleaved assertions and queries to the knowledge base. We provide both analytical and experimental evaluations of our approach, and we discuss some application areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00101
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  • 14
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    Feasible Formation of Coalitions Among Autonomous Agents in Nonsuperadditive Environments (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Cooperating and sharing resources by creating coalitions of agents are important ways for autonomous agents to execute tasks and to maximize payoff. Such coalitions will form only if each member of a coalition gains more by joining the coalition than it could gain otherwise. There are several ways of creating such coalitions and dividing the joint payoff among the members. In this paper we present algorithms for coalition formation and payoff distribution in nonsuperadditive environments. We focus on a low-complexity kernel-oriented coalition formation algorithm. The properties of this algorithm were examined via simulations. These have shown that the model increases the benefits of the agents within a reasonable time period, and more coalition formations provide more benefits to the agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00092
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  • 15
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    Integrating Case-Based and Rule-Based Reasoning to Meet Multiple Design Constraints (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although case-based reasoning (CBR) was introduced as an alternative to rule-based reasoning (RBR), there is a growing interest in integrating it with other reasoning paradigms, including RBR. New hybrid approaches are being piloted to achieve new synergies and improve problem-solving capabilities. In our approach to integration, CBR is used to satisfy multiple numeric constraints, and RBR allows the performance of “what if” analysis needed for creative design.The domain of our investigation is nutritional menu planning. The task of designing nutritious, yet appetizing, menus is one at which human experts consistently outperform computer systems. Tailoring a menu to the needs of an individual requires satisfaction of multiple numeric nutrition constraints plus personal preference goals and aesthetic criteria.We first constructed and evaluated independent CBR and RBR menu planning systems, then built a hybrid system incorporating the strengths of each system. The hybrid outperforms either single strategy system, designing superior menus, while synergistically providing functionality that neither single strategy system could provide. In this paper, we present our hybrid approach, which has applicability to other design tasks in which both physical constraints and aesthetic criteria must be met.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00095
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  • 16
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    Resolving Ambiguous Segmentation of Korean Compound Nouns Using Statistics and Rules (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Korean compound nouns may be written as a sequence of characters without blanks between unit nouns. For Korean processing systems, Korean compound nouns have to be first segmented into a sequence of unit nouns. However, the segmentation task is difficult because a sequence of characters may be ambiguously segmented to several sequences of appropriate unit nouns. Moreover, this task is not trivial because Korean compound nouns may include many unknown unit nouns.This paper proposes a new method for KCNS (Korean Compound Noun Segmentation) and reports on the appliccation of such a segmentationtechnique to enhance the performance of an information retrieval system. According to our method, compound nouns are first segmented by using a dictionary and structure patterns. If they are ambiguously segmented, we resolve the ambiguities by using statistical information and a preference rule. Moreover, we employ three kinds of heuristics in order to segment compound nouns with unknown unit nouns.To evaluate KCNS, we use three kinds of data from various domains. Experimental results show that the precision of KCNS's output is approximately 96% on average, regardless of domains. The effectiveness of using the segmented unit nouns provided by KCNS for indexing is proved by improving retrieval performance of our information retrieval system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00086
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  • 17
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    Knowledge Discovery in Complex Objects (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Learning concepts and rules from structured (complex) objects is a quite challenging but very relevant problem in the area of machine learning and knowledge discovery. In order to take into account and exploit the semantic relationships that hold between atomic components of structured objects, we propose a knowledge discovery process, which starts from a set of complex objects to produce a set of related atomic objects (called contexts). The second step of the process makes use of the concatenation product to get a global context in which binary relations of individual contexts coexist with relations produced by the application of some operators to individual contexts. The last step permits the discovery of concepts and implication rules using the concept lattice as a framework in order to discover and interpret nontrivial concepts and rules that may relate different components of complex objects. This paper focuses on two main steps of the knowledge discovery process, namely data mining and interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00080
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  • 18
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    Efficient Implementation of Semantic Relations in Lexical Databases (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper we develop a formalization of semantic relations that facilitates efficient implementations of relations in lexical databases or knowledge representation systems using bases. The formalization of relations is based on a modeling of hierarchical relations in Formal Concept Analysis. Further, relations are analyzed according to Relational Concept Analysis, which allows a representation of semantic relations consisting of relational components and quantificational tags. This representation utilizes mathematical properties of semantic relations. The quantificational tags imply inheritance rules among semantic relations that can be used to check the consistency of relations and to reduce the redundancy in implementations by storing only the basis elements of semantic relations. The research presented in this paper is an example of an application of Relational Concept Analysis to lexical databases and knowledge representation systems (cf. Priss 1996) which is part of a larger framework of research on natural language analysis and formalization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00083
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  • 19
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    Expressing Time Intervals and Repetition Within a Formalization of Calendars (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We investigate a formal representation of time units, calendars, and time unit instances as restricted temporal entities for reasoning about repeated events. We generalize Allen's interval relations to a class level, and based on interval classes we define time units. We examine characteristics of time units, and provide a categorization of the hierarchical relations among them. Hence we define an abstract hierarchical unit structure (a calendar structure) that expresses specific relations and properties among the units that compose it. Specific objects in the time line are represented based on this formalism, including nonconvex intervals corresponding to repeated events. A goal of this research is to be able to represent and reason efficiently about repetition in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00075
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  • 20
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    Title Index, Volume 14, 1998 (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00077
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  • 21
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    Multimodal Interaction for Information Access: Exploiting Cohesion (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Multimodality is a powerful concept for dealing with dialogue cohesion in a human–computer natural language (NL)-centered system. This work is a modest step toward more effective exploitation of the potentially large bandwidth of communication provided by this situation. The relations between exploration, navigation, and NL-based communication are discussed in general and with reference to two prototypes. Light cognitive load feedback and direct manipulation are proposed so that user and system can cooperate in mutually establishing the structure of the ongoing dialogue. The main points are: (i) use of an appropriate dialogue structure to constrain inference in the anaphora resolution process; (ii) use of a graphical representation of the structure, to limit the problem of opacity; (iii) allowance for the possibility of direct manipulation on this representation, to avoid the necessity of operating linguistically at the metalevel. The context of the work is within NL-centered multimodal information access systems, in which basic entities are pairs (most commonly question and answer). A dialogue model is provided by a modified version of the centering model; it is both sufficiently simple to be displayed in an intuitive fashion on the screen, and sufficiently powerful to give accurate results. An extension of the discourse model, oriented to the treatment of deixis, is also proposed. Finally, steps toward an overall approach to the integration of navigational and mediated aspects of interaction are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00047
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  • 22
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    Simulated Annealing and the Generation of the Objective Function: A Model of Learning During Problem Solving (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A computational model of problem solving based on significant aspects of human problem solving is introduced. It is observed that during problem solving humans often start searching more or less randomly, becoming more deterministic over time as they learn more about the problem. This two-phase aspect of problem-solving behavior and its relation to learning is one of the important features this model accounts for. The model uses an accelerated simulated annealing technique as a search mechanism within a real-time dynamic programming-like framework upon a connected graph of neighboring problem states. The objective value of each node is adjusted as the model moves between nodes, learning more accurate values for the nodes and also compensating for misleading heuristic information as it does so. In this manner the model is shown to learn to more effectively solve isomorphs of the Balls and Boxes and Tower of Hanoi problems. The major issues investigated with the model are (a) whether such a simulated annealing-based model exhibits the kind of random-to-directed transition in behavior exhibited by people, and (b) whether the progressive discovery of the objective function, even when given very little or poor initial information, is a plausible method for representing the learning that occurs during problem solving and the knowledge that results from that learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00051
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  • 23
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    Interpreting Presuppositions Using Active Logic: From Contexts to Utterances (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presuppositionis a pervasive feature of human language. It involves many interesting interactions between the utterances of a discourse and the contextof the discourse. In this paper we focus on issues of logical form connected with the interaction of presupposition and discourse context, and illustrate our theory with some implementational work using the active logicframework. After reviewing some of the major issues in presupposition theory we turn to a largely successful unified approach of Heim. We show how the main principles of this theory can be implemented in active logic. But we also find two serious difficulties. These consist in (a) a straightforward counterexample and (b) a type of discourse that we call a garden-path discourse. We maintain that both the counterexample and the garden-path type of discourse can be handled by our active-logic version of Heim's theory. This requires us to reformulate and extend Heim's theorey. Although this work is largely theoretical, both Heim's theory and ours have important things to say about the incremental processing of the utterances that make up discourse. And we present our theory as a specification of a processing device that takes logical form of a sentence along with current discourse context as input and delivers an updated discourse context as output. As an experiment, we have implemented portions of this device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00044
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  • 24
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    English-Thai Translation: Initial Experiments with a Multiphase Translation System (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A multiphase machine translation approach, Generate and Repair Machine Translation (GRMT), is proposed. GRMT is designed to generate accurate translations that focus primarily on retaining the linguistic meaning of the source language sentence. GRMT presently incorporates a limited multilingual translation capability. The central idea behind the GRMT approach is to generate a translationcandidate (TC) by quick and dirty machine translation (QDMT), then investigate the accuracy of that TC by translation candidate evaluation (TCE), and, if necessary, revise the translation in the repair and iterate (RI) phase. To demonstrate the GRMT approach, a translation system that translates from English to Thai has been developed. This paper presents the design characteristics and some experimental results of QDMT and also the initial design, some experiments, and proposed ideas behind TCE and RI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00088
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  • 25
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    Scalability in Formal Concept Analysis (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Formal Concept Analysis is a symbolic learning technique derived from mathematical algebra and order theory. The technique has been applied to a broad range of knowledge representation and exploration tasks in a number of domains. Most recorded applications of Formal Concept Analysis deal with a small number of objects and attributes, in which case the complexity of the algorithms used for indexing and retrieving data is not a significant issue. However, when Formal Concept Analysis is applied to exploration of a large numbers of objects and attributes, the size of the data makes issues of complexity and scalability crucial.This paper presents the results of experiments carried out with a set of 4,000 medical discharge summaries in which were recognized 1,962 attributes from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS). In this domain, the objects are medical documents (4,000) and the attributes are UMLS terms extracted from the documents (1,962). When Formal Concept Analysis is used to iteratively analyze and visualize these data, complexity and scalability become critically important.Although the amount of data used in this experiment is small compared with the size of primary memory in modern computers, the results are still important because the probability distributions that determine the efficiencies are likely to remain stable as the size of the data is increased.Our work presents two outcomes. First, we present a methodology for exploring knowledge in text documents using Formal Concept Analysis by employing conceptual scales created as the result of direct manipulation of a line diagram. The conceptual scales lead to small derived purified contexts that are represented using nested line diagrams. Second, we present an algorithm for the fast determination of purified contexts from compressed representation of the large formal context. Our work draws on existing encoding and compression techniques to show how rudimentary data analysis can lead to substantial efficiency improvements in knowledge visualization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00079
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    An Approach for Merging Plans Hierarchically in Decomposable Domains (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Recent works in domain-independent plan merging have shown that the optimal plan-merging problem is NP-hard, and heuristic algorithms have been proposed to generate near-optimal solutions. These works have shown heuristic algorithms which assume that the mergeability of two actions can be determined by considering only the actions themselves. In this paper, we show that it is often that case that the surrounding actions in the plan must also be considered when determining the mergeability of two or more actions; therefore, the context in which the actions are used affects their mergeability. To address this problem, we have developed a plan-merging methodology that merges partial-order plans based on the the notion of plan fragments, which encapsulate actions with the context in which they are being utilized. This methodology applies to a class of planning domains, called decomposable domains, which consist of actions that follow all or some portion of a type sequence. Merging is performed hierarchically by action type. We also investigate the previously unexplored notion of alternative actions in domain-independent plan merging, which can improve the quality of the resulting merged plan. A novel approach is presented for removing cyclic dependencies that may occur during the plan-merging process.A key part of the methodology is the computation of a minimum cost cover of plan fragments. We provide theoretical analyses of two optimal algorithms and a greedy-based algorithm for computing the minimum cost cover. We support the theoretical analysis of these algorithms with experimental data to show that the greedy approach is near-optimal and efficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00067
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    Analysis of Heuristics for Number Partitioning (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We illustrate the use of phase transition behavior in the study of heuristics. Using an “annealed” theory, we define a parameter that measures the “constrainedness” of an ensemble of number partitioning problems. We identify a phase transition at a critical value of constrainedness. We then show that constrainedness can be used to analyze and compare algorithms and heuristics for number partitioning in a precise and quantitative manner. For example, we demonstrate that on uniform random problems both the Karmarkar–Karp and greedy heuristics minimize the constrainedness, but that the decisions made by the Karmarkar–Karp heuristic are superior at reducing constrainedness. This supports the better performance observed experimentally for the Karmarkar–Karp heuristic. Our results refute a conjecture of Fu that phase transition behavior does not occur in number partitioning. Additionally, they demonstrate that phase transition behavior is useful for more than just simple benchmarking. It can, for instance, be used to analyze heuristics, and to compare the quality of heuristic solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00069
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    Utility Models for Goal-Directed, Decision-Theoretic Planners (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: AI planning agents are goal-directed: success is measured in terms of whether an input goal is satisfied. The goal gives structure to the planning problem, and planning representations and algorithms have been designed to exploit that structure. Strict goal satisfaction may be an unacceptably restrictive measure of good behavior, however.A general decision-theoretic agent, on the other hand, has no explicit goals: success is measured in terms of an arbitrary preference model or utility function defined over plan outcomes. Although it is a very general and powerful model of problem solving, decision-theoretic choice lacks structure, which can make it difficult to develop effective plan-generation algorithms.This paper establishes a middle ground between the two models. We extend the traditional AI goal model in several directions: allowing goals with temporal extent, expressing preferences over partial satisfaction of goals, and balancing goal satisfaction against the cost of the resources consumed in service of the goals. In doing so we provide a utility model for a goal-directed agent.An important quality of the proposed model is its tractability. We claim that our model, like classical goal models, makes problem structure explicit. This structure can then be exploited by a problem-solving algorithm. We support this claim by reporting on two implemented planning systems that adopt and exploit our model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00068
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    Decomposing and Solving Timetabling Constraint Networks (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The binary version of the school timetabling (STT) problem is a real-world example of a constraint network that includes only constraints of inequality. A new and useful representation for this real-world problem, the STT_Grid, leads to a generic decomposition technique. The paper presents proofs of necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution to decomposed STT_Grids. The decomposition procedure is of low enough complexity to be practical for large problems, such as a real-world high school.To test the decomposition approach, a typical high school was analyzed and used as a model for generating STT_Grids of various sizes. Experiments were conducted to test the difficulty of large STT networks and their solution by decomposition. The experimental results show that the decomposition procedure enables the solution of large STT_Grids (620 variables for a real school) in reasonable time. The constraint network of a typical STT_Grid is sparse and belongs to the class of easy problems. Still, due to the sizes of STTs, good constraint satisfaction problem search techniques (i.e., BackJumping and ForwardChecking) do not terminate in reasonable times for STT_Grids that are larger than 300 variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00049
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    Regularity-based Perceptual Grouping (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper investigates perceptual grouping from a logical point of view, defining a grouping interpretation as a particular kind of logical expression, and then developing an explicit inference theory in terms of such expressions. First, a regularity-based interpretation language is presented, in which an observed configuration is characterized in terms of the regularities(special configurational classes, e.g. nonaccidental properties) it obeys. The most preferred interpretation in such a system is shown to be the most-regular (maximum “codimension”) model the observed configuration obeys, which is also the unique model in which it is generic(typical). Inference then reduces to a straiightforward exercise in LogicProgramming. Because generic model assignment involves negation, this reduction requires that a version of the Closed World Assumption (CWA) be adopted.Next, this entire regularity-based machinery is generalized to the grouping problem: here an interpretation is a hierarchical recursive) version of a model called a parse tree.For a given number of dots and a fixed choice of regularity set, it is possible to explicitly enumerate the complete set of possible grouping interpretations, partially ordered by their degree of regularity (codimension). The most preferred interpretation is the one with maximum codimension (i.e., the most regular interpretation), which we call the qualitative parse. An efficient procedure (worst case $O(n^2)$) for finding the qualitative parse is presented. The qualitative parse has a unique epistemic status: given a choice of regularity set, it is the only grouping interpretation that both (a) is maximally regular, and (b) satisfies the CWA. This unique status, it is argued, accounts for the perceptually compelling quality of the qualitative parse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00052
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    Perceiving and Reasoning about a Changing World (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A rational agent (artificial or otherwise) residing in a complex changing environment must gather information perceptually, update that information as the world changes, and combine that information with causal information to reason about the changing world. Using the system of defeasible reasoning that is incorporated into the OSCAR architecture for rational agents, a set of reason-schemas is proposed for enabling an agent to perform some of the requisite reasoning. Along the way, solutions are proposed for the Frame Problem, the Qualification Problem, and the Ramification Problem. The principles and reasoning described have all been implemented in OSCAR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00074
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    Aggregation in Natural Language Generation (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The content of real-world databases, knowledge bases, database models, and formal specifications is often highly redundant and needs to be aggregated before these representations can be successfully paraphrased into natural language. To generate natural language from these representations, a number of processes must be carried out, one of which is sentence planning where the task of aggregation is carried out. Aggregation, which has been called ellipsis or coordination in Linguistics, is the process that removes redundancies during generation of a natural language discourse, without losing any information.The article describes a set of corpus studies that focus on aggregation, provides a set of aggregation rules, and finally, shows how these rules are implemented in a couple of prototype systems. We develop further the concept of aggregation and discuss it in connection with the growing literature on the subject. This work offers a new tool for the sentence planning phase of natural language generation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00099
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    Pattern Databases (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The efficiency of A* searching depends on the quality of the lower bound estimates of the solution cost. Pattern databases enumerate all possible subgoals required by any solution, subject to constraints on the subgoal size. Each subgoal in the database provides a tight lower bound on the cost of achieving it. For a given state in the search space, all possible subgoals are looked up in the pattern database, with the maximum cost over all lookups being the lower bound. For sliding tile puzzles, the database enumerates all possible patterns containing N tiles and, for each one, contains a lower bound on the distance to correctly move all N tiles into their correct final location. For the 15-Puzzle, iterative-deepening A* with pattern databases(N ="8) reduces the total number of nodes searched on a standard problem set of 100 positions by over 1000-fold.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00065
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    A Temporal Knowledge Representation Approach Based on Elementary Calculus (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The standard AI method for representing temporal information in a first-order logic is to directly associate the information with a time point or interval via a relation. We present a new paradigm for temporal knowledge representation. All point-based temporal information is translated to real-valued functions in the Cartesian plane. For example, information that is true/false at a point becomes a 0–1 function. Other types of information, such as velocity, are directly represented with real-valued functions. The unique feature of the proposed approach is the use of the Riemann integral to represent interval-based information. Our approach is based on the fact that what is true at every point in an interval completely determines what is true over the interval. We conclude with a formal presentation of a first-order logic that is based on the proposed representation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00048
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    An Algorithm for Minimal Insertion in a Type Lattice (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The problem of inserting a new element x into a lattice of types L is addressed in the paper. As the poset L+x obtained by the direct insertion of x in L is not necessarily a lattice, some set of auxiliary elements should be added to restore the lattice properties. An approach toward the lattice insertion is presented which allows the set of auxiliary elements to be kept minimal. The key idea is to build the final lattice L+ as isomorphic to the Dedekind–McNeille completion of the order L+x. Our strategy is based on a global definition of the set of auxiliary elements and their locations in L+. Each auxiliary is related to a specific element of L, an odd, which represents GLB (LUB) of some elements in L superior (inferior) to x. An appropriate computation scheme for the auxiliary types is given preserving the subtyping in the lattice L+. The insertion strategy presented is more general than the existing ones, since it deals with general kinds of lattices and makes no hypothesis on the location of x in L. An algorithm computing L+ from L and x of time complexity O(|L||J(L)|ω^3(L)) is provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00082
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    The Use of Situation Theory in Context Modeling (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: At the heart of natural language processing is the understanding of context dependent meanings. This paper presents a preliminary model of formal contexts based on situation theory. It also gives a worked-out example to show the use of contexts in lifting, i.e., how propositions holding in a particular context transform when they are moved to another context. This is useful in NLP applications where preserving meaning is a desideratum.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00046
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    Types of Contexts and Their Role in Multimodal Communication (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper the idea is presented that human communication is carried through messages that are the result of the integration of a set of communicative acts, some of which are, in a traditional view, contextual phenomena with respect to a main (linguistic) communication act. A formalization of the notion of communicative situation is attempted, which eliminates the distinction between context and main communication acts. The ideas presented in this paper come from a re-thinking of a prototype implemented in 1989 for the ESPRIT Project 527, CFID whose main features are presented in Section 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00045
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    On Social Constraints for Rational Agents (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We define and study social constraints for rational agents. Our work is complementary to work on mechanism design in economics and Distributed Artificial Intelligence, as well as to work on artificial social systems. In our setting agents are rational but obey social laws that are imposed by the system's designer. Agents can be obliged to obey some social constraints, but not any constraint can serve as part of the social law. The main theme of our work is the study of settings where there are restrictions on the constraints that can serve as social laws. In such settings the designer should find social laws that can be imposed on the agents, and that will lead rational agents to satisfactory behavior. Our study is carried out in the context of zero-sum and general-sum games (with complete and with incomplete information) in extensive form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00098
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    Note of Appreciation from the Editors (1999)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00096
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    Time Series Prediction With Genetic-Algorithm Designed Neural Networks: An Empirical Comparison With Modern Statistical Models (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Neural networks whose architecture is determined by genetic algorithms outperform autoregressive integrated moving average forecasting models in six different time series examples. Refinements to the autoregressive integrated moving average model improve forecasting performance over standard ordinary least squares estimation by 8% to 13%. In contrast, neural networks achieve dramatic improvements of 10% to 40%. Additionally, neural networks give evidence of detecting patterns in data which remain hidden to the autoregression and moving average models. The consequent forecasting potential of neural networks makes them a very promising addition to the variety of techniques and methodologies used to anticipate future movements in time series.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00090
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    Experimentation-Driven Knowledge Acquisition for Planning (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge engineering for planning is expensive and the resulting knowledge can be imperfect. To autonomously learn a plan operator definition from environmental feedback, our learning system WISER explores an instantiated literal space using a breadth-first search technique. Each node of the search tree represents a state, a unique subset of the instantiated literal space. A state at the root node is called a seed state. WISER can generate seed states with or without utilizing imperfect expert knowledge. WISER experiments with an operator at each node. The positive state, in which an operator can be successfully executed, constitutes initial preconditions of an operator. We analyze the number of required experiments as a function of the number of missing preconditions in a seed state. We introduce a naive domain assumption to test only a subset of the exponential state space. Since breadth-first search is expensive, WISER introduces two search techniques to reorder literals at each level of the search tree. We demonstrate performance improvement using the naive domain assumption and literal-ordering heuristics. To learn the effects of an operator, WISER computes the delta state, composed of the add list and the delete list, and parameterizes it. Unlike previous systems, WISER can handle unbound objects in the delta state. We show that machine-generated effects definitions are often simpler in representation than expert-provided definitions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00093
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    A Pattern-Based Approach Using Compound Unit Recognition and Its Hybridization with Rule-Based Translation (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes a compound unit (CU) recognizer as a pattern-based approach and its hybridization with rule-based translation. A compound unit is a combined concept including collocations, idioms, and compound nouns. CU recognition reduces part of speech ambiguities by combining several words into a unit and consequently lessening the parsing load. It also provides pretranslated natural equivalents. Our focus in this paper is to obtain flexibility and efficiency from pattern-based machine translation, and high-quality translation by hybridization. A modified trie, our search index structure using “method” strategy is used to manage heterogeneous property of the constituents. Syntactic verification is integrated to obtain precise CU recognition by means of pruning wrongly recognized units that are caused by improper variable hypotheses. The experimental result with verification shows that the precision of CU recognition is increased to 99.69% with 31 CFG rules on the cyclic trie structure for 1,268 Wall Street Journal articles of the Penn Treebank. Another experiment with CU recognition also shows that it raises the understandability of translation for Web documents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00087
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    Utilizing Moment Invariants and Gröbner Bases to Reason About Shapes (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Shapes such as triangles or rectangles can be defined in terms of geometric properties invariant under a group of transformations. Complex shapes can be described by logic formulas with simpler shapes as the atoms. A standard technique for computing invariant properties of simple shapes is the method of moment invariants, known since the early 1960s. We generalize this technique to shapes described by arbitrary monotone formulas (formulas in propositional logic without negation). Our technique produces a reduced Gröbner basisfor approximate shape descriptions. We show how to use this representation to solve decision problems related to shapes. Examples include determining if a figure has a particular shape, if one description of a shape is more general than another, and whether a specific geometric property is really necessary for specifying a shape. Unlike geometry theorem proving, our approach does not require the shapes to be explicitly defined. Instead, logic formulas combined with measurements performed on actual shape instances are used to compute well-characterized least squares approximations to the shapes. Our results provide a proof that decision problems stated in terms of these approximations can be solved in a finite number of steps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00072
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    The 6-49 Lottery Paradox (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paradox of the preface and the lottery paradox are paradoxes of practical certainty sharing certain features. The paradox of the lottery argues that rational agents are at once practically certain that each ticket in a lottery will lose but also practically certain some ticket will win. The paradox of the preface argues that rational agents are at once practically certain that all facts in a written volume are true, yet are also practically certain that some fact is wrong. A difference between real lotteries and prefaces is that a winning lottery ticket is generally an intended feature of the lottery, whereas incorrect facts are generally unintended.Despite these similarities, Pollock gives a novel argument suggesting that the preface paradox warrants qualitatively different treatment from the lottery, using as a rationale the differences between real lotteries and prefaces. This draws a clear line between the work of Pollock and the work of Kyburg, both of whom have had a prominent influence in recent thinking on nonmonotonic reasoning in AI.This note shows there are real lotteries with the formal structure of the preface paradox and possibly prefaces with the formal structure of lotteries. The surprising conclusion is that within Pollock's framework, the treatment of any problem with a formal structure resembling the lottery (or the preface) depends on the process by which winning tickets (or publishing errors) are generated. The rationales given by Pollock seem to be unrelated to the actual mechanisms implemented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00063
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    Compiling Ramification Constraints into Effect Axioms (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We present a method to derive a solution to the combined frame and ramification problems for certain classes of theories of action written in the situation calculus. The theories of action considered include the causal laws of the domain, in the form of a set of effect axioms, as well as a set of ramification state constraints. The causal laws state the direct effects that actions have on the world, and ramification state constraints allow one to derive indirect effects of actions on the domain.To solve the combined frame and ramification problems, the causal laws and ramification state constraints are replaced by a set of successor state axioms. Given a state of the world, these axioms uniquely determine the truth value of dynamic properties after an action is performed. In this article, we extend previous work by formulating an approach for the mechanical generation of these successor state axioms. We make use of the notions of implicate and support that have been developed in the context of propositional theories. The approach works for classes of syntactically restricted sets of ramification state constraints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00094
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    Knowledge Retrieval, Use and Storage for Efficiency (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Knowledge Retrieval, Use and Storage for Efficiency (KRUSE) symposiums aim at providing a forum for research related to efficient processing and management of complex information and knowledge. This special issue presents selected articles from the KURSE'97 symposium held in Vancouver, Canada. In this introductory article we describe the goals of KRUSE and present some background topics that are fundamental to the articles herein. In particular, we provide an overview of partial order theory, formal concept analysis and taxonomic encoding. We also outline the articles that follow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00078
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    Probabilistic Inference in Influence Diagrams (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper is about reducing influence diagram (ID) evaluation into Bayesian network (BN) inference problems that are as easy to solve as possible. Such reduction is interesting because it enables one to readily use one's favorite BN inference algorithm to efficiently evaluate IDs. Two such reduction methods have been proposed previously (Cooper 1988; Shachter and Peot 1992). This paper proposes a new method. The BN inference problems induced by the new method are much easier to solve than those induced by the two previous methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00073
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    Toward a Model Theory of Actions: How Agents do it in Branching Time (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A clear understanding and formalization of actions is essential to computing, and especially so to reasoning about and constructing intelligent agents. Several approaches have been proposed over the years. However, most approaches concentrate on the causes and effects of actions, but do not give general characterizations of actions themselves. A useful formalization of actions would be based on a general, possibly nondiscrete, model of time that allows branching (to capture agents’ choices). A desirable formalization would also allow actions to be of arbitrary duration and would permit multiple agents to act concurrently. We develop a branching-time framework that allows great flexibility in how time and action are modeled. We motivate and formalize several coherence constraints on our models, which capture some nice intuitions and validate some useful inferences relating actions with time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00064
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    Encoding of Multiple Inheritance Hierarchies and Partial Orders (1999)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 15 (1999), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Efficient implementation of type inclusion is an important feature of object oriented programming languages with multiple inheritance. The idea is to associate to each type a subset of a set S={1,...,k} such that type inclusion coincides with subset inclusion. Such an embedding of types into 2S (the lattice of all subsets of S) is called a bit-vector encoding of the type hierarchy. In this paper, we show that most known bit-vector encoding methods can be inserted on a general theoretical framework using graph coloration, namely the notion of a simple encoding. We use the word simple because all these methods are heuristics for the general bit-vector encoding problem, known as the 2-dimension problem. First we provide a correct algorithm for partial orders based on simple encoding, improving the algorithm of Krall, Vitek, and Horspool (1997). Second we show that finding an optimal simple encoding is an NP-hard problem. We end with a discussion on some practical issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00081
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    On the Correctness and Reasonableness of Cox's Theorem for Finite Domains (1998)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 14 (1998), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Halpern has recently claimed a counterexample to Cox's Theorem, a well-known existence result for subjective probability distributions, but stated that the counterexample can be defeated by a specific assumption. Cox made this assumption, and so escapes the counterexample. Although Halpern questioned whether the assumption is reasonable for finite sets of sentences, it supports features that distinguish Cox's work from other, more restrictive motivations of probabilism. Paris has recently offered a new proof of Cox's Theorem whose correctness is satisfactory to Halpern, one that depends on a premise consistent with Cox's later work. As with any deductive argument, denial of a premise licenses denial of the conclusion, but Cox's conclusion does follow from premises plainly acceptable to him.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00070
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    Default Reasoning and Generics (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: There are numerous logical formalisms capable of drawing conclusions using default rules. Such systems, however, do not normally determine where the default rules come from; i.e., what it is that makes Birds flya good rule, but Birds drive trucksa bad one.Generic sentences such as Birds fly are often used informally to describe default rules. I propose to take this characterization seriously, and claim that a default rule is adequate if the corresponding generic sentence is true. Thus, if we know that Tweety is a bird, we may conclude by default that Tweety flies, just in case Birds fly is a true sentence.In this paper, a quantificational account of the semantics of generic sentences is presented. It is argued that a generic sentence is evaluated not in isolation, but with respect to a set of relevant alternatives. For example, Mammals bear live young is true because among mammals that bear live young, lay eggs, undergo mitosis, or engage in some alternative form of procreation, the majority bear live young. Since male mammals do not procreate in any form, they do not count. Some properties of alternatives are presented, and their interactions with the phenomena of focus and presupposition is investigated.It is shown how this account of generics can be used to characterize adequate default reasoning systems, and several desirable properties of such systems are proved. The problems of the automatic acquisition of rules from natural language are discussed. Because rules are often explicitly expressed as generics, it is argued that the interpretation of generic sentences plays a crucial role in this endeavor, and it is shown how the theory presented here can facilitate such interpretation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00050
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    Conversational Actions and Discourse Situations (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 13 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We use the idea that actions performed in a conversation become part of the common ground as the basis for a model of context that reconciles in a general and systematic fashion the differences between the theories of discourse context used for reference resolution, intention recognition, and dialogue management. We start from the treatment of anaphoric accessibility developed in discourse representation theory (DRT), and we show first how to obtain a discourse model that, while preserving DRT's basic ideas about referential accessibility, includes information about the occurrence of speech acts and their relations. Next, we show how the different kinds of ‘structure’ that play a role in conversation—discourse segmentation, turn-taking, and grounding—can be formulated in terms of information about speech acts, and use this same information as the basis for a model of the interpretation of fragmentary input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00042
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    Welcome to the communication age (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 64-70 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The passing of the information age is announced and explained, andwe are welcomed to its successor and paradigm for the immediate future,the communication age. The vital importance of the communication age toK-12 education is outlined. Special notice is made of the emergingwide-bandwidth Internet technology, which allows transmission of"libraries per second", and which forces changes on botheducation and business. Will education remain misengaged with attemptsto come to grips with the information age, or will it move ahead withthe challenges and freedom available through the communication age, withthe Internet an integral part of the curriculum?
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    KIDLINK: patterns of growth (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Kidlink project began in 1990 with the goal of creating aglobal dialogue among the ten to 15-year-old youths of the world. Theprimary medium for this exchange has been through e-mail mailing lists.Over four years, that project has experienced nearly an order ofmagnitude growth. This growth has entailed major changes in both the waythe dialogue itself has been structured and in the organization of thevolunteers who run the project. Growth is much more of a challenge forthose Internet projects that provide contact with individuals than forthose that are primarily providing access to information. The success ofKIDLINK provides a useful model for others.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249510084480
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    Museums and galleries on the Internet (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 80-88 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A new form of "museum" has emerged which takes advantage of theInternet's seemingly limitless format options for electronicpresentation and ability to tailor in-depth presentations to nicheaudiences. Constraints of ownership and geographic location are lessenedas Internet-based museums point to sources across the globe. Collectionswhich are physically impossible to construct are being mountedelectronically. Offers a sampler of museums and galleries around theworld which are making use of WorldWide Web or Gopher servers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249510084499
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    National information infrastructure policy: a theoretical and normative approach (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 4-13 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Relies on critical theories of technology and democratic disclosureto construct normative communication principles for the development ofthe national information infrastructure. Suggests that efforts toprivatize the information highway, which are currently underway,undermine the network's long-range potential to encouragecitizen-to-citizen discussion of public issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249510094740
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    Legal snarls for women in cyberspace (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many Internet researchers state that computer networks provide anegalitarian forum where users are not labeled by gender, race, age,national origin or disability. This assertion ignores the experiences ofmany women using electronic communication systems. Focusses on severallegal issues of special relevance to women, including pornography andhate speech, stalking and sexual harassment, and exclusionary practices.Suggests that the conceptual models used in this research and Internetwork may help to determine future legal practices.
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    The NASA Technical Report Server (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 25-36 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 established theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and charged it to"provide for the widest practicable and appropriate disseminationof information concerning ... its activities and the resultsthereof". The search for innovative methods to distribute NASA'sinformation led a grassroots team to create the NASA Technical ReportServer (NTRS), which uses the World Wide Web and other popularInternet-based information systems.
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    , an information system for complex data: a case study in creating a collaboratory for the social sciences (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 37-66 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The "collaboratory" concept has recently entered thevernacular of the scientific community to reflect new modes ofscientific communication, cooperation and collaboration made possible byinformation technology. The collaboratory represents a scientificresearch center "without walls" for accessing and sharingdata, information, instrumentation and computational resources. Theprincipal applications of the collaboratory concept have been in thephysical and biological sciences, including space physics, oceanographyand molecular biology. Discusses the attributes of the collaboratory,and applies the concept developed by computer and physical scientists tothe design and operation of the SIPPACCESS prototype informationsystem for complex data to be used through the Internet by sociologists,demographers and economists. Examines obstacles to collaboratorydevelopment for the social sciences. Concludes that four major obstacleswill inhibit the development of collaboratories in the social sciences.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249510094777
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    The academic computer specialist in Mexico: a preliminary investigation (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 74-80 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many Mexican universities are now offering Internet access to theirfaculty and users. This access is provided by computer services staffwho traditionally have been responsible only for the technical aspectsof establishing, maintaining, and updating the university computersystems. The computer specialists are finding themselves largelyunprepared to assume this new role as information specialists. Examinesthe newly emerging and evolving roles of these computer specialists.
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    From Dewey to Mosaic :considerations in interface design for children (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 67-73 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines the characteristics of bibliographic information retrievalsystems, particularly online public access systems, in terms of thedifficulties children have in using them. The specialized focus oflibrary and information science, the highly abstract nature ofbibliographic representation, and the evolving cognitive development ofchildren are all contributing factors to these difficulties. Describesrecent research and development in interface design, followed byimplications for the design of Internet navigators. The new generationof Internet browsers can give students the ability not only to searchfor information, but also to create and disseminate information usingthe same medium. Such capacity adds a significant dimension and newmeaning to the concept of information retrieval. Concludes thatthoughtful and developmentally appropriate interface design is criticalto the success of children's use of this powerful new resource.
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    Information retrieval from the Internet: an evaluation of the tools (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 5 (1995), S. 3-10 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Evaluates the principal tools available for the retrieval ofinformation from the Internet, e.g. Hytelnet, Archie, Gopher, WAIS, andthe World Wide Web (WWW). Principally concentrates on an evaluation ofthe user interface and search software for each of the aforementionedtools. Concludes with a brief perspective of Internet informationretrieval and the implications for the future.
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    Policing the information highway (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 79-80 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses the problems created by shortfalls in the performance of certain information highway services, Asyncrous Transfer Mode, and in the behavior of users. Describes individual attempts which are being made to iron out these problems, in effect introducing a system of "policing" the network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610123719
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    The impact of global information on Africa (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Refers to the growing popularity of "Fidonet" in Africa and compares it with the Internet. Acknowledges that developing countries may miss the information revolution because they lack national information infrastructures and the knowledge and skills required to provide the relevant content for them. Argues that global information should promote human development in areas such as education, health, social services and commercial activity. The Conference of African Ministers recently declared support for the building of Africa's information highway, recognizing the need for African countries to develop information networks for full Internet connectivity, enabling access to the same information systems for Africa's economic recovery and sustainable development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610123700
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    Embracing electronic publishing (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 77-90 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes how MCB University Press has started to come to terms with the metamorphosis which electronic publishing offers. Sees a future where interactive multimedia products and services are the norm and are quite differently distributed, based on new alliances from within but also from outside the traditional players. Explores how MCB's strengths might be used to succeed in the new frameworks and concludes that double-loop action learning is the only viable way ahead. Suggests that authors will be a constant point of reference and that networked desktop PCs and networked homes will open vast new markets to those who can re-present knowledge and information to gain and hold their attention. Outlines what MCB has done so far.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610152357
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    Providing Internet access for North Carolina's libraries (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Outlines the efforts of the state library of North Carolina to provide access to the Internet and to electronic information resources for libraries in the state. The major challenge of finding a cost-effective alternative to its statewide network, which was terminated by a 1993 legislative mandate, has led to opportunities to provide better services and resources by switching public libraries to point-to-point accounts and by migrating the state library's information resources to an Internet-accessible workstation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610152258
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    Creating a World Wide Web resource collection (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 20-26 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Argues that collection development libraries, because of their experience in the areas of collection, organization, evaluation and presentation, are uniquely qualified to create World Wide Web subject resource collections for an academic audience. By learning how to use Internet subject directories and searching sites, and by acquainting themselves with basic HTML tags, these librarians can create guides which can become valuable tools for all Internet users. In the process, they can also expand their own library collections by providing access to networked information which would have otherwise been inaccessible to their users.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610152267
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    State libraries: architects for the information highway (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 33-36 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The information highway is changing our society in very dramatic ways. Argues that state libraries need to make it a priority item on their agendas. They need to provide leadership, promote collaboration and provide empowerment for local libraries. Observes that these three key elements, successfully applied, will position libraries and the library profession as leaders within their communities and their states.
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    Enter the cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 22-28 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Proposes the "cyberpunk librarian" as an identity for the librarian able to operate in the emerging cyberspace. Describes the properties and culture of this electronic frontier. Reviews a broad range of literature to identify future directions for libraries and librarians who will have to seek a response to the major social impact of technology-driven change. Argues that librarians are presented with an opportunity to reaffirm and assert their professional values and beliefs. They can help to shape a vision of cyberspace that provides benefits to society and individuals based on a fair and equitable distribution of information resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610123656
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    Communication and the Net (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Briefly assesses the growth and impact of the Internet, which provides an opportunity for all businesses to use it as a cheap source of communication for more focussed strategic advantage. Outlines some of its benefits and disadvantages if it is used in this way.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610798964
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    Banking on the Internet (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 31-32 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Outlines the reasons for the formation of an Internet-based bank in 1995. States that financial services providers must take any opportunity to provide easier customer access.
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    Managing in an information highway age: critical issues (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 42-47 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The information highway is a management issue with the same importance as information technology applications and information technology management. Deals with some critical issues which arise in the evolution of an information highway age and its alignment with the evolving management perspectives and strategies.
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    An overview of catalog design problems in resource discovery (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 33-43 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses some of the problems designers face in building catalogs in large networks and relates them back to the resource discovery problem. Currently many catalogs tend to be built in an ad hoc fashion - which leads to a great variety in the quality of publicly accessible network catalogs. Furthermore, the research surrounding these catalogs tends to focus on narrow technical issues - resulting in difficult-to-use catalogs. Addresses this problem by providing a usability framework based on the library science and human computer interaction literature, and demonstrates some of those principles via an example of a prototype. Results are interesting to resource discovery tool developers in that a framework for understanding the general resource discovery problem is provided and some techniques for dealing with those problems are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610123665
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    Networked information resources: electronic opportunities for users and librarians (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 53-62 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Many of the activities people perform with the Internet are new, and possibly could not have been conceived before the network became available. Describes innovative uses of the Internet by staff of two Australian universities. While the Internet provides opportunities for communication among its users, it poses challenges to the computing and information systems professionals who support them. It also presents librarians with the opportunity to apply their established skills as educators, information managers, custodians, information providers and change agents in their work with Internet users.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610152320
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    Optimizing the NASA Technical Report Server (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 64-70 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Explains how the NASA Technical Report Server, a World Wide Web report distribution NASA technical publications service, has been modified for performance enhancement, greater protocol support and human interface optimization. Results include: parallel database queries, significantly decreasing user access times by an average factor of 2.3; access from clients behind firewalls and/or proxies which truncate excessively long Uniform Resource Locators; access to non-Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) databases and compatibility with the Z39-50.3 protocol; and a streamlined user interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249610123692
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    Who said we wanted an information superhighway? (1996)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 6 (1996), S. 90-92 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Looks at the possible directions in which the information superhighway could take us, considering both the benefits of increased knowledge and subsequent increased participation and also the dangers such as the excess of raw information. Suggests that this information needs to be structured and packaged if it is to have a positive effect. Considers these points in a global sense in terms of humanity as a whole.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000004303
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    Balance or bias? Information selection for the researcher (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Argues that the growing availability of information, especially from electronic sources, offers both potential and problems for the researcher. Increasingly, information has become a commodity, commissioned for a specific purpose and shaped to fit the needs of the commissioner. It follows that user requirements will dictate not just the research remit (what information to collect) but also the selection criteria (why the information is needed). Establishing why information is needed is an integral step in deciding on the particular focus or slant that any search strategy, and subsequent information analysis, must take. A comprehensive, or indeed a balanced, collection of information may be neither necessary nor desirable. End-users may only require information that will support their information need. Choice of information sources will also be governed by these information needs, and their selection is a vital factor in the provision of useful, relevant information and its successful communication to the end-user.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159863
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    Computer abuse: vandalizing the information society (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines the damaging effects that malicious computer abuse, such as hacking and viruses, can have on the development of an information-based society. Computing and telecommunications technologies are a key ingredient in the realization of this society, but are increasingly the targets of criminals and mischief makers. Highlights the apparent escalation in computer-abuse incidents, as illustrated by a number of recent surveys, and examines the effects that these may have on the public perception of technology (and, hence, the smooth transition to the information society). Also presents some broad recommendations regarding what can be done to address the problem. This considers both technical measures to help safeguard systems and revised attitudes to computer abuse, to insure that incidents can be dealt with more effectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159872
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    Security considerations of doing business via the Internet: cautions to be considered (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 9-15 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Looks at the growth and potential of the Internet in relation to security issues. Presently, lack of security is perceived as a major roadblock to doing business on-line. Risks of system corruption, fraud, theft and viruses point companies to the need for enhanced security. Investigates the importance of securing a company's systems, its individual users, and its commercial transactions, and provides a checklist along with a brief discussion of available protection measures for these three primary security concerns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159809
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    The information society and the Church (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 16-26 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses the (primarily Catholic) Church in the "information society," and explores the nature of communications in this context, and specifically the Internet. Suggests that the Church must embrace today's communications media and leverage its position as social and ethical advisor and counselor within the primarily capitalist social systems within which it operates. Sees the Internet as morally neutral technology, able to be utilized as a force for good or bad, education, propaganda and entertainment, and challenges the Church to embrace its utilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159818
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    A view through the glass: aquariums on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 27-31 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Aquariums include exhibits and enclosures of freshwater and marine plant and animal species. Notes that a rapid expansion in the number of aquariums has occurred over the last ten years and in addition the complexity of exhibits and activities is also expanding in an aquarium "explosion." Points out that increasing interest in the environment and in marine life has led to significant economic success for aquariums. This is part of a trend in "entertainment and recreation involving animals" which also includes theme parks and zoos. Similar in many ways to museums and galleries, aquariums display species within restricted conditions. Lists various Internet addresses of aquariums using the Internet to take advantage of presentation techniques and wider audiences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159827
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    Brussels and the global information society (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 43-45 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers the correct role of the European Commission in the light of its dependency on information from all European Union institutions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159845
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  • 83
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    OCLC's role on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 46-47 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Briefly describes the history of the Internet and OHIONET. Discusses OCLC's role and involvement in providing a comprehensive service nationwide. Covers OCLC's commitment to provide selected services to its members via the Internet, and details the advantages of this.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710798990
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    World Thai Expert Link: a proposal in progress (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 32-42 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Proposes World Thai Expert Link (WorldTEL), to exploit new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), or telematics, as a main means of creating social groups and thus task-oriented workgroups in terms of motivational advantage and in a context of the psychology of interpersonal relations in a new geography of virtual space. Introduces the concept of "diaspora" communications in terms of the widespread distribution of special interest groups (e.g. experts, managers), highlighting related corporate communication issues, while concentrating on the Thai Expert diaspora. Touches on the critical philosophical issues and introduces a new relativity of space arising from the idea that, already, ICTs can enable spaces to move and people stay.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159836
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    Online directories for library catalogs on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 48-50 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses two online directories, Hytelnet and Libgopher, which allow users to connect to a library catalog on the Internet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710159854
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    Scholarly resources on the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 51-52 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes two categories of scholarly Internet resources: peer-reviewed electronic journals and academic discussion lists. Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each in turn.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710799007
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    Internet: the marketing challenge of the twentieth century (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 95-100 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The Internet has evolved into a dynamic source of information as well as an extraordinary marketing tool that is able to reach nearly any user. The Internet phenomenon has become a source for gathering timely information and converting data into profitable results at a faster rate for many firms and individuals in this revolutionary era of the twentieth century. Participants of the economy from households to foreign markets have found this dynamic phenomenal system to be a way to reach the masses with a large percentage of the Earth's composite knowledge. Examines the revolutionary impact of the Internet on the discipline of marketing for the next decade and next century.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165226
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    Australian academic use of the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 85-94 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: It is widely assumed - and frequently asserted - that university communication practices are being radically transformed by the introduction of electronic communication. Explores the introduction of Internet access in a single university, the University of Canberra, located in the capital city of Australia. The prime objective was to identify the frequency and type of use that academic staff were making of the Internet during 1995, with supplementary objectives being to record perceptions of users toward the Internet, and barriers to its effective use. The principal finding is not unexpected: academics were making very varied use of the Internet. Some staff were utilizing some facilities on a daily basis; others were yet to begin exploring this new communication medium. A particular surprise was that at the time of this survey the Internet was being used very little for teaching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165217
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    A model for monitoring Web site effectiveness (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Presents a model which organizations can use to monitor Web site effectiveness. Argues that anecdotal evidence can be colorful but is not useful in structuring and managing an effective site. Suggests that traditional disciplines of composition and communication - explicit purpose, coherent structure, relevant conclusion - should be applied to Web site design. Concludes that customer feedback must be managed in a disciplined way, by ensuring that feedback is representative of the customer population as a whole, not just of those with a propensity to comment; and that the purpose and aims of a Web site must be thought through with the utmost care and attention to give a higher likelihood of creating an effective site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165244
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    Internet: the ultimate reference tool? (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 101-108 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Analyzes the Internet as a reference tool based on its ability to provide rapid access to authoritative information or sources of information. Reveals that the Internet provides no comprehensive mechanism for identifying quality information. Bibliographic structure is also disparate, making it impossible to adopt a coherent strategy for identifying quality information. A unified service interface would help alleviate this problem. An analysis of the use of the Internet by academic librarians reveals that existing bibliographic structure is not used to best advantage. Simple strategies which would limit these deficiencies, such as the use of electronic mail, are not used. Suitable training, from an introductory to advanced level, would alleviate this problem. Suggests the use of an amended version of Benson's decision tree as a pedagogical tool. This model would help to decide when to use the Internet and suggest search paths for different question types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165235
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    Real electronic commerce - smart cards on the superhighway (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 116-119 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses "smart cards" as electronic cash carriers. Examines technological innovations such as the Mondex "electronic purse" in the UK, where card values can be topped up by telephone. Forecasts that in the next few years, physical cash will be replaced as a main medium for transactions by "e-cash," which is cheaper to manufacture, more portable, and more versatile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165253
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    Financial services and the Internet - what does cyberspace mean for the financial services industry? (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 120-128 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Financial services is undergoing a period of unprecedented change - new products, new entrants, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing ... and now another new delivery channel: the Internet. The performance attributes of the Internet are related to both the needs of consumers and the nature of financial services products. Suggests loans, cross-border services, payments and "knowledge/advice" as areas of opportunity in the early development of this new marketplace. Explores scenarios for the future development of "bancassurer" offerings and for electronic commerce as a whole. Draws on some of Hyperion's recent experience in helping to launch electronic commerce services on the Internet, reengineering of financial institutions and electronic cash, to suggest approaches for organizations wishing to participate in this new "marketspace." While businesses can now begin to develop strategies for exploiting cyberspace, argues that existing organizational structures may be inappropriate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165262
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    Get linked or get lost: marketing strategy for the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 161-169 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Develops detailed marketing strategy recommendations for online commerce based on the general popularity of the Internet, the unique nature of doing business there, and how its attributes may be utilized for a successful marketing presence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171805
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    Adult IT programs: a discourse on pedagogy strategy and the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 129-152 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses strategies for implementing modern knowledge management curricula in academic programs for adult professionals. References the perspectives of multidisciplinary curricula covering information and society; multimedia and hypermedia; electronic information design and presentation; and infrastructure development and implementation. The analysis assumes the increasing involvement of highly trained professionals in adult education programs; the continuing growth of corporate universities in scope and breadth; the integration of corporate programs with traditional colleges and universities; and the increasing use of the Internet as a mechanism to coordinate, supplement, support, and integrate learning experiences. Advances historical and pedagogical methodologies as a means to provide perspective and structure for program development and future research. References an information technology (IT) program for mid-career information managers in Northern California and serving the high-technology area known as Silicon Valley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710165271
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    The Internet in the context of cross-cultural management (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Documents the sequence of steps taken in setting up a cross-cultural management course, and making extensive use of the Internet to add to the reality of the experience for fourth-year and MBA students who, like most university students, have access to the Internet, a communication medium that allows inexpensive contact with other cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171823
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    Motivations for and barriers to Internet usage: results of a national public opinion survey (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 170-188 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Analyzes a national random telephone survey, carried out in October 1995, on the motivations for and barriers to Internet usage. Eight percent of the random sample reported being Internet users, while surprisingly another 8 percent reported being former users. In total, 85 percent of respondents reported having heard of the Internet. The survey showed evidence of a digital divide, Internet users being generally wealthier and more highly educated, and blacks and Hispanics disproportionately unaware of the Internet. Social and work networks appear to be important for stimulating interest in the Internet and providing users with support. As to reasons for using the Internet, socio-personal development appears to be the key driver, while nonusers have a decidedly different set of beliefs about the Internet's value. As to the barriers to Internet usage, even experienced users find it difficult to get started, which confirms other studies of this topic. Barriers include cost and difficulties in understanding how to use the Internet. Concludes that the results of the survey indicate that people strongly desire an easier-to-use Internet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171814
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    Business use of the Internet (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 195-200 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Examines current and planned practices and the major benefits of communication-intensive information system applications. The Internet, once a government-controlled, tax-supported endeavor, is no longer restricted to noncommercial traffic. Contends that business use of the Internet has grown rapidly over the last several years, yet information technology managers still struggle to evaluate the contribution of this new technology in their organizations. Surveys were sent to a random selection of 500 companies to analyze current use and impact of the Internet in a business setting. Reports on the variety of expected values to be derived from use of the Internet indicated by respondents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171832
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    Cyberspace pornography: problems with enforcement (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 201-207 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Considers that, in addition to all the positive attributes of the Internet, negatives are bound to emerge. Negative influences include the ability of children to access information that is not suitable for their age and the absence of laws or legal legislation to limit this access to the material. Laws are in existence prohibiting young people under the age of 18 years from accessing sexually explicit or sexually deviant materials. The problem with the Internet is the fact that there is no sanction limiting people from posting material of this kind. Warns that as an increasing number of children get online, solutions to these controversial issues must be discussed openly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171841
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    Approaches for resolving dynamic IP addressing (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 208-216 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Knowledge of the Internet Protocol (IP) address is essential for connection establishment in certain classes of synchronous distributed applications, such as Internet telephony and video-conferencing systems. A problem of dynamic IP addressing arises when the connection to the Internet is through an Internet service provider, since the IP address is dynamically allocated only at connection time. Proposes and draws a contrast between a number of generic methods that can be classified as online and offline methods for the resolution of dynamic IP addressing. Online methods, which include the World Wide Web, exchange server and the dynamic Domain Name System, are only effective when both the caller and recipient are logged on to the Internet. On the other hand, offline methods, which include electronic mailing and directory service look-up, provide an additional means to allow the caller to leave messages when the recipient is not logged on to the Internet. Of these methods, the dynamic Domain Name System and directory service look-up appear to be the best for resolving dynamic IP addressing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710171850
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    The real world and virtual worlds (1997)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 7 (1997), S. 246-251 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Discusses some of the limitations of virtual reality (VR) with reference to socio-technical systems - the interaction of people with technology. Argues that VR has potential applications but that these applications may prove to be more limited than some proponents would suggest. Points to a significant opportunity for VR technology to be used in strategic partnership marketing and supply chain management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662249710187240
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