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  • Articles  (1,070)
  • Springer  (1,070)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1995-1999  (1,070)
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  • Information Science and Librarianship  (1,070)
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  • Articles  (1,070)
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  • Springer  (1,070)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Uncertain Future for Digital Visual Collections in the University (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital images ; digital image copyright ; digital visual collections ; authoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Digital documents in the networked information environment fundamentally change the ways that visual materials can be used in education and scholarly discourse. These new uses raise questions about research library strategies with regard to digitized visual materials as a part of their collections, challenge assumptions underlying intellectual property rights for images and their scope, and offer ways in which visual literacy can become a more integral part of the common educational experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009031004180
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Step Beyond Reading in Archaeological Publication (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009095406906
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The MoU – Mouse or Momentous? An Update and Evaluation of the EC Memorandum of Understanding (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: standards ; copyright ; intellectual property rights ; European Commission ; Memorandum of Understanding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Over 200 institutions have recently signed the European Commission's Multi-Media Access to Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Memorandum of Understanding and European Charter, an initiative launched by Directorate Generales (DG's), DG XIII (Telematics, Information Market and Exploitation of Research) and DG X (Information, Communication, Culture and Audio-Visual Media). This report summarises the goals of the Memorandum and offers thoughts on its implications and potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009091222836
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 65-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009047507815
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Generation of Museum Web Pages: The Intelligent Labelling Explorer (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: anaphora〉 ; artificial intelligence ; coherence ; hypertext ; labels ; simulated museum tour ; text generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first phase of the Intelligent Labelling Explorer project has built the ILEX-1.1 system, which uses artificial intelligence technology to generate descriptions of objects displayed in a museum gallery. Each description appears on a World Wide Web page, and the user can move from page to page, viewing the objects in any order, mimicking the experience of someone walking through the museum. Crucially, these descriptions aren't simply retrieved from a storage space, but are generated on demand by combining canned text with fully generated text in a coherent way. This use of dynamic hypertext allows ILEX-1.1 to generate descriptions appropriate to the expertise level of the user and to refer back to objects the user has already seen or to suggest objects the user might be interested in based on what objects they've chosen to look at so far. This paper discusses the advantages of dynamic hypertext and issues related to generating a text that hangs together well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009099015843
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pricing and Licensing for Museum Digital Content (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 165-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: licensing ; rights ; reproduction ; policy ; use fees and prices ; museums ; image ; art ; on-line publications ; World Wide Web ; digital content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Museums' rights and reproduction departments are overwhelmed by and underprepared for requests for image use in electronic media. This article will evaluate related models for pricing and fees used by non-art industries, and provide some interim guidelines for museums while they make the transition to supplying requests for electronic media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009059415148
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Wired Museum: Emerging Technology and Changing Paradigms. A Review (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009034031986
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Building Integrated Museum Information Retrieval Systems: Practical Approaches to Data Organization and Access (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 117-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009096811050
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 197-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017180609059
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004606082
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Communication, Criticism and Community (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 1-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009023803272
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolving Institutional Approaches to Subsidizing End User Access to Research Databases: A Case Study (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: scholary publication ; online database services ; end users ; subsidizes ; cost models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews work of the Getty Art History Information Program (AHIP, recently renamed the Getty Information Institute) over the past decade to subsidize end user on-line access to scholarly research databases. A brief history of AHIP's work in the area is followed by a summary of a study of subsidized access to Dialog databases by Getty Center resident scholars which was reported in a series of papers by Marcia Bates, professor of Library Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. This study provided a touchstone for an assessment of the relative merits and opportunities associated with the various contractual arrangements and incentive strategies employed by AHIP with vendors such as Dialog, consortia such as the Research Libraries Group, and a CD-ROM publication program. The effectiveness of each of these methods in reaching the user is compared to print publications and the experimental offer of access to some of the AHIP databases over the World Wide Web.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009087121927
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of David Bearman on Modern Archival Thinking: An Essay of Personal Reflection and Critique (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 15-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival electronic records ; archival appraisal ; archival theory ; David Bearman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay is a preliminary assessment of David Bearman as the leading archival thinker of the late twentieth century. Bearman has revolutionized thinking in archival circles around the world by offering a defence of traditional archival notions of provenance, evidence, recordness, and contextuality that equals the noblest statements of a Hilary Jenkinson, and by positing a relevant, dynamic, engaged future for archivists to transform the Information Age into a Record-Keeping Age. The essay is both a personal reflection and critical analysis. There are three main themes: an assessment of Bearman's ideas and their overall importance to general archival theory; a more specific exposition of the nature and importance of the University of Pittsburgh Project and of where Bearman sees that its results are leading archivists and their profession and institutions in future; and a critique of some of the implications, if not the conscious intentions, of his ideas and methods that seem to exclude the cultural, historical, and heritage dimensions and uses of archives, public or private. The overall aim of the essay is to push the archival discourse to the next stage by challenging and constructively critiquing as well as extolling the work of this archival pioneer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009035121019
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Where Are We Going, and How Do We Get There? Geographic Information and Museums (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009022830864
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Future of the Past: Archaeology and Anthropology on the World Wide Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 87-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archaeology ; anthropology ; databases ; catalogues ; networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the final scene of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, a crate containing the object of Indiana Jones' quest is wheeled into an immense warehouse for indefinite storage and questionable research access. Unfortunately, this fate is not all that far from reality. Collections of archaeological and ethnographic materials ranging from stone axes, broken potsherds, and carved monuments to baskets, ceremonial masks, and skin canoes have been held by museums collections since the Renaissance. However, their inestimable value and unique conservation and curatorial requirements often conspire to remove them from the reach of all but the most diligent scholars. The potential of the Web to enhance the quality of research on archaeological and ethnographic collections is enormous. This paper will examine ways that one can use the Web to enhance research and improve access to a variety of materials; while there are many other resources for archaeology available on the Web, this paper focusses on museum-related sites. It will also explore the potential of the Web for innovative research strategies. Digitization of catalogs, associated documents, and images to help one locate and study collections and specific artifacts are just one approach. Others include the connection of devices to the Web, such as cameras and microscopes, the creation of virtual reference collections, and the establishment of research networks that will enhance the identification and analysis of material culture. This paper will also consider the role the Web could play in issues of cultural property, contributing to and in many ways intensifying ongoing debates of ownership, curation, conservation, and repatriation of sensitive materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009055232682
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Situated Knowledge and the Virtual Science and Industry Museum: Problems in the Social-Technical Interface (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; user/visitor ; technology ; WWW (World Wide Web) CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) ; HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Internet ; ICT (Information and Communication Technology) culture ; sociology ; ethnomethodology ; situated knowledge ; local practices ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Museum is a perspicuous site for analysing the complex interplay between social, organisational, cultural and political factors which have relevance to the design and use of ‘virtual’ technologies. Specifically, the introduction of virtual technologies in museums runs up against the issue of the situated character of information use. Across a number of disciplines (anthropology, sociology, psychology, cognitive science) there is growing recognition of the ‘situatedness’ of knowledge and its importance for the design and use of technology. This awareness is fostered by the fact that technological developments are often associated with disappointing gains for users. The effective use of technology relies on the degree to which it can be embedded in or congruent with the ‘local’ practices of museum users. Drawing upon field research in two museums of science and technology, both of which are in the process of introducing virtual technologies and exploring the possibilities of on-line access, findings are presented which suggest that the success of such developments will depend on the extent to which they are informed by detailed understanding of practice-practices that are essentially socially constituted in the activities of museum visitors and the daily work of museum professionals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009007316752
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Museums and the Web (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009003421470
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Web and the Unassailable Voice (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 77-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: museums ; technology ; education ; communication ; social change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009086030363
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Records Research Issues (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 205-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records research ; research agenda ; research issues ; problem statements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an overview of the issues and concerns in the last decade of electronic records research. It highlights some achievement and identifies areas in which there remains a need for work, but mostly it examines the changing perception of what constituted the important questions in a field which was evolving quickly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009052522011
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Warrant and the Definition of Electronic Records: Questions Arising from the Pittsburgh Project (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: warrant-based recordkeeping ; electronic records research ; personal recordkeeping ; organizational recordkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Recordkeeping Research Project established a model for developing functional requirements and metadata specifications based on warrant, defined as the laws, regulations, best practices, and customs that regulate recordkeeping. Research has shown that warrant can also increase the acceptance by records creators and others of functional requirements for recordkeeping. This article identifies areas related to warrant that require future study. The authors conclude by suggesting that requirements for recordkeeping may vary from country to country and industry to industry because of differing warrant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008706990
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research: Towards Testable Specificity (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 309-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009056622920
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research Issues in Migration and Long-Term Preservation (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital preservation ; migration strategies ; research issues ; software dependencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009068925646
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards Automated Record Keeping, Interfaces for the Capture of Records of Business Processes (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records ; business processes ; record keeping ; prototype ; user interfaces ; icons ; wirjfkiw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In June 1996, the National Archives of Canada issued its Guideline on the Management of Electronic Records in the Electronic Work Environment to all Canadian federal government institutions. Part of the Guideline contained a vision of automated record keeping in which records would be captured automatically based on the incorporation of record keeping rules in the design of automated work processes. As an illustration of this concept, the National Archives developed a demonstration prototype based on a project management work process situated within one of the operational activities of the department. This paper provides an overview of the prototype and an outline of both the lessons learned and the outstanding questions that have emerged concerning the feasibility of building an electronic work environment reflecting automated record keeping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009016908807
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digital Longevity: Policies on Electronic Records in the Netherlands (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 235-240 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic recordkeeping policies ; recordkeeping systems ; digital longevity ; digitale duurzaamheid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to solve the current and future problems in electronic recordkeeping the Dutch government, namely the Minister of the Interior, and the Minister of Culture, established a nation wide program: Digital Longevity (Digitale Duurzaamheid). The program is run by a bureau, staffed by consultants from the ministry of the Interior, the National Archives, and a province. By various means the bureau creates awareness at the political and senior management levels, develops policies for electronic recordkeeping, and supports implementation. The program contributes to the developing of theories in the area, supports research, and cooperates in education and training. Via pilot projects the consultants keep in touch with record creating organizations. As an opus magnum the program works on a generic design of a recordkeeping system, including a structured definition of recordkeeping functional requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009073026554
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing Policy Frameworks (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 259-260 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009085429280
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Records Management Research Sponsored by the US Army and the Department of Defense (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival theory ; electronic records ; functional requirements ; recordkeeping ; records management theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a synopsis of results achieved in addressing research questions and issues in the management of electronic records. The formulation of records management theory within the context of set theory is briefly described. Steps toward establishing functional requirements for electronic recordkeeping are summarized. The use of software prototyping to develop software techniques for classifying, profiling, and records disposition is described. New research issues and approaches to their resolution are proposed. The methods used in this research suggest the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing issues in the management of electronic records.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009081328372
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian Approaches to Policy Development and Resulting Research Issues (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records policy ; New South Wales ; Australia ; recordkeeping policy ; national standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is in two parts. The first outlines the context in which the Archives Authority of New South Wales (State Archives) is implementing electronic recordkeeping as part of a recordkeeping regime across the New South Wales public sector. The second part is an attempt to identify what I feel are unresolved issues, which may be resolved by practical or pure research, and as they relate to electronic recordkeeping, that we are facing in implementing the regime.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009033412442
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Australian University Museums On-Line (AUMOL) (1998)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 81-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009066721136
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Migration Strategies within an Electronic Archive: Practical Experience and Future Research (1997)
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 301-306 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: Pfizer ; archive ; preservation ; migration ; retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, England has developed an Electronic Archive to support the maintenance and preservation of electronic records used in the discovery and development of new medicines. The Archive has been developed to meet regulatory, scientific and business requirements. The long-term preservation of electronic records requires that migration strategies be developed both for the Archive and the records held within the Archive. The modular design of the Archive will facilitate the migration of hardware components. Selecting an appropriate migration strategy for electronic records requires careful project management skills allied to appraisal and retention management. Having identified when the migration of records is necessary, it is crucial that alternative technical solutions remain open.
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    Description of Collections and Encyclopaedias on the Web using XML (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 39-79 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: classification ; thesauri ; encyclopedia ; Web ; XML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cataloguing artworks relies on availability of classification schemes, often represented by hierarchical thesauri. After commenting on the limitation of current practices and tools, we propose a new approach for the cooperative production of multilingual and multicultural classification schemes, exploiting some features of the oncoming XML-based Web.
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    Editorial: Standard Issues (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009041314740
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    Review of Workshop on Electronic Archiving, An Evaluation of the SESAM Report (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 147-150 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009037825447
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    Review of Museums and the Web 1998: Proceedings (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 151-156 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009036718441
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    Review of Encyclopédie de l’art moderne et contemporain (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 157-162 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009004632601
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    List of Contributors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 167-169 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017260221524
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    IV'98 Visualising Information: Commentary (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 163-166 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To see is to know to visualise information is to decide with knowledge. Visualising and understanding enables us to closer to knowledge discovery. The technology based on visual and analytical processes developed in various disciplines ranging from science to art and humanities. Limited examples such as scientific visualisation, data mining, statistics and machine learning that handle very large, multidimensional, multi-variant data set are available in practical domains. Information Visualisation is based on the methodology that characterises structure to de displayed, human perceptual power to detect patterns exceptions, trends, relationships and imperfections. Information Visualisation, IV-Series, aims to promote the theme that links Data-Information-Knowledge.
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    Editorial (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 171-176 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009003203053
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    A Case Study of EAD Implementation at Durham University Library Archives and Special Collections (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 221-234 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Issues arising from using EAD forsmall-scale retrospective conversion ofnon-standardized item level finding aids for a broadrange of materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009011404871
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    The Robert Honeyman Jr. Collection Digital Archive: EAD and the Use of Library and Museum Descriptive Standards (1998)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 205-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) has ledto increased access to primary source materials such as personal and corporate papers, and government archives.Though initially developed to electronically encode such paper-based archives, EAD is now being exploredas a tool for cataloging large collections of primarysource visual materials, such as photographs and worksof art, and making them accessible on the internet.The Honeyman Collection Digital Archive project,carried out by The Bancroft Library at the Universityof California at Berkeley, was one of the first largecollections of primary source visual materials to be fullycataloged and encoded using EAD. In cataloging the collection,the project sought to incorporate cross-community descriptivestandards and practices, as well as providing highly detailedrecords for each item in the collection. This paper will describe that project and the standards that wereemployed. The resulting digital archive has demonstratedthat EAD is a viable option for handling large collectionsof primary source visual materials, and that implementationof shared standards and practices is possible and can move uscloser to the goal of improved access.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009055219892
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    Museum Informatics and Information Infrastructures: Supporting Collaboration across Intra-Museum Boundaries (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 169-179 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: boundary objects ; collaboration ; cscw ; information infrastructures ; museum informatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of an information infrastructure involving collaborative technologies at the Spurlock Museum, a museum of world history and culture at the University of Illinois. It details a socio-technological system that was designed to pack and re-locate 45,000 artifacts across campus to a new museum facility. It addresses the question of how the information infrastructure of the Spurlock promotes collaboration among the various departments at the museum working on this move and encourages the sharing of common data resources across internal museum boundaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016623607149
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    Artwork as Interface (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 191-198 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
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    The Effect of Digital Indexing Systems on the Accessibilityof Photographic Collections (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 181-190 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This Digital Image Archive (DIA) project involves the production of adigital archive of a collection of Nineteenth Century photographicimages and equipment. The DIA was designed to operate as a public accesscatalogue, to aid curators with information retrieval and to reduce theneed to handle some original material. Much of the William Henry FoxTalbot collection at the Royal Photographic Society can no longer beexhibited due to damage caused by handling and light. Access to thecollection is restricted because of preservation concerns over a growingpercentage of the collection and insufficient resources forreproductions and supervision. These problems led to investigations intothe possible advantages that digital technology might offer.Cross-referencing, administrative cataloguing and recording ofpreservation techniques are ideally suited to digital technology. Theshort life span of digital storage media and concerns over systemcompatibility requires the development of a complex long-term digitalstrategy that must be standardized if the archival material is tosurvive. Construction of the DIA involved investigations into softwareand hardware configurations concentrating on the ability to customizefactors such as indexing from recognized standards and practices. Thispaper concentrates on the results of a survey into standards withindigital indexing systems, which indicates that although there is growingawareness of standardization within digital cataloguing and multimedia,many organizations continue to devise independent systems.
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    Letter from the Publisher (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 209-209 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Science-Based Dating Methods in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 227-247 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of science-based dating methods in historic preservation contexts represents a specialized use of dating method technologies more broadly employed in prehistoric archaeological studies. This discussion focuses attention on the applications of the radiocarbon, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, and archaeomagnetic dating in historic preservation. The employment of various analytical and technical approaches — of which chronometric resolution is only one aspect — in elucidating and extending descriptive observations is advancing more broadly-based and insightful understandings of the elements of the cultural patrimony of our nation.
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    Technologies for Wood Preservation in Historic Preservation (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 273-290 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
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    Using & Re-using Archive Information for Multimedia Applications: The Virtual Museum of Italian Computer Science History (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 95-111 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; hypermedia ; reuse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The quality of content is a key attribute for assessing the globalquality of a museum application. Unfortunately, producing good content,especially in multimedia digital form, is expensive and time-consuming.One way to reduce the costs without sacrificing quality is to exploitthe concept of information reuse. The idea is to use (portions of) thesame multimedia material in different applications, possibly adapting itfor different contexts, for different categories of users, and fordifferent delivery channels (e.g., on-line and off-line). Informationreuse does not come free. To be effective, it requires a well-organizedenvironment in which information can be easily stored, inspected,retrieved, and adapted for different purposes. This paper describes theapproach adopted in the project ``The Virtual Museum of Italian ComputerScience History'', funded by the Italian National Council of Research(CNR). In this project, all the digital material (documents, images,video interviews, etc.) is stored in a digital archive based on amultimedia database with a WWW front-end. The archive is designed forspecialists only: members of the editorial board of the project;researchers in the history of science; application developers (whoare looking for interesting content to include in their CD-ROMs or Websites). Each research group involved in the project extracted andadapted from the digital archive the multimedia material needed to builda different hypermedia application in two ``versions'' – WWW andCD-ROM. These applications, both on-line and off-line, strongly reuse(portions of) the digital archive content, but organize and present itwith a totally different style, to address the needs of non-specialists(e.g., people who have some interest, or curiosity, in the history ofItalian computer science).
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    A Nomadic Information System for Adaptive Exhibition Guidance (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 127-138 
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    Keywords: adaptive information selection ; location awareness ; nomadic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the electronic guide HIPS that can be used duringthe process of a visit in a museum, i.e., for preparation, execution andevaluation. Users can access the system via the Web to prepare a visitby receiving information about the content and organization of anexhibition and practical issues like location and opening hours. Thevisitor can also prepare a tour for the actual visit or define hotspotswith important exhibits. The system should remind the user when on site.Once the user is in the museum he or she has two specific options to usethe system: the visitor can walk around in the museum and remainstanding where he or she finds an item of interest. The current locationin the room identified by infrared emitters at all exhibits triggers anindicator for the information presentation. Or, the visitor can select atour prepared by a curator, prepared by the user in advance (at home) orgenerated by the user ad hoc. In the museum, the information access isprovided via wireless technologies. This allows the user to accessinformation by moving in the physical space and navigating in theinformation space concurrently. The Web-based server approach allows foradaptive information selection and presentation based on a user modelevaluating the history of the usage of the system. The user canaccelerate the adaptation by specifying interests and preferences in theuser model. Before the visit the user can define tours and hotspots andenter annotations that will be presented or activated by the system inthe appropriate physical environment. After a visit in the museum theuser can evaluate the experience at home for further own inquiries orfor communication with other interested people. Thebefore-during-after-the-visit-support of visitors via nomadicinformation system has been designed based on evidence from ourquestionnaire pre-study, which showed that visitors actually useinformation available in or about museums before and also after avisit.
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    Cultural Heritage and Technologies in the Third Millenium: ICHIM 2001 (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 203-208 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016679724896
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    About the Authors (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 199-202 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016631808967
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    Volume Contents (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 407-409 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    The Opportunities and Challenges of Preservation Technologies (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 211-225 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy.
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    Nondestructive Testing of Historic Structures (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 249-271 
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespread application in architectural conservation depends upon overcoming institutional barriers including the lack of standardization, fragmented decision-making, and restrictive contracting procedures that do not take into account the benefits of NDT.
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    Conservation of Cultural Materials from Underwater Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 291-323 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Underwater archaeology is the only branch of field archaeology that is dependent upon the conservation laboratory for its ultimate success. In fact, in underwater archaeology the activities of the conservation laboratory are considered to be a continuation of the field excavations with the recording of basic data along with the stabilization, preservation, and study of the recovered material being major objectives. Commonly used procedures for conserving ceramics, glass, bone, ivory, wood, leather, and the various metals are discussed. Observation and insights are presented on the applicability of the different processes for conserving various materials.
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    The Use of Computers in Cultural Resource Management (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 341-357 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter discusses computer software applications in the Cultural Resource Management field. It outlines some of the major areas of the field where computer applications may be productive, and discusses the nature of software development in the historic preservation field. Specific applications are identified and discussed in four areas: building support, archaeology, collections management, and multiple resource management. Each application is reviewed for its purpose, developer, technical basis and status.
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    Technologies for In-Place Protection and Long-Term Conservation of Archaeological Sites (1999)
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 383-405 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In situ preservation of archaeological sites has long been a concern for archaeologists. In recent years, considerable effort has been expended to identify appropriate technologies from other disciplines that are suitable for field implementation to protect sites that are experiencing various physical and human-caused impacts. This chapter provides an overview of many of these technologies, along with examples of application, and covers aspects related to management guidelines for addressing in situ preservation issues.
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    Introduction to the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators (1996)
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    Scientometrics 37 (1996), S. 191-193 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093620
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    Scientometrics and communication theory: Towards theoretically informed indicators (1997)
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    Scientometrics 38 (1997), S. 155-174 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The theory of citations should not consider cited and/or citing agents as its sole subject of study. One is able to study also the dynamics in the networks of communications. While communicating agents (e.g., authors, laboratories, journals) can be made comparable in terms of their publication and citation counts, one would expect the communication networks not to be homogeneous. The latent structures of the network indicate different codifications that span a space of possible “translations”. The various subdynamics can be hypothesized from an evolutionary perspective. Using the network of aggregated journal-journal citations inScience & Technology Studies as an empirical case, the operation of such subdynamics can be demonstrated. Policy implications and the consequences for a theory-driven type of scientometrics will be elaborated.
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    Variation in informativity of titles of research papers in selected humanities journals: A comparative study (1997)
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    Scientometrics 38 (1997), S. 219-229 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Titles constitute the most concise statement of a document's content, and are heavily used by information retrieval systems. Consequently, the great importance of titles being highly informative is indisputable. The most common measure of title ‘informativity’ has been the number of ‘substantive’ words it includes. Previous studies found significant differences between journals of different subject fields, in the sciences and the social sciences, regarding the number of substantive words in article titles. However, unlike the sciences and the social sciences, very little research has been done onhumanities journals. Examining title informativity in a group of eighteen leading English-language journals, covering various humanities disciplines, from 1940 to 1990, the present study searched for possible differences between the humanities journal and the scientific and social sciences ones, concerning patterns of title informativity. Generally, considerable differences were found in the number of substantive words in article titles between the various humanities journals checked. On the other hand, a comparison of thegroup-average means and medians of the humanities journals to group figures of journals from the sciences and the social sciences indicates significant differences for almost all decade years studied. However, titles of papers in humanities journals did follow the general trend of increase in informativity, although in a slower pace. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed and areas for further study are suggested.
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    Authorship patterns in information systems (1997)
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    Scientometrics 39 (1997), S. 19-27 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the patterns of multiple authorship in five information systems journals. Specifically, we determine the distribution of the number of authors per paper in this field, the proportion of male and female authors, gender composition of research teams, and the incidence of collaborative relationships spanning institutional affiliations and across different geographic regions.
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    Mapping the terrain of pharmacy: Co-classification analysis of theInternational Pharmaceutical Abstracts database (1997)
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    Scientometrics 39 (1997), S. 77-97 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This research uses descriptive multivariate data-analytic techniques—in particular, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis—to explore and visualize the structure of the pharmacy literature as refracted through the editorial policies of theInternational Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) database. Specifically, the co-occurrence of the section headings/codes, used to exhaustively categorize publications in the IPA database, are clustered and mapped to evaluate the usefulness of two methods of section heading assignment. A secondary purpose of this research is to evaluate the use of descriptive multivariate data-analytic techniques and co-classification analysis to explore and depict the structure of an inherently heterogeneous and multidisciplinary professional literature, such as pharmacy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457431
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    Authorship patterns in marine mammal science, 1985–1993 (1997)
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    Scientometrics 39 (1997), S. 99-105 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Authorship studies in such disciplines as physics and economics show that with the passage of time there has been an increase in the number of authors per paper, indicating a trend toward more collaboration. In this study, a search was run on the Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts database to identify marine mammal science papers published from 1985 to 1993. A total of 1308 papers published in scientific journals was examined. There were weak but statistically significant trends in the increase in the number of authors per paper as well as in the number of multi-authored papers written by authors from different institutions, with the passage of time. Possible reasons for these results include the increasing specialization of researchers necessitating collaboration, more access to electronic means of communication, and more competition for research funds. Confounding factors in this analysis include the possibility that different journals have different publication patterns and regional vs. national/international journal differences.
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    The editorial board and the publishers of our journal announce with deep sorrow the death of Professor Vassily Vassiliyevich Nalimov one of the editorial advisors of our journal (1997)
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    Scientometrics 39 (1997), S. 143-145 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Scientometric studies on chemistry II: Aims and methods of producing new chemical substances (1997)
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    Scientometrics 39 (1997), S. 125-140 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Chemistry, as today's most active science, has increased its substances exponentially during the past 200 years without saturation. To get more insight why and how chemists produce new substances, a content analysis of 300 communications to theAngewandte Chemie of the years 1980, 1990, and 1995 is carried out regarding aims and methods of preparative research. In the most productive field of organic chemistry production mainly occurs to improve abilities for further production, while the less productive field of inorganic chemistry has more diverse aims. Methodological differences between organic and inorganic chemistry are discussed in detail as well as the relationship between pure and applied science.
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    Mainstream engineering publishing in Latin America: The Chilean experience (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 3-12 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract An analysis was made using databases at the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia concerning the productivity in the field of engineering sciences in Chile, a developing country with a neoliberal economy which has mainstream articles related to the Latin American context. This paper also mentions policies and actions to be adopted in order to strengthen R&D activities to attain a higher scientific and technological progress.
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    Current state of science and technology in the Muslim world (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 23-44 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Reviews the current state of science and technology in the Muslim world in the light of the CASTASIA 1968 and the International Conference on Science in Islamic Polity 1983 recommendations of allocating 1.0 percent of GNP for R&D. The data presented indicates that the Muslim countries have not been able to achieve this target. OIC countries on the average spend 0.45 percent of their GNP on R&D as compared to 2.30 percent by OECD countries. Egypt which leads the Muslim countries spends 0.86 percent of its GNP on R&D as compared to 2.27 percent by Israel. Indonesia spends 0.17 percent as compared to 1.78 percent by Taiwan. Annual growth of R&D expenditure in a few Muslim countries, especially Turkey and Malaysia, is very encouraging. Muslims are also far behind in terms of R&D manpower. OIC countries have 8.5 scientists, engineers and technicians per 1,000 population as compared to 40.7 of world average and 139.3 for OECD countries. The contribution of Muslim countries to world science literature is also meagre. Forty-six Muslim countries contribute 1.17 percent to world science literature as compared to 1.66 percent by India and 1.48 percent by Spain. Twenty Arab countries contribute 0.55 percent as compared to 0.89 percent by Israel alone. Contribution to science literature is also analyzed on the basis of total population, literate population, and GNP per capita. Growth of science literature in many Muslim countries is faster than OECD countries.
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    Analysis of distribution of the age of citations in theoretical population genetics (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 139-162 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Analyses the age of references cited in source papers of the theoretical population genetics speciality at different phases of its development. Discusses the characteristics of specialities in terms of obsolescence measures such as half-life and immediacy index. Explores the applicability of different theoretical probability functions in the age densities of references cited. Concludes that age of references cited is best modelled according to lognormal distribution.
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    Out of particles: Impact of CERN, DESY and SLAC research to fields other than physics (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 171-193 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the results of an exploratory bibliometric study aiming at an analysis of basic high energy physics (HEP) research impact on fields other than physics, and particularly on application-oriented R&D. After a general discussion of an extensive citation analysis of basic research publications from three HEP institutes—CERN, DESY, and SLAC—the paper focuses on the ‘knowledge flow’ from physics to non-physics, and more specifically the flow from basic physics research to the ‘applied world’. At this level, we report journal- as well as research field characteristics, and we identify the most frequently citing R&D groups. We conclude that DESY is most cited by the ‘applied world’, followed by SLAC and CERN. If the number of journals that institutes have in common—whether based on the source or the citing publication—is taken as an indicator of the resemblance of their research interests, we found that CERN and SLAC have the closest resemblance, followed by SLAC and DESY, with CERN and DESY having the least in common.
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    Mapping the social and behavioral sciences world-wide: Use of maps in portfolio analysis of national research efforts (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 237-276 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a method to identify and map the internationally most visible research topics occurring in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as the topics which changed most over a decade. Methods and data relevent to a portfolio analysis of national research efforts are described. Keywords used by authors in scientific or scholarly publications provide a window on scientific developments and changes in scientific research. Using an interdisciplinary database, the SSCI, developments in publications were traced world-wide and for the US, UK, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. We compared two periods: 1981–85 and 1986–90 We discuss the major substantive developments occurring during 1981–1990, as visible in maps depicting both topics and disciplines. It is shown that the maps, enriched with scientometric indicators of strengths and weaknesses of national research efforts, can be important tools for science policy. The findings indicate that the research front on many topics in both social and behavioral sciences is international in the late 1980s.
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    The use of deciles of the citation impact to evaluate different fields of research in Israel (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 437-443 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract One often uses the average citation impact factor in order to perform international comparisons between the levels of scientific performance within given disciplines. In averaging over all (or all cited) papers one may gives undue weight to papers with few citations while, in fact, the standing of a country within a given field would be better assessed by looking only at the “successful” papers in that discipline. The present papers suggests that one should do so by averaging citations only over the ten (or twenty) percent of the most cited papers in a discipline and use these in order to establish a ranking between countries. The case of Israel is used as an illustration of this approach.
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    Fractal and informetric aspects of hypertext systems (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 455-464 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The present paper studies fractal features (such as the fractal dimension) of hypertext systems (such as WWW) and establishes the link with informetric parameters. More concretely, a formula for the fractal dimension in function of the average number of hyperlinks per page is presented and examples are calculated. In general the complexity of these systems is high. This is also expressed by formulae for the total number of hypertext systems that are possible, given a fixed number of documents.
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    Cross-national comparison of frontier areas of research in physics using bibliometric indicators (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 385-405 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to reveal the characteristics of high activity areas of world research in Physics. “Frontier areas”-areas of high activity and areas of low activity are identified. Research activities in “Frontier areas” for twenty six countries (major countries) contributing maximum research output in Physics are analyzed for two time periods (1990 & 1995). The main objective of this study is to reveal the areas of research priorities, trends, gaps and similarity of research efforts of major countries in these “frontier” areas. Key countries in these areas in both the time periods are identified. Multivariate Scaling Algorithm is applied to the countries and fields in each time period, and also simultaneously to understand the relationship between countries and fields and the dynamics of change in research priorities. Results and implications of this study for policy research is highlighted.
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    Characteristics and impact of the matthew effect for countries (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 407-422 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper newly established characteristics of the so-called Matthew Effect for Countries (MEC) are presented: field-dependency, time-stability, order of magnitude. We find that the MEC is observable in all main scientific fields that were investigated. Over fifteen years the MEC has been relatively stable. The MEC is a redistribution phenomenon at the macro-level of the sciences. Its magnitude is small; the MEC affects only about five percent of the world production of citations. The MEC, however, crucially impacts many nations when their “national loss of citations” amounts to a high percentage of their expected citations. The relationship between the MEC and Merton's Matthew Principle is discussed. It is our hypothesis that the MEC provides an additional approach for the assessment of the scientific performance of nations.
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    How much is a collaboration worth? A calibrated bibliometric model (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 541-554 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Interest in collaboration is increasing in policy circles. There are numerous international and national programs to encourage collaboration, for example, between university and industry researchers. However, little is know about the way in which collaboration changes the impact of a research publication. This paper explores how the impact (average citations per paper) varies with different types of collaboration. A calibrated bibliometric model is derived that demonstrates that collaborating with an author from the home institution or another domestic institution increases the average impact by approximately 0.75 citations while collaborating with an author from a foreign institution increases the impact by about 1.6 citations.
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    On the possibility and reliability of predictions based on stochastic citation processes (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 481-492 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A statistical model for citation processes, a particular version of a non-homogeneous birth process, is analysed in the context of predictions of future citation rates. Important properties of the process were already studied by the author in earlier papers. Although the applicability of the model was demonstrated by several examples, practical aspects of predictions and questions of statistical reliability were not tackled so far. The present study is focused on the demonstration of the possibility of true predictions and on the analysis of the statistical reliability of predictions based on the mean value functionE(X(t)−X(s)/X(s)=i) of citation processes. The citation rates for papers published in 1980 and 1991 were recorded in the period 1980 through 1995, and 1991 through 1995, respectively, in all science areas. It is shown that parameters of mean value functions estimated for earlier time periods can be applied to more recent years, too. As a by-product, the model may serve as a validation tool for the particular choice of citation windows in evaluation studies.
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    Online determination of the journal impact factor and its international properties (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 529-540 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The article describes the method for the online determination of the journal impact factor (JIF). The method is very simple and can be used both for the ISI defined journal impact factor and for the calculation of other generalised journal impact factors. But the direct online method fails for non-ISI journals i.e. journals not indexed by ISI to the three citation databases. For such journals only the “External Cited Impact Factor” associated with citations from ISI journals (ECIFisi) can be determined online by the common method. As an extra benefit the online method makes available the determination of the geographical distribution of citations and citable units in relation to any given JIF, i.e. the international impact for a particular journal in a given year. The method is illustrated by calculating the generalised JIF, self-citations and ECIF(isi) as well as the international impact for Journal of Documentation and Scientometrics.
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    Assessment of scientific profiles and capabilities of Ph.D. programs in Chile: A scientometric approach (1997)
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    Scientometrics 40 (1997), S. 569-577 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the quality of a doctorate program is related to the level of involvement of its faculty in research. Thus, we worked with the hypothesis that postulates that if the in-house scientific output of the core faculty involved in a Ph.D. program can be appraised in such a manner that the achievements render quantitative and qualitative indicators, it is possible to depict profiles amenable for comparisons. We describe the methodology, that uses performance scientometric indicators, and results obtained after studying five Ph.D. programs in the field of Cell and Molecular Biology/Biochemistry in three different Chilean universities and show that the approach serves to portray the in-house capacity of each programvis a vis national and international standards.
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    The effect of funding on the outputs of biomedical research (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 17-27 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Research Outputs Database (ROD) has been used to investigate the effects of different input variables, including the numbers of funding bodies, on the impact of research papers in a biomedical subfield (gastroenterology). This was determined by the medium-term impact of the journals in which they were published. It was shown that, when account was taken of the effects of the other input factors, the mean impact for a group of papers increased with the number of authors, the type of research (basic more than clinical), and with the number and identity of the funding bodies. However itdecreased slightly if there were more addresses; whether the paper was multinational had no significant effect. Previous work showing that multi-institution or multi-country papers are more highly cited reached this conclusion because it did not take into account the confounding effect of multiple funding sources, and possibly other factors.
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    International cooperation of polish researchers with partners from abroad: A scientometric study (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 155-167 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Publications resulting from international cooperation and included in seven SCI annual files 1987–1989 and 1992–1995 were analyzed. It was observed that after the political changes of the turn of 1980s considerable increase in the number of publications was accompanied by the geographic development of co-authorship. Information coming from SCI 1992–1995, elaborated, completed and encoded were entered into an own database designed for analytical purposes. During these four years above 9600 papers were published in over 1600 prestige journals, of which almost 2200 publications resulted from multilateral cooperation. Altogether the foreign coauthors came from 102 countries, but over 80% of international papers were published in cooperation with the partners from 11 countries. The domestic participants came from over 200 research and educational organizations. It was found that the biggest share of papers within this multidisciplinary file represented physics (≈40%), chemistry (≈21%), and biomedical research (≈11%).
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    Defining subject collections for informetric analyses: The effect of varying the subject aboutness level (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 209-223 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Subject literature collections are typically formed by judgements which are inexplicit and imprecise. This seems to compromise the worth of precise measurements made of their properties. In this paper an examination is made of how several commonly-measured properties of subject literatures vary as an important factor in the compilation of subject collections is varied. The factor is the amount which a document must ‘say’ about a subject for it to be included in such a collection. This document property has been expressed in formal terms and given a simple measure for the one subject examined, the research topic of Bradford's Law of Scattering. It is found that lowering the level of subject aboutness required for admission to a collection produces a large increase in the size of the collection obtained, and an appreciable change in some size-related properties. For these properties, the initial concern is warranted. However, other parameters are found to be invariant to such changes.
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    The ‘language preference’ in sociology: Measures of ‘language self-citation’, ‘relative own-language preference indicator’, and ‘mutual use of languages’ (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 243-254 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although between one-third to one-half of world social sciences research literature is published in languages other than English, studies show very scant use of it by American and English scholars. Almost all studies, however, were conducted from the Anglo-Saxon perspective, limiting the scope of the study to English-published sources or English-speaking scientists and research workers. The present study aimed at assessing the scope of the language preference in a social sciences field, not only among American and British scholars, but among German and French ones as well, using the technique of citation analysis. Samples including mostly 50–60 original research articles were drawn from the 1985–1994 volumes of nine leading sociology journals published in the US, UK, Germany and France and the references appended to each were scrutinized in order to determine the frequency distribution of the languages cited in each periodical. Findings clearly showed a strong preference of writers to cite material in their own language. However, the extent of this bias differed from journal to journal. The American and British writers rank first, with close to 99% of their references being in English. German scholars rank next, preferring German sources in 75% of the cases, and French scholars quote French sources in only 66% of their references. In order to calculate the new refined measure of ‘relative own-language preference’ (ROLP) indicator, the proportions of ‘language self-citation’ were related to the estimated proportions of these languages in the existing body of sociology research. This measure reveals that German sociologists have the strongest bias towards their mother-tongue, their ratio of references in German exceeding almost 12 to 28 times the expected figure according to the German language share in sociology research. Next come French sociologists (8 to 14 times) while American and British ones display the lowest own-language bias, only slightly higher than expected. Further analysis of the foreign languages preference of each group, according to a ‘mutual-use’ matrix, shows a relative low use of German and French sources by British-American sociologists.
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    Research and research impact of a technical university—A bibliometric study (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 371-388 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The research output of the Danish Technical University (DTUa) has been studied as an aspect of the organization's research policy and visibility in its international context. Papers published in the three-year period (1992–94) were grouped according to 20 clusters of research areas. Using citation analysis techniques, the dynamics of citation frequencies, and a number of other features of the research system, like self-citation, research collaborations, relative impact on the international literature, etc., could be studied. The methods can be used to analyze institutional and national research efforts and to monitor effects of changing policies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459052
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    Scientists of old vintage support a 'winter-biased birthday' theory (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 417-420 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The association of the season of birth with lifetime intellectual achievement was studied by means of analysis of two data sets, one of the prominent chemists of the world and another of members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). It is found that a (statistically) significantly greater number of prominent chemists born before 1850 and of the full members of RAS born before 1875 were born in month of the winter half-year than of the summer one. The effect was gradually decreasing with time, the decrease being slower in Russia. The possible influence of the season of birth on the early personality development is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459055
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    The scientific wealth of European nations: Taking effectiveness into account (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 75-87 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this study we continue the application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the R&D effort of European countries. We use GDP, active population and R&D expenditure as inputs, and publications and patents as outputs. Being effective means that, in order to obtain a maximum efficiency score countries are forced to perform on every output goal. A discussion of each country's performance and a comparison with May'sScience results concludes our analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465013
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    Mathematical methods in psychiatric papers (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 121-128 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study was carried out to determine the trend in the use of statistical methods in the papers published in the leading Russian, American and British psychiatric journals of the 1980–90-ies. Within 10 years the quota of papers with statistics increased considerably in the American and British journals (from 58.6% to 67.6%), especially in theArchives of General Psychiatry (88%). Qualitative changes were notable as well, tending towards the use of non-ordinary innovative methods. As regards the Russian psychiatric papers the use of statistical methods was a rare occurrence (21.8% in 1980s), that never changed within 10 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458352
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    On the overlap, the precision and estimated recall of search engines. A case study of the query “Erdos” (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 207-228 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate the retrieval capabilities of six Internet search engines on a simple query. As a case study the query “Erdos” was chosen. Paul Erdos was a world famous Hungarian mathematician, who passed away in September 1996. Existing work on search engine evaluation considers only the first ten or twenty results returned by the search engine, therefore approximation of the recalls of the engines has not been considered so far. In this work we retrieved all 6681 documents that the search engines pointed at and thoroughly examined them. Thus we could calculate the precision of the whole retrieval process, study the overlap between the results of the engines and give an estimate on the recall of the searches. The precision of the engines is high, recall in very low and the overlap is minimal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458356
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    Looking at science in Brazilian universities: The case of the instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (1998)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 247-258 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Performance indicators were built for the Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, one of the most well-reputed Brazilian science centers. The Institute's performance presents a positive trend—articles number have doubled (1981–1995), and the articles impact grew from 4.20, in 1981, to 7.78, in 1990. This trend is probably being influenced by increasingly human resources involved in the Institute's scientific activities and by the continous growth of national and international collaboration. The follow up of indicators trends can be useful for the evaluation of long term policies directed to implement human resources programs and institutional collaborative work among scientific institutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458358
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    Citation ranking versus expert judgment in evaluating communication scholars: Effects of research specialty size and individual prominence (1998)
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    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 325-333 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Numerous attempts have been made to validate the use of citation as an evaluation method by comparing it with peer review. Unlike past studies using journals, research articles or universities as the subject matter, the present study extends the comparison to the ranking of individual scholars. Results show that citation ranking and expert judgment of communication scholars are highly correlated. The citation method and the expert judgment method are found to work better in smaller research areas and yield more valid evaluation results for more prominent scholars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02459049
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    Neural networks research in context: A longitudinal journal cocitation analysis of an emerging interdisciplinary field (1998)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 41 (1998), S. 389-410 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A cocitation analysis for thirty-six journals and other publications in neural networks research and related disciplines was conducted over three consecutive time periods spanning the years 1990-early 1997. Cluster analysis and MDS maps identified groupings representing foundation research areas (physics/optics, computer engineering, neuroscience, expert systems & cognition, and perception) along with neural networks and mathematical modeling of neural systems. Principal components analysis demonstrated a similar structure, with several journals and books loading on a majority of the factors. An INDSCAL analysis showed an increasing separation between natural sciences/psychology and engineering/neural networks research from the first time period to the third.
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    Four aspects of the institutionalization of physics research in India (1990–1950): Substantiating the claims of histortical sociology through bibliometrics (1998)
    Springer
    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 17-40 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the process of the institutionalization of research in physics in India. In order to do so, it employs bibliometric data such as research publications in physics research journals between 1900 and 1950. This data is then analyzed to obtain certain indicators that are pointers of the aspects of the institutionalization of research in physics in India. The four aspects of institutionalization studied here are important for the researches of those adopting sociological approaches in the study of the history of sciences. Thus the bibliometric techniques employed complements the efforts of historians of science studying the professionalization of physics research in India, and in this case those dealing with disciplines like physics. Further, the bibliometric data helps substantiate the claims of historians of science that the years 1905 to 1935 were particularly important for the history of physics in India. The conclusions of historians are based on success stories of a few leading physicists of the time. Within an institutional framework, this paper argues that there was a larger ground swell indicative of the emergence of a phhsics research community in India.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465010
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    Evaluation of the models for Bradford's law (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 89-95 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A goodness of fit test is conducted for two models for Bradford's law given byEgghe andSmolkov. The conclusion is that Smolkov's model is of comparatively higher accuracy. Finally the paper points out the necessity of carrying out statistical tests for comparisons more frequently for the new models of Bradford's law in the development of the law in order to get the gest model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02465014
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    Survey on technological innovative behavior in the Brazilian food industry (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 129-169 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is based on the information collected through a survey on technological innovation in a relatively large sample of 1000 firms of the Brazilian Food Industry (hereafter BFI). 248 firms (24.8%) responded to the questionnaire and 77 (31.0%) declared that they had introduced innovations in the period surveyed (1994–1996). This paper concentrates both on the different characteristics related to food firms and innovative activity and on the nature of the innovations. Regarding the former we have asked questions about firms' industrial sector, major activities, production stages, ownership, age, turnover, exports effort, advertising, R&D and technological innovation effort, size (number of employees), external alliances, organization of management functions (technological innovation policy, long term strategic plan, marketing research), and perceived barriers to innovation. Regarding the nature of the innovations, questions included: institutional sources of knowledge of the innovations, sources of innovations (external or internal), degree of protection of innovations (patents and other means), external collaboration, novelty of innovations (radical or incremental), type of innovations (product, process or combined), newness of innovations (to the world, to the country or to the firm), and impact of innovations on inputs (manpower, material, capital and energy). The results of the research are presented in this paper in a descriptive way. Therefore, we have not carried out advanced statistical analysis and we have not tried to establish cause-effect relationships among variables, but just links among them and trends. From the analysis, we can claim that technological innovation is actually a very complex process within firms, even though they are in a so called “low-tech” industry. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify outstanding factors linked to this process both at industry level (some sectors are more innovative than others) and at firm level (the large firms tend to be more innovative than small ones).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458353
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    The thirteen most cited journals in economics (1998)
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    Scientometrics 42 (1998), S. 267-271 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A citation matrix for the thirteen most cited journals in economics is constructed from data in theSocial Sciences Citation Index. tm The components of the eigenvector associated with the largest possible eigenvalue (the Frobenius root) of this matrix defines “impact values” by which these journals may be ranked.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458360
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    Brazilian sciences and government funding at the State of São Paulo (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 177-188 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The State of São Paulo plays an important role in national research activities. The Foundation for the Support of Research of São Paulo State (FAPESP) is commissioned to manage funds for these activities. The profile of Brazilian sciences is investigated and contrasted to FAPESP's investments. ISI date relative to years 1981 to 1995 are analysed through multivariate methods (Factor and Cluster Analysis) as to provide weighted ranks of research fields, relationships among them as geometric distances, and group classification. This information is compared to public reports on FAPESP's expenditures. Brazilian scientific production grows at 244 papers/year in the period, and its global share is almost doubled. Impact shows no trend. Best performers are from exact and biological sciences. Though impact varies greatly among research fields, their major distinctive feature is magnitude of production. The six top research fields identified (Physics, Biology & Biochemistry, Clinical Medicine, Engineering, Chemistry, Plant & Animal Sciences) were found to equally be the prime beneficiaries FAPESP's investments. The Brazilian scenario is one of increasing production under an international pattern. This trend is not accompanied by changes in impact. As a corollary, volume of publications rises as an important issue. Public investments from São Paulo State adequately conform this scenario giving reassurance that resouces are not being squandered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458406
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    The use of multiple databases in the assesment of research. An application in the field of plant science (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 299-304 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues the convenience of considering multiple databases in order to obtain a reliable set of scientific indicators in case of fields that includes a variety of disciplines. With this aim we analyse the Spanish scientific output in Plant Sciences regarding mainstream literature covered by SCI database and that published in domestic journals covered by ICYT database. This method allows us to obtain two different profiles of research. These results clearly underly the need to consider these databases jointly, thus avoiding potential inaccuracies induced by the use of the SCI as the only information source to be considered for the assessment of research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458412
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    Theories of citation? (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 5-25 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Citations support the communication of specialist knowledge by allowing authors and readers to make specific selections in several contexts at the same time. In the interactions between the social network of (first-order) authors and the network of their reflexive (that is, second-order) communications, a sub-textual code of communication with a distributed character has emerged. The recursive operation of this dual-layered network induces the perception of a cognitive dimension in scientific communication.Citation analysis reflects on citation practices. Reference lists are aggregated in scientometric analysis using one (or sometimes two) of the available contexts to reduce the complexity: geometrical representations (‘mappings’) of dynamic operations are reflected in corresponding theories of citation. For example, a sociological interpretation of citations can be distinguished from an information-theoretical one. The specific contexts represented in the modern citation can be deconstructed from the perspective of the cultural evolution of scientific communication.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458391
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    Citation analysis as a theory of friction of polluted air? (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 63-67 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract It is argued that Leydesdorff's theory of citations mixes the ideal or pure case with complicating factors. Ideally, citations are used as shorthand and for ethical reasons. The social network between scientists should be seen as a second-order correction on the basic model or, sometimes, even as noise. Metaphorically speaking Leydesdorff's theory is not a theory about ideal gases, but about polluted air.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458395
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    Random thoughts on citationology its theory and practice (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Theories of citation are as elusive as theories of information science, which have been debated for decades. But as a basis for discussion I offer the term citationology as the theory and practice of citation, including its derivative disciplines citation analysis and bibliometrics Several maxims, commandments if you will, have been enunciated. References are the results of a specialized symbolic language with a citation syntax and grammar. References, like words, have multiple meanings which are related to the aposteriori quality of citation indexes. Therefore, citation relevance cannot be predicted. Mathematical microtheories in bibliometrics abound, including the apposite laws of scattering and concentration. Citation behavior is a vast sub-set of citation theory, which like citation typology, can never be complete. Deviant citation behavior preoccupies certain authors but it is rarely significant in well-designed citation analyses, where proper cohorts are defined. Myths about uncitedness and the determinants of impact are discussed, as well as journal impact factors as surrogates and observations on scientists of Nobel Class. After two years at Johns Hopkins investigating “machine documentation,” and another year as a student of library science, I became, fortuitously, a documentation consultant. By 1954, I called myself an information engineer, which was an apt description of my professional consulting activities. However, Pennsylvania licensing law requires that engineers be graduates of engineering schools. So I became an information scientist! I've never thought of myself as an information theoretician and have been skeptical about a need for a theory of information science. I've practiced information science and engineering without explicit theoretical support. But undoubtedly there are underlying principles which can guide information scientists who, like myself, could be called “citationists” or “citationologists”. If there is a theory and practice of citation, it should probably be called citationology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458396
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    Comparative investigation of frequency and strength of motives toward referencing. The reference threshold model (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 107-127 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Comparative investigation of frequency and strength of motives of authors toward referencing proves that references-citations can be used for exploring information links between items referencing and referenced. Asreferencing can be assumed as apeer evaluation process resulted in referencing some papers and neglecting others, citations obtained can be applied for assessing international impact of scientific publication activity.
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    Growth of world and Indian physics literature (1999)
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    Scientometrics 44 (1999), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the nature of growth models currently used in the literature for modeling the growth of publications. It introduces briefly three growth models and explores the applicability of these models in the growth of world and Indian physics literature. The analysis suggests that the growth of Indian physics literature follows a logistic model, while the growth of world physics literature is explained by a combination of logistic and power models. The criteria for selection of growth models based on the new growth rate functions suggested by Egghe and Ravichandra Rao are given. The methodology suggested by Egghe and Ravichandra Rao is shown to work satisfactorily, except for longer time series growth data, when we may have to restore to data splitting approach, if suggested by the plots of new growth rate functions. This approach helped us to use a combination of two growth models instead of one, to explain the growth of world physics literature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458474
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    The croatian scientific elite and its socio-professional roots (1998)
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    Scientometrics 43 (1998), S. 207-229 
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    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract No matter how strong the intellectual and other psychological predispositions for top scientific achievement and/or a successful scientific career, neither the processes of a general and scientific socialisation nor the socio-cultural or socio-professional environment can be avoided or neglected. Empirical support for the thesis on the impact of the social environment on the formation and the influence of the scientific elite of a country is supported by three analysed research studies: on distinguished Croatian scientists (1995), on the population of Croatian scientists (1990) and on Croatian scientific emigrants (1986).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02458408
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