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  • Chemie und Pharmazie  (270)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Schlagwort(e): Vectra B950 ; thermotropic LCP ; rheology ; structure ; orientation ; transients ; dynamic moduli
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The structure changes in the start-up flow of the thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer Vectra 8950 are probed by performing transient experiments after various flow histories. The shear and normal stress growth curves of a squeezed sample and of a randomly oriented sample show a pronounced overshoot at low strains, whereas the stress growth curve of a sample pre-sheared until steady state shows a gradual increase. This first peak is associated with the re-orientation of the director into the shearing plane. All stress transients show a second broad maximum at large strains that results from the generation of a steady defect network. The effect of varying the relaxation period after pre-shearing is reflected in the appearance of two peaks in the subsequent stress growth curves. One of these peaks shifts linearly with re laxation period and the other is more or less fixed in position. The orientation of the molecules during steady shear flow is on average in the flow direction. Intermediate orientation levels may exist in the transient depending on the amount of strain. The material is able to maintain the flow-induced orientation distribution for a long time after cessation of flow. This is reflected in a similar fashion in the initial magnitudes of the stresses and the dynamic moduli after various preshear strains. Moreover, the dynamic moduli decrease with time after cessation of steady shear flow, indicating that the orientation increases during relaxation.
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): codeposition Ni ; Mn ; S ; X-ray analysis ; structure ; texture ; properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Microstructural parameters such as coherent domain size, microstrain, dislocation density and texture of electrolytically plated Ni–Mn–S layers were investigated by X-ray analysis. Structural parameters, layer composition and the macroproperties are discussed and explained. With the help of a statistical regression analysis the correlation coefficient r2 and its relationship with the investigated parameters is determined. It is shown that the microstructural parameters play an important role in determining the macroscopic properties. The manganese concentration is shown to influence the structural parameters, but no influence of sulphur is found. It seems that a relationship of the structural parameters with the macroscopic properties is valid in general and is not a special case. There structural correlations can be used in general for processing electrolytic deposits for required applications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1045-1051 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): electrodeposition ; structure ; thermal stability ; zinc–nickel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract ZnNi alloys were electrodeposited from a chloride bath on steel substrates. The effect of nickel bath concentration on chemical composition, structure and microstructure of the deposits is demonstrated. From 0 to 13 nickel, the phases obtained do not correspond to that reported on the thermodynamic phase diagram. It is shown that the substitution of zinc by nickel is responsible for the formation of distorted ηd and γd phases corresponding to the supersaturated hexagonal η phase of zinc and to the unsaturated cubic γ phase of Zn–Ni alloy, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the thermal instability of the alloys containing up to 13 wt of nickel, results from the crystallization of the δ phase from the ηd and γd phases at around 200 °C and 250 °C, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 1085-1094 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): dealloying ; focussed ion beam ; selective dissolution ; skeletal catalysts ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Raney® copper is an active hydrogenation catalyst formed by the selective dissolution of aluminium from a Cu–Al alloy. The structure of Raney® copper is presented in a series of images taken using a focussed ion beam miller (FIB). The images show a structure consisting of a uniform three-dimensional network of fine copper ligaments. A rotating disc electrode, used to control the diffusion layer, enabled a study of the kinetics of the leaching reaction at 269–303 K in 2–8 m NaOH. Under these conditions, the reaction rate was constant and independent of hydroxide concentration. The activation energy for leaching was determined as 69±7 kJ mol−1. The mixed corrosion potential of the dissolving alloy has been related to the exposed copper surface area, which in turn is dependent on the leaching rate and the mechanism of rearrangement. The overall mechanism of formation/rearrangement of the Raney® copper structure was found to be mainly dissolution/redeposition of copper atoms, with surface or volume diffusion, or possibly both, playing a minor role.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 167-178 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Poly(1,2-phenylenedithiocarbamate) ; poly(1,2-phenylenedithiocarbamate)–metal complexes ; synthesis ; characterization ; structure ; DC electrical conductivity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Poly(1,2-phenylenedithiocarbamate) (PPDTC) was prepared by the reaction of 2-aminothiophenol with carbon disulfide followed by condensation through the removal of H2S gas. PPDTC was used as a ligand to prepare four poly(1,2-phenylenedithiocarbamate)–metal complexes of iron(II), cobalt(II), copper(II), and lead(II), by refluxing with the metal salts. The polymer and its metal complexes were investigated by elemental analyses, UV–visible and IR spectroscopy, inherent viscosity, and magnetic susceptibility. The DC electrical conductivity variation with the temperature in the range 298–498 K of PPDTC and its polymeric copper complex was measured. Both polymer and polymer metal complexes showed an increase in electrical conductivity with an increase in temperature: typical semiconductor behavior. The proposed structure of the complexes is (MLX2·mH2O) n .
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Phosphazenes ; sol-gel ; urethane ; surface functionalization ; heparin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A sol-gel precursor was prepared by the reaction of poly[bis(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene] (1) with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane. It was then sol-gel polymerized to produce a covalently interconnected phosphazene-silicate network with urethane functionalities. Isocyanato groups were introduced on the surface of the network through coupling by allophanate formation between hexamethylene diisocyanate and urethane functionalities on the gel surface. Heparin was immobilized on the surface of the network by reacting hydroxyl or amino groups of heparin with the surface isocyanato groups. The activity of the immobilized heparin was 4.0% that of free heparin.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Coordination polymer ; cyanide-bridged bimetallic assemblies ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A complex with the formula [CuL(H2O)2]{[CuL][Fe(CN)6]}2·2H2O, where L=3,10-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3,5,8,10,12-hexaazacyclotetradecane, has been synthesized and crystallographically characterized. The structure is composed of a one-dimensional zigzag chain of $$\left\{ {[{\text{CuL}}][{\text{Fe(CN)}}_{\text{6}} ]} \right\}_2^{2 - } $$ units, and [CuL(H2O)2]2+ units. The one-dimensional zigzag chain extents through $${\text{Cu}}{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{CN}} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{Fe}}{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{CN}} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{Cu}}$$ linkages. The adjacent two polymer chains are linked by the $${\text{O}}{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{H}}{\kern 1pt} \cdot \cdot \cdot {\kern 1pt} {\text{N}}{\kern 1pt} \equiv {\kern 1pt} {\text{C}}{\kern 1pt} - $$ hydrogen bonding between [CuL(H2O)2]2+ and [Fe(CN)6]3−, forming a 3D supramolecular structure with inner hydrophilic channels. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show no exchange interaction between the Cu(II) and Fe(III) ions due to the longer $${\text{Cu}}{\kern 1pt} - {\kern 1pt} {\text{N}}$$ (axial) bond length.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): iron ; siderophore ; Yersinia enterocolitica ; structure ; NMR
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitca, which belong to mouse-lethal serotypes, produce the siderophore yersiniophore. Siderophore production was shown to be iron regulated and to reach maximum production in late log phase. Yersiniophore is a fluorescent siderophore with maximum excitation at 270 nm and a major emission peak at 428 nm. Absorption maxima were seen at 210 and 250 nm with a low broad peak from 280 to 320 nm. Purification of unchelated yersiniophore for structural analysis was made difficult by low yields (1–2 mg mg-1), and susceptibility to acid hydrolysis, oxidation and possibly polymerization. Yersinophore was therefore purified as an Al3+ chelate, which was found to be stable in solution for several weeks. To purify Al3+-yersiniophore, unchelated yersiniophore was first extracted from culture supernatants with dichloromethane, concentrated by rotary evaporation and adsorbed to a DEAE-sephacel column. Al3+-yersiniophore was eluted with 0.01 m AlCl3 and further purified by HPLC. The structure was established by a combination of elemental analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Yersiniophore is a phenolate-thiazole siderophore with the formula C21H24N3O4S3Al and a molecular weight of 505.07404 when chelated to Al3+. The structure of yersiniophore was determined to be closely related to the structures of pyochelin, produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anguibactin, produced by Vibrio anguillarum.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): alumina ; carbon monoxide oxidation ; ethylene oxidation ; platinum ; cerium ; sol-gel ; thermostability
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Various alumina-based supports were prepared by adding metal elements such as alkaline and rare earths to sol-gel alumina synthesized from aluminium isopropoxide using 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol as a solvent and the influence of the additives on the thermostability of the supports was investigated. It was found that Ba and Sr are the most effective in improving the thermostability of the alumina, La is moderately effective while Zr, Mg and Ca are ineffective. The influence of the additives on the catalytic activities of Pt/CeO x /MO y -Al2O3 (M=Ba, Sr, La) after the calculation at 1273 K was also investigated. Pt/CeO x /BaO-Al2O3 and Pt/ CeO x /La2O3-Al2O3 showed higher catalytic activity than Pt/CeO x /Al2O3, while Pt/CeO x / SrO-Al2O3 showed lower catalytic activity. The activity order was Ba 〉 La = none 〉 Sr in terms of CO and C2H4 oxidation.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 36 (1996), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; Ru/Al2O3 ; ethylene glycol ; characterization ; chelating agent
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Ru/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method with an organic additive (ethylene glycol). The effect of the addition of ethylene glycol on the properties of Ru/Al2O3 was characterized by BET, XRD, EXAFS, and TGA/DTA. Ethylene glycol was effective to promote the phase transition of α-Al2O3 even at 800°C calcination with high surface area. This finding is ascribed to the modified structure of aluminum alkoxide by ethylene glycol addition in the solution state. Ethylene glycol is also effective to get small particles of ruthenium after the reduction at 500°C. The EXAFS and UV-Vis spectra of Ru complex revealed that the coordination structure of Ru depended on the additive used. The ethylene glycol sol prefers to form octahedral Ru complex. This Ru complex in alumina matrix is stable up to 200°C and forms small Ru oxide particles even at 300°C calcination. This suggests that ethylene glycol coordinates to the Ru complex as well as to aluminum ion in the initial state, which is important to control the final properties of the Ru/Al2O3 catalyst.
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 28 (1999), S. 1113-1126 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Schlagwort(e): Ionic aqueous solutions ; structure ; thermodynamic properties ; self-diffusion coefficients ; molecular reorientation ; computer simulation ; intermolecular potentials
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of single Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions in water have been carried out. Different ion-water potentials from the literature have been used, whereas the same water potential, a rigid simple point charged model, has been considered in all the simulations. Structural, thermodynamic, and dynamic properties have been calculated, and the results for different potentials have been compared with available experimental data. The study includes ion–water radial distribution functions, coordination numbers, solution enthalpies, hydration free energies, self-diffusion coefficients, and reorientational times of water molecules in the hydration shells.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 28 (1998), S. 1051-1059 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon-Ceramic electrodes ; Li ion batteries ; intercalation ; Li salt solutions ; EIS ; sol-gel ; Ormosil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Abstract Graphite electrodes comprising silica binder were tested in ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate (EC–DMC), propylene carbonate and tetrahydrofuran solutions. The electrochemical behavior of these electrodes was analyzed using chronopotentiometry, slow-scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV), impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT). The electrode morphology and integrity were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using silica binder, graphite particles are usually embedded in the current collector in an unoriented form. Thus, the electroanalytical study of these electrodes and the comparison of their response with that of highly oriented PVDF based graphite electrodes, provided insight into the effect of particle orientation on the general electrochemical behavior of lithiated graphite anodes. In general, the higher the particle orientation and compact packing in the electrodes' active mass, the better the performance o f the Li–graphite electrodes, as the surface films developed are better passivating and the interparticle electronic contact is also better. The silica binder may have advantages over other binders such as PVDF in its ability to better retain the electrode integrity upon cycling. However, the practical use of such electrodes requires further optimization, especially in connection with particle orientation and compact packing.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 6 (1996), S. 221-236 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Schlagwort(e): Hybrid materials ; metal oxides ; polytorganophosphazenes ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper the sol-gel preparation of hybrid materials made of metal oxide and polytorganophosphazenel components is described. The main problem focused on during this research was to avoid phase separation in order to get homogeneous materials. This problem was pursued looking at the formation of genuine chemical bonds between the exploited polyphosphazenes and the inorganic composite networks. Investigations on the thermal, mechanical, and electroconductive properties of the synthesized, phosphazene-containing composite materials showed that these matrices presented improved mechanical and thermal features with respect to those of the original phosphazene macromolecule, while the ionic conductivities of the prepared molecular hybrids doped with lithium or silver trillate are of the same order of magnitude as those measured for the neat, original phosphazene substrate.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): titania-silica ; mixed oxide ; sol-gel ; aerogel ; epoxidation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The paper provides a short overview on the various Ti- and Si-containing epoxidation catalysts, with a focus on the development and characterisation of titania-silica mixed oxides prepared by the sol-gel-aerogel method. Titania-silica aerogels, dried by semicontinuous extraction of the solvent with supercritical CO2 at low temperature, possess high surface area, an amorphous mesoporous structure, and a rather even distribution of Ti in the silica matrix. The catalytic activities of mixed oxides, silica-supported titania and Ti-substituted molecular sieves (TS-1, Ti-Β and Ti-MCM-41) are compared in the epoxidation of 1-hexene, 1-octene, cyclohexene, cyclododecene and norbornene, based on literature data. The activities (i.e. the amount of converted olefin per unit time and catalyst weight) vary in a broad range of several orders of magnitude. It is shown that the low temperature aerogel containing 20 wt% TiO2 is superior to any other Ti- and Si-containing catalyst for the epoxidation of cyclic olefins. In the epoxidation of linear alkenes TS-1 has outstanding activity. Ti-substituted large and ultra-large pore molecular sieves require further development concerning their catalytic performance.
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 53 (1998), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): structure ; surface acidity ; tungsten oxide ; zirconia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structure and surface acidity of zirconia-supported tungsten oxide are studied by using BET, XRD, FT Raman, Tian–Calvet microcalorimetry as well as XPS. Three different crystal forms of ZrO2 and their hydroxide precursors were prepared in a controllable way. It was found that the starting material and preparing conditions used have a significant effect on the structure of ZrO2 obtained. The tungstate species on zirconium hydroxide generally promote the transformation of the hydroxide precursor into tetragonal ZrO2, while the same species on the pre-calcined ZrO2 has less effect during calcination. A bulk-phase WO3 existed in the samples prepared by initially impregnating the monoclinic, tetragonal and cubic ZrO2 or the hydroxide precursors of m- and t-ZrO2, while no crystalline WO3 was present in the samples prepared by initially impregnating the hydroxide precursor of c-ZrO2. Raman results revealed that the surface tungstate(s) on three different zirconium hydroxides or their respective zirconia have similar structural features before calcination. The surface tungsten oxides and some WO3 bulk phase are the detectable tungsten species in the final samples, the ratio of each component is strongly dependent on the preparation history and the nature of the support. Creation of very strong acidic sites on the zirconia-supported tungsten oxide is related to the crystal form of zirconia itself, the type of tungsten oxide species, and the cooperation between the surface tungsten oxide overlayer and zirconia. The strong acidic sites can be completely poisoned by the remaining sodium ion impurities, but have not been appreciably influenced by added yttrium component. The crystalline WO3 seems of little importance in building up the strong surface acidity.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Schlagwort(e): meglumine antimoniate ; structure ; leishmaniasis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The leishmanicidal drug, meglumine antimoniate (MA), has been synthesized by the reaction of antimony oxyhydrated and N-methyl glucamine. Infrared and solid state NMR 13C analysis of MA and the ligand strongly suggests that antimony binds to N-methyl glucamine through the oxygen of C-3 carbon. Potentiometric titration indicated that, between pH 4.5 and 7.5, MA exists in the zwitterionic form
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): support ; cerium ; alumina ; sol-gel ; thermostability ; platinum ; three-way catalyst
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Various CeOx-Al2O3 powders were prepared and the influence of the method of support preparation on the thermostability of the mixed alumina-supported Pt catalysts and on their oxidation of CO was investigated. It was found that the complexing agent-assisted sol-gel method is effective in improving the thermostability of the mixed alumina-supported Pt catalysts. Monolith Pt-Rh three-way catalysts were prepared using these aluminas and other thermostable alumina including Ba. Activity of the catalysts was also investigated after conducting accelerated thermal engine aging in order to test their durability. Under normal operating conditions of the automobile engine, the activity of the Pt-Rh three-way catalyst using the CeOx-Al2O3 support prepared by the complexing agent-assisted sol-gel method is nearly equal to that of the catalyst using the CeOx impregnated onto BaO-Al2O3 powder prepared by the same sol-gel method.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 40 (1996), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): K-MoO3/Al2O3 catalysts ; oxidic and sulfided states ; EXAFS ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract By analyzing the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the Mo K-absorption edge, structural information for both oxidic and sulfided K-MoO3/γ-Al2O3 catalysts with different potassium content was obtained. The oxidic samples show two backscatterer peaks in the radial distribution function (RDF), which correspond to the Mo-O coordinations in the nearest Mo-O shell. The nearest oxygen atoms are present with large configurational disorder. The RDF for the K/Mo = 0 sample is significantly different from that for crystalline MoO3 and ammonium heptamolybdate. The RDFs for potassium promoted samples are, in some extent, similar to that for ammonium heptamolybdate. The sample with K/Mo = 0.8 and that with K/Mo=1.5 do not show obvious difference in their local Mo-O structures. The EXAFS results support the earlier conclusions from Raman spectroscopy studies on identical samples [7]. When the samples are sulfided, a rearrangement of the local neighbors around Mo atoms takes place, to form small MoS2-like crystallites. The Mo-S and Mo-Mo coordination distances on these catalysts are the same as those in crystalline MoS2, but the coordination numbers are significantly lower than in MoS2. The EXAFS results indicate that Mo species on the K/Mo=0 catalyst mainly consist of Mo-S-Mo units (the basic building units of MoS2), which are highly dispersed and show a higher level of disorder than in MoS2. With the modification by the potassium promoter, Mo species are significantly aggregated and their local neighbors are more similar to those in MoS2, but the Mo species still exist in a state of high dispersion.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): zeolite ; Al-TS-1 ; sol-gel ; bifunctional properties
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Ti-containing ZSM-5 (Al-TS-1) has been synthesized by wetness impregnation of amorphous Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2 solids with TPAOH solutions and subsequent crystallization under autogenous pressure at 170°C. The cogel containing aluminum, titanium and silicon oxides used as raw material has been prepared following a two-step (acid-base) sol-gel process which leads to the formation of Si-O-Ti and Si-O-Al bonds previously to the zeolite crystallization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the high crystallinity of TS-1 and Al-TS-1 obtained by this procedure whereas thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of TPAOH-containing samples andnC6 adsorption measurements show the purity of the different samples. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evidences the incorporation of Ti and NH3 temperature programmed desorption confirms the acidic properties of Al-TS-1. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DR UV-VIS) shows that Ti atoms occupy tetrahedral positions in the Al-TS-1 and TS-1 lat-tices whereas bulk anastase and/or extraframework Ti species are not detected.29Si and27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) spectroscopy indicate the presence of Al occupying tetrahedral positions in the Al-TS-1 framework. Therefore, the simultaneous incorporation of Ti and Al provides the Al-TS-1 samples with bifunctional properties showing high catalytic activity forn-hexane oxyfunctionalization with H2O2 and for alcohols etherification reactions. When it is compared to the conventional procedures of Al-TS-1 preparation by hydrothermal crystallization of a liquid gel, the method studied here is simpler, requires a lower reaction volume and proceeds with shorter synthesis time. In addition Al-TS-1 prepared through this alternative method exhibits better catalytic properties than the material synthesized following a recipe based on hydrothermal crystallization of a liquid gel.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 129 (1998), S. 149-165 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Schlagwort(e): silicates ; organosilicon ; sol-gel ; ORMOSIL ; solid-state lasers ; gas separation membrane ; nonlinear optics ; optical wave guides ; composite films ; chemical sensors ; gas sensors ; catalysis ; chromatographic applications
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Inorganic-organic hybrid materials prepared by the sol-gel process have become an attractive field of study due to the immense versatility associated with this method of composite material preparation. The blending of inorganic precursors with organosilicon reagents enables unique materials to be fabricated with the desired chemical and physical characteristics. The ability to control the interfacial polarity, the degree of porosity, and the chemical functionality in the matrix has been shown to be a powerful tool in the design of materials for sensor, optical, chromatographic, and catalytic applications. In this review, the preparation of the organically modified silicates (ORMOSILs) where the individual precursors are covalently bound to each other is discussed and selected examples of their potential usefulness in analytical applications is presented.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 989-996 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; TG ; thermal decomposition ; Y-Ba-Cu superconductors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A precursor of Y-Ba-Cu oxides was prepared by a modified alkoxide sol-gel method and its thermal decomposition in air was studied by on-line coupled TG-FTIR and High Resolution Thermogravimetric measurements. A continuous more or less stepwise weight loss was observed between room temperature and 600°C at which all organic compounds had evolved and were progressively oxidized as the temperature increased leaving only Y and Cu oxides and bariumcarbonate. Between 700 and 800°C a final weight loss was observed due to the decomposition of bariumcarbonate into oxide.
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 1051-1067 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): reaction mechanisms ; sol-gel ; superconductors ; thermoanalytical techniques
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The high temperature superconducting compound YBa2Cu3O72212;δ (Y-123) is synthesised by sol-gel process using various precursors viz., acetate, acetate-citrate, nitrate-citrate and acrylamide. The phase purity of the final product depends on the homogeneity of the gels which intern depends on the bonding of the metal ions in the gels. The samples prepared by acrylamide and nitrate-citrate gel routes yielded phase pure Y-123 compound with better superconducting properties. The mechanism of formation of Y-123 in all these four gel routes is established by characterising the gels and intermediate phases using TG, DTA and XRD techniques. Kinetic analysis is carried out on the mass loss data using the method proposed by Phadni's and Deshpande. Avrami-Erofeev nuclei growth in case of acrylamide, diffusion controlled process in nitrate-citrate and phase boundary reaction mechanisms in case of acetate-citrate gels are found to be responsible for the formation of Y-123 phase.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 863-868 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): bioactivity ; calcium silicate ; glass ; sol-gel method ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glasses of composition expressed by the following general formula xCaO·(1−x)SiO2 (0.30≤x≤0.50) can be prepared by means of the sol-gel route starting from tetramethylorthosilicate and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate They are all difficult to prepare by means of the traditional technique of quenching the melt, because of the high liquidus temperature,T 1 t that in the case ofx=0.3 glass isT 1 =1650°C. The DTA apparatus appears a valuable tool for defining the procedure necessary to obtain the glass through the sol-gel route. The glassx=0.3 is bioactive. The experimental results suggest that the gel structures, such as obtained at room temperature, are very similar; only at high temperature do the reactions of hydrolysis and polycondensation go to completion and the structural units characteristic of each glass are obtained.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 10 (1999), S. 395-400 
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrogen ; van der Waals radius ; structure ; gas-phase ; solid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Van der Waalsa radii of hydrogen in the different gas-phase and condensed molecules are determined and shown that a value of the van der Waals radius depends on the effective charge of the H atom. Is described also the van der Waals anisotropy of H in some molecules.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 9 (1998), S. 419-427 
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): NMR ; coupling constants ; cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane ; angular dependence ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A new reaction scheme for obtaining cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane is described. Using 1H-NMR at 600 MHz, full spectral assignment was made for both isomers, obtaining all J coupling constants and chemical shifts. NMR results on cis and trans 1,2-diphenylcyclobutane are compared with the vicinal coupling constants obtained by the Barfield–Smith equations from the literature internal and dihedral angles of cyclobutane. In the trans isomer, in agreement with previous results on halo-cyclobutanes, the conformation with the phenyls in the pseudo-di-equatorial position is strongly preferred. On the contrary, the cis isomer fluctuates between the two equivalent conformations: phenyl pseudo-axial and pseudo-equatorial.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): BiSCCO synthesis ; fluorine substitution ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sol-gel citrate technology was used to prepare BiSCCO 2223 and 2212 superconducting phases. Fluorine in the initial mixture was shown to enhance considerably formation of the 2223 phase. Fluorine substitution of up to three F atoms per Bi(Pb)SCCO 2223 formula was achieved by treatment of the sample in 80 Torr ClF3 atmosphere. A number of experimental methods have been used to characterize the samples and to trace the phase transformations in the sol-gel process: DTA/TG, XRD, atomic absorption, potentiometry with fluoride selective electrode, magnetic susceptibility measurements.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 7-15 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): ALE ; CVD ; DSC ; DTA ; EGA ; EL display ; solar cell ; sol-gel ; spray pyrolysis ; super-conductor ; TG ; thin films
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Processing thin films for advanced applications, for instance in electronics and optoelectronics, involves several steps starting from precursor synthesis and ending up with the devices. Especially when optimizing the first steps of this chain of processes, thermoanalytical techniques play an important role. The review will focus on the main chemical deposition methods (CVD, ALE, spray pyrolysis, sol-gel) giving selected examples of problem-solving by thermal analysis. The techniques discussed are TG, DTA/DSC, EGA and their combinations. High-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) is also a powerful tool for in situ studies of thin films. The examples are taken from solar cell, superconductor and flat panel electroluminescent display technologies.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): Electron diffraction ; structure ; conformation ; 1-bromopropane
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract 1-Bromopropane has been studied by gas-phase electron diffraction (ED) at 24
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): δ-aminopentanoic acid ; amine-acid interaction ; hydrogen bond ; ab initio ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The potential energy surface of the neutral form ofδ-aminopentanoic acid was investigated by means of ab initio 4-31G SCF calculations. Four symmetry unique local minima are stabilized by an intramolecular O-H ⋯ NH2 hydrogen bond. The geometries, energies, and wave numbers of these conformers are reported. The hydrogen bond is discussed with respect to all reactions of these conformers and in comparison with the homologues glycine,Β-alanine, andγ-aminobutyric acid and also with the bimolecular adducts between formic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid, on the one hand, and ammonia, methylamine, and ethylamine, on the other hand.
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 507-514 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): electrical conductivity ; molybdenum phosphate glasses ; structure ; transformation temperature
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glasses in the system Cu2O-P2O5-MoO3 were prepared. The transformation temperature of glasses,T g, ranges from 122 to 436°C and depends strongly on their composition.T g values are mainly controlled by the oxygen-packing density. The structure of glasses was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The presence of various phosphate and molybdate units, from discrete monomeric to those with three-dimensional networks, has been observed. The electrical conductivity of prepared glasses depends mainly on Cu2O content and varies from 10−14Ω−1cm−1, for the glass free of Cu2O, to 10−6Ω−1cm−1, for glasses with compositions near of the binary Cu2O-MoO3 composition.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 815-824 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): oxygen indexes ; structure ; thermoanalysis ; β-tungsten ; WO3reduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of the present work was to provide arguments to the almost ‘hystorical’ problem of what β-tungsten is. WO3was reduced in dry H2gas atmosphere in order to examine, whether β-tungsten formed in such a way contains oxygen as part of the lattice described as WxO (e.g. W20O) or is a pure metallic phase of tungsten. As a result of thermoanalytical measurements and of chemical analysis for oxygen, the assumption is supported that in the 600-800°C temperature range of metal formation not the WxO (β-W)→W(α-W) transformation but the β-W→α-W structural rearrangement of materials with identical chemical composition is the most probable process. The earlier opinion that the formation of the β-W structure requires the presence of oxygen atoms was not verified by our results.
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 155-164 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): DSC ; glass ; relaxation ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The enthalpic relaxation of the title glasses, studied by differential scanning calorimetry, is well described by a mathematical model based on the stretched exponential relaxation function with the relaxation time proportional to the actual viscosity. The dependence of viscosity on temperature and the fictive temperature was expressed by Mazurin's approximation. The relaxation parameters obtained correlated significantly with the glass composition, indicating the changes in the structural of the TiO2 role near a TiO2 content of 3–4 mol%.
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ions ; aluminosilicate gel ; mullite ; silica solution ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanism of mullite formation depends upon the method of combining the silica and alumina-containing reactants. In this work, the effects of the processing variables (dilution, pH, gelling temperature and water content) on mullite formation were investigated. Monophasic gel was synthesized from aluminium nitrate nanohydrate dissolved in an absolute ethyl alcohol and silica sol mixture. The gelling was performed at room temperature and at 60°C. It was found experimentally that the temperature of mullite formation depends on the microstructure of the gel. The lowest temperature of mullite formation (970°C) was observed when the mullite gel was prepared at low pH (pH=1), low water content and high gelling temperature.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): Triphenylmethane ; structure ; energetics ; molecular propellers ; conformations
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The motivation for this study was the interesting, and contrasting, reported crystallization modes of triphenylmethane and triphenylsilane, the former said to crystallize as a conglomerate [Riche and Pascard-Billy,Acta Crystallog. B 1974,30, 1874], whereas the latter was reported to crystallize as a racemate [Allemand and Gerdi,Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1979,8, 927]. As we show in what follows, we had planned to justify these observations via molecular mechanics and semiempirical (AM1) calculations. However, in the process of doing some geometrical calculations unavailable in the original, we found that it was impossible for the reported structure [Riche and Pascard-Billy,op. cit.] to be correct. Therefore, we redetermined the structure and found that triphenylmethane also crystallizes as a racemate. The compound was recrystallized from toluene and its structure was solved in space groupPna21 (No. 33). The cell constants area=25.593(14),b=14.804(19),c=7.521(15) å;V=2849.5(6) å3,d(MW=244.32 g mol−1;z=8)=1.139 g cm−3. A total of 2183 independent reflections were collected over the range 4
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Schlagwort(e): Electron diffraction ; structure ; l,3,5-tris (trimethylstannyl) benzene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The molecular structure of 1,3,5-tris (trimethylstannyl) benzene has been determined by gas-phase electron diffraction. The C — C bond length is in good agreement with that in benzene. In agreement with the somewhat electron-releasing character of the substituents, the endocyclic bond angles at the substituents are somewhat smaller than 120°. The mean value of Sn — C bond lengths is greater than that in tetraphenyltin and tetramethyltin. The SnMe3 groups appear freely rotating around the Caryl — Sn bonds. The following bond lengths (r g) and bond angles were determined: (Sn — C)mean 2.150 ± 0.007 Å, C — C 1.399 ± 0.005 Å, (C — H)mean 1.105 ± 0.006 Å, 〈 C — C(Sn) — C 117.7 ± 1.7º, 〈 Caryl — Sn — Cmethyl 106.7 ± 0.7º 〈 Sn — C — H 111.5 ± 0.9º.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 11 (1998), S. 55-66 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): titania coating ; sol-gel ; coating bonding strength to substrate ; biocompatible ; bioactive
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Bioactive ceramic coatings have had poor adhesion to substrate. In this study, the bond strength (tensile strength) of titania gel coating to titanium substrate was studied. In the experiments three different pretreatments were used, namely sodium hydroxide corroding, plasma cleaning and titanium nitride coating. Also the effects of heating temperature, heating in vacuum and titanium surface roughness were studied. The sol properties were altered with valeric acid addition. Samples were analysed by SEM-EDX, AES, AFM and tested by bond strength gauge. Those samples in which the titanium surface was precorroded one hour in sodium hydroxide, predeposited by titanium nitride or ground improved the bonding strengths of titania coatings to over 24 MPa. In these samples a fracture occurred at the glue-coating interface.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 11 (1998), S. 289-298 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): Ag/SiO2 ; Cu/SiO2 and Ag-Cu/SiO2 nanocomposite films ; sol-gel ; annealing atmospheres ; clusters growth by thermal annealing ; optical absorption ; X-ray diffraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In a program on the development of metal nanoclusters in sol-gel derived thin films, attempts were made to synthesize pure and mixed metal clusters, control the cluster size and increase the volume fract f the clusters. Thus, Ag, Cu and Ag-Cu nanoclusters were prepared in silica films using dip- and spin-coating techniques. The annealing of Ag/SiO2 films in different atmospheres (air, argon and 5% H2-95% N2 gas) caused modifications of Ag nanoclusters resulting in changes in their surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak positions. The Cu and Ag-Cu codoped films were annealed in reducing atmosphere (5% H2-95% N2 gas). In order to prepare Cu nanoclusters of different sizes, the concentrations of Cu in Cu/SiO2 composite films were varied from 8 to 30 mol% and annealed at 800°C for different times for growth. The size of the Cu nanoclusters was measured from the half band width of Cu SPR peak (appearing within 570–557 nm range) and X-ray diffraction. In this way Cu-nanoclusters of size ranges from about 3.5 to 10 nm (average diameters) were prepared . The Ag-Cu nanocluster-containing silica films show the existence of both Ag and Cu SPR peaks with some blue shifting in comparison with to their pure analogues depending on the Ag:Cu ratio.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; metal biosorption ; polysaccharide encapsulation ; column sorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this work we compared biosorbents obtained by encapsulation of polysaccharides, isolated from waste brewing biomass, in sol-gel derived silicates and an organic polymer. Biosorbents were prepared by mixing cross-linking-agents—organic or siliceous—with dried cells envelopes. Siliceous prepolymers were synthezised via transesterification and hydrolysis from tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methanol. Sorption of Cd2+, Cu2+ and Ag+ by biosorbent granules (0.25–0.6 mm) was examined in batch and in a packed column. The biosorbent prepared by interesterification of TEOS showed a 2–3 times higher intensity of sorption than the biosorbent cross-linked with epichlorohydrin (the most effective cross-linking organic agent) while the sorption capacity of both biosorbents was equal. The specific surface area of the silica matrix was 597 m2/g but only traces of metals were sequestered from solution with a concentration of Cd2+ of 50 mg/l. The biosorbent with a silica matrix is a heterogeneous material containing microporous matrix inclusions of thin cell walls. Its high sorption intensity and good mechanical strength will be useful in continuous metal uptake of low concentrations of metals.
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 341-346 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): titanium dioxide ; nanoparticles ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Titania nanoparticles and gels are synthesized in reverse micelles with either an ionic (AOT) or a non-ionic (Triton X-100) surfactant in alkanes with low water contents. Acids were in some cases dissolved in the aqueous phase. Whereas the size of the sol nanoparticles is independent of the micellar composition, the kinetics of the sol-gel transition are not. The gelation time is shorter for the non-ionic surfactant and becomes longer as the acid content in the water increases, and for smaller anions of equal charge.
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): hybrid gels ; Eu3+ spectroscopy ; polymer electrolytes ; optical probes ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Good optical quality Eu3+-doped silica-polyethyleneglycol hybrids were prepared by the sol-gel process. Thermomechanical analysis showed an increase of the glass transition temperature, due to the stiffness of the polymeric network, as the amount of Eu3+ increased. Europium luminescent properties were used to study structural evolution during the sol-gel transition. For lower doping concentrations dried gels present statistical distributions of Eu3+, typical of an amorphous environment, while for higher concentrations a crystalline-like environment of Eu3+ was observed. A broad emission band was observed in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum and assigned to the intrinsic emission from the hybrid polymeric network.
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 757-761 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): zirconia ; laser damage ; sol-gel ; depth profiling ; thin films
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sol-gel material based mirrors have been produced by forming alternate layers of high refractive index and low refractive index thin films. These mirrors have proven to have a high laser induced damage threshold [LIDT]. Using nitric acid stabilized zirconia derived from zirconium-n-propoxide and base catalyzed silica, a 16 layer mirror with a reflectivity of better than 94% at 351 nm and 45° angle of incidence was fabricated. This had an LIDT of 7.7 J/cm2 at 351 nm with a 0.7 ns pulse width. Crazing prevented further layers being deposited. Both spin and dip coating were attempted with dip coating yielding the best results. The coating structure has been analyzed using XPS depth profiling and AES. The bulk materials have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and TGA. High refractive index layers using Hafnia with nitric or acetic acid have also been investigated as prospective high LIDT mirrors. Alternative acidic routes to silica have been studied as a possible low index material and a route to preventing crazing.
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 821-825 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): thick film ; sol-gel ; PZT ; interfacial polymerization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The formation of a PZT film of 10–20 μm in thickness via an interfacial polymerization of metal-organic precursors has been studied. A commercially available PZT precursor solution developed for dip- or spin-coating was diluted with hexane containing acetylacetone as chelating agent. The solution was poured on water contained in a teflon reaction container of 88 mm inside diameter. A translucent gel film was formed at the interface of the two immiscible liquids. While floating on water it shrank as the evaporation of solvent proceeded until its diameter decreased to about 45% of its initial value. The dried gel film was almost pore free and its thickness was estimated to be about 10 μm.
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 10 (1997), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): lactate dehydrogenase ; sol-gel ; biosensor ; lactic acid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Physical adsorption and physical entrapment techniques have been utilized for the immobilization of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) derived sol-gel films. The enzyme (LDH) activity has been assayed as a function of time, temperature, pH and pyruvate concentration. The results of photometric measurements used for monitoring the reaction yield a response time of about 1 min, linearity over a concentration range of 0–1.5 × 10-3 M and detection limit of 5 × 10-5 M. The TEOS sol-gel films containing LDH have been found to be stable for about 30 days at temperatures 4 to 10°C.
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 11 (1998), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; optical waveguides ; quantum dots ; optics: nonlinear
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Thin silica and silica-titania films doped with sulfide nanocrystals of controlled size were fabricated by a method based on the preparation of colloidal particles and their introduction into a glassy matrix through the sol-gel method. Colloidal sols of composition HgxCd1-xS and PbxCd1-xS (with x ranging from 0 to 1) were prepared and used to dope alkoxide solutions for the deposition of thin silica and silica-titania films. Optical absorption spectra were taken on both precursor colloidal sols and derived doped films. X-ray diffraction characterization gave structural information on the nature and size of particles in powders obtained by precipitation from colloidal sols and in doped films. The advantages and limits of the investigated systems are discussed in light of possible applications. The nonlinear properties of the most interesting PbS-doped planar waveguides have been investigated in the near-infrared, at 1.064 μm. A reversible nonlinear effect was measured, with n 2 values ranging from -5 to -20×10-9 cm2/kW.
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 12 (1998), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; Sb2S3 microcrystallite doped glasses ; transmission spectrum ; second harmonic generation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The sol-gel process has been applied to the preparation of nano-size Sb2S3 crystallite doped silica glasses and thin films. Silica glasses containing 1–1.5 wt% Sb2S3 are prepared by hydrolysis of complex solution of Si(OC2H5)4, SbCl3 and SC(NH2)2, and subsequent heat treatment. The nano-size crystallite in the matrix is observed by means of TEM. The transmission spectra of the films show that the transmission valley shifts toward longer wavelengths with increasing heat treatment time and temperature. Second harmonic generation (SHG) has been observed in the glasses illuminated with intense 1.06 μm and frequency-doubled laser beams from mode-locked Nd:YAG laser.
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 735-738 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; organic-inorganic nanocomposite ; protective coating ; nanosized particles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Organic-inorganic nanocomposite protective coatings are prepared on aluminum substrates by the spinning technique with the concept of incorporating homogeneously nanosized particles (of AlOOH, Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC) into molecular organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. The hybrid matrices are prepared from epoxysilane and bisphenol A with imidazol as catalyst. The AlOOH particles are derived from aluminum isoprooxide and introduced into the hybrid sols directly, and Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC particles are first surface-modified with Si–OH from hydrolyzed TEOS. The coatings are dense, smooth and flexible and inhibit corrosion.
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 827-831 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; thin films ; ferroelectricity ; lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Precursor powders for Pb(Zr1 − xTix) O3 (PZT) thin films were produced by the reaction of zirconium-and titanium-n-propoxides with acetylacetone and lead acetate trihydrate. The subsequent complete removal of volatile components yielded powders that can be handled in air. The powders are indefinitely stable under ambient conditions. High molarity (〉2m) coating sols were prepared by dissolution of the precursor powders in mixtures of 1,3-propanediol, triethanolamine (TEA) and water. Excess amounts of lead to compensate lead loss during firing were easily introduced into these solutions. The deposition of these sols on steel substrates and firing at 600°C yielded PZT films. Many physical parameters like film thickness, morphology and electrical performance could be influenced by choice of the solvent mixture composition and oxide content of the sols. Depending on the preparation dielectric permittivities, εr of up to 840 were measured at 1 kHz. By hysteresis measurements at 50 Hz and a field amplitude of 50 V/μm a remanent polarization of about 40 μC/cm2 and coercivity of about 8 V/μm was obtained. The films were stable against dielectric breakdown up to 70V/μm.
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 27-30 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; structure control ; X-ray scattering ; polyviologen ; lyotropism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two polyviologens synthesized by the Menshutkin reaction were incorporated into silica networks using the sol-gel method. The effects of the incorporated polymers on the structure of the resulting organic-inorganic hybrid materials were investigated using X-ray scattering (small and wide angle). This provided evidence that the polyviologens in a lyotropic liquid crystalline state were causing the silica network to become more dense and less branched than sol-gel glasses synthesized without added polyviologen. Additional evidence for the templating effect of these polymers was obtained using FTIR spectroscopy and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms.
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 10 (1997), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel method ; structure ; bioactivity ; calcium silicate ; glass
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Glasses of composition 2CaO⋅3SiO2 were prepared by means of the sol-gel route starting from tetramethyl orthosilicate and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and the melt-quenching technique from a mixture of oxides. Their structures were compared. The infrared spectra suggest that the gel derived glass has a different structure than the corresponding melt quenched glass, having a more uniform distribution of non-bridging oxygens among the SiO4 tetrahedra. Owing to its porosity, the gel derived glass is more prone to devitrify than the melt quenched glass is. The infrared spectra relative to samples soaked in a fluid simulating the composition of the human blood plasma suggest that the gel derived glass is more bioactive than the melt quenched glass is.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): inorganic oxide ; sol-gel ; non-hydrolytic ; catalyst ; calcination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Inorganic oxides have been synthesized successfully under mild reaction conditions using a solvent-free non-hydrolytic sol-gel process based on the condensation reaction of “metal” chlorides with oxygen donors such as alkoxides, aldehydes and ethers. Iron(III) chloride was found to be an effective catalyst for the reactions. The order of reactivity of the halides was generally titanium 〉 aluminium 〉 silicon, but in some cases reaction was halted by premature gelation of intermediate species. Silica, alumina and titania were all prepared and characterized by various methods. Calcination studies on the silicas showed these materials to be amorphous up to at least 700°C, but devitrification occurred at 1000°C. Crystallization was studied by X-ray powder diffraction.
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 12 (1998), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): hydrolysis ; Mn-Sb-ethoxides ; FT-IR ; structure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The hydrolysis-condensation pathways of Mn2Sb4(OEt)16 in various ethanol-toluene solvents have been studied for h 〈 1.5 (h = H2O/Mn2Sb4(OEt)16). The hydrolysis was performed by slow addition of H2O diluted with the ethanol-toluene solvent. Mn2Sb4(OEt)16 and its hydrolysis products were studied by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The hydrolysis pathway for a given h-value was found to depend on the solvent composition. In ethanol-rich solvent mixtures, Mn7Sb4O4(OEt)18(HOEt)2 was obtained in maximum yield at h = 1.14, and in toluene-rich solvents, Mn8Sb4O4(OEt)20 was obtained in maximum yield at h = 1.0. In both cases, the remaining Sb was found as nonhydrolyzed Sb(OEt)3. The structures of the heterometallic ethoxides Mn2Sb4(OEt)16, Mn7Sb4O4(OEt)18(HOEt)2 and Mn8Sb4O4(OEt)20 have been determined earlier by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. According to FT-IR evidence the molecular structures of the latter two are retained almost intact in solution, whereas the first one changes appreciably. The hydrolysis products of Mn2Sb4(OEt)16 are compared with those of Ni2Sb4(OEt)16, and the structural and compositional changes in different solvents and at different h-values are discussed.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; composite ; matrices ; fluorescence ; probing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Transparent composite SiO2/organic matrices have been made by the sol-gel method using tetramethoxysilane and either cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) or a polyethylene glycol oligomer (PEG-200) or a cationic polyelectrolyte. We have investigated conditions under which transparent xerogel matrices are possible and we have characterized them mainly by time-resolved fluorescence probing using stretched exponentials. CTAB creates a hydrophobic and PEG-200 a hydrophilic subphase in the matrix. An important property of these composite matrices is that they allow molecular diffusion contrary to matrices made in the absence of surfactants or polymers.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): mercury porosimetry ; xerogel ; structure ; buckling ; stiffness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Samples of low density xerogels were submitted to mercury porosimetry at pressures up to 200 MPa. These samples show an unusual behavior: they are first crushed by the isostatic mercury pressure without mercury intrusion and are then intruded by the mercury above a certain pressure. This transition allows the easy determination of the one constant found in the buckling model that is used to interpret the crushing part of the mercury porosimetry experiment. The relation between this constant and the structure of the xerogels determined by TEM and nitrogen adsorption is discussed.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 559-563 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; hybrid ; nanocomposite ; optical nonlinearity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this paper the nonlinear refractive index, optical limiting effect, photoinduced and electroinduced second harmonic generation of dye-doped hybrid and nanoparticle-doped composite materials prepared by the sol-gel process have been reported. The origin of these nonlinear optical effects has been discussed.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): porous layers ; chemical sensing ; sol-gel ; optical fiber
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Polysiloxane porous layers doped with TiO- and phenyl-groups were fabricated by the sol-gel method. Starting sols were prepared from alkoxides using catalysis by HCl or HF. Stable SiO-TiO-sols were obtained by using HF. Porous gel layers with thicknesses of 0.3–1.1 μm were coated on fiber surfaces or silicon wafers. Layers with the refractive index of 1.38–1.48 were prepared. The fractional porosity of the layers was estimated to be 0.1–0.35. The interactions of the layers with vapor or liquid chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols or aromatic hydrocarbons have been studied in immersing experiments by measuring the output light intensity from the fibers. The observed changes of the output intensity could be correlated to changes of the refractive index of the layer caused by the penetration of the tested chemicals into the layer pores.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 535-539 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): optical waveguide amplifiers ; erbium ; sol-gel ; GeO2-SiO2
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract GeO2-SiO2 sol-gel planar waveguides doped with Er were deposited by spinning on silica substrates. P2 O5 or Al2O3 were used as co-dopants to improve erbium dissolution in the GeO2-SiO2 matrix. Multilayer amorphous films were obtained at 600 or 700°C. Er ions in the planar waveguide pumped at 980 nm showed fluorescence features around 1530 nm. Narrow fluorescence spectra (∼20 nm) and long lifetimes (∼6 ms) were found in P2O5 co-doped samples, whereas Al2O3 co-doping gave wider spectra (∼50 nm) with slightly lower lifetimes (∼5 ms). The quenching concentration in the Al2O3 co-doped samples was 0.9 mol% Er. Heat treatments in CCl4 improve the active properties and the addition of Yb enhances the pump absorption efficiency.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 439-443 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): photoluminescence ; sol-gel ; polysiloxane gel ; conjugated polymer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Photoluminescence of a polysiloxane gel film incorporating a partially conjugated copolymer polyether-polyphenylenevinylene (PEPPV) has been studied and compared with results obtained from bulk and vacuum evaporated films of the same starting material. The evaporation clearly affects the distribution of lengths of the conjugated parts, yet the incorporation in the gel matrix induces only slight changes in the spectroscopic properties of the polymer.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 529-533 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; aluminosilicate thin films ; waveguides ; erbium doping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Er3+ doped-aluminosilicate thin films were prepared on silica and silica/Si substrates by the sol-gel process and dip-coating. The sol-gel aluminosilicate planar waveguides were prepared from silicon and aluminium alkoxides. Their structural characterization has been carried out by Raman spectroscopy, Atomic Force and Scanning Electron Microscopies. The results indicated that these films present an amorphous structure until an annealing temperature of 900°C, while at temperatures higher than 1000°C, crystallization occurs. An estimate of microcrystallite sizes using Raman spectroscopy is given, which agrees with data from scanning electron microscopy. The optical properties have been investigated by Fluorescence spectroscopy in the visible region.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 673-678 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): electrochromism ; sol-gel ; tungsten oxide ; peroxotungstic acid ; nanocrystalline
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Stable tungsten oxide coating sols suitable for electrochromic applications were prepared by a modified peroxotungstic acid route. Layers up to 250 nm thickness could be deposited on ITO-coated and/or FTO-coated glass substrates in a single dip-coating process. Optoelectrochemical measurements were employed to determine the variation of the electrochromic properties (change in optical density (ΔOD) and switching times) of WO3-layers, investigated as a function of coating parameters, such as chamber humidity and the temperature of heat treatment. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) has shown that the optimized layers possess a partially crystalline morphology with nanocrystalline regions 2–3 nm in size.
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 1001-1004 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): structure ; borosilicon ; MAS-NMR ; oxycarbide ; multi-component
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Existing sol-gel polymerisation/pyrolysis routes employing two separate boron containing metal alkoxide precursors have been applied to form multi-component silicon oxycarbide glasses based on a borosilicon oxycarbide (B–Si–O–C) system. 29Si, and 11B magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) was used to characterize the atomic structure of the gels, glasses and glass ceramics. Structural changes such as glass formation and crystal nucleation were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provided images of crystal nucleation and growth.
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 13 (1998), S. 1023-1026 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): PZT fibers ; piezoelectric fibers ; sol-gel ; fibers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A fiber forming PZT gel containing 58.5 wt% PZT was synthesized by using zirconium-n-propylate, titanium-iso-propylate, lead acetate and butoxyethanol. Unseeded PZT gels and gels containing 0.5 wt% PZT perovskite seeds (Ø = 200–300 nm) could be extruded through a monofilament nozzle (Ø = 100 μm) at pressures between 50 and 150 bar, whereas PZT gels, containing 1 and 2 wt% PZT particles, were pressed through the nozzle at higher pressures (200–300 bar). The microstructure of unseeded and seeded (0.5, 1, 2 wt% PZT) PZT fibers was characterized by SEM. Unseeded fibers had three different shells at 450°C: an external dense shell (approx. 200 nm thick), a middle shell consisting of a porous structure (1.5μm thick) and the center of the fiber, characterized by a matrix containing globular particles. At 700°C, a 200–250 nm thick and dense external shell and a porous fiber interior were be observed. 2 wt% of PZT seeds was necessary to densify the fiber completely. The seeds were located in the center of each PZT perovskite rosette.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 77-79 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; immobilization ; entrapment ; bacteria ; atrazine ; biodegradation ; herbicide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sol-gel entrapment was evaluated as a method for immobilization of an atrazine degrading Pseudomonas. It was found that the bacterium lost much of its atrazine degrading activity upon immobilization. However, partial activity could have been restored by amendment of nutrients. Bacteria immobilized using a prehydrolysis technique for the preparation of the sol-gel, retained better activity in comparison to bacteria immobilized using a composite calcium alginate/sol-gel procedure. Further study is underway to improve the activity of sol-gel entrapped bacteria.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): iron oxide ; structural control ; complexing agent ; thin film ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structure of iron oxide was controlled by regulating the hydrolytic polymerization of aquo iron complexes with organic polydentate ligands such as diols. Iron oxides were prepared by calcining the precursor polymers obtained from iron nitrate nonahydrate and diols. When the diols were 1,2-pentanediol, 1,2-hexanediol and 1,2-octanediol, α -Fe2O3 with corundum structure appeared exclusively or as the main crystalline phase, in spite of the amount of diol used and the calcination temperature. In the case of 1,2-decanediol and 1,2-dodecanediol, when five moles of the diols were used to one mole of iron nitrate and the calcination temperatures were below 400° C, γ -Fe2O3 with spinel structure appeared as the main phase and, when less than five moles of the diols were used, α -Fe2O3 appeared exclusively or as the main phase, irrespective of the calcination temperature. This tendency was also observed in thin films. Thus, a transparent magnetic film composed of γ -Fe2O3 could be prepared by applying a benzene solution of the iron polymer, obtained with 5 equivalents of 1,2-decanediol, on quartz and calcining the gel film at 350° C.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; gelation modelling ; TiO2 gels ; simulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We present here an experimental and numerical study of the chemical and aggregative mechanisms for titanium alkoxide in a reverse micellar medium. NMR experiments were done to study the first step of the sol-gel process: hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide. Light and X-ray scattering experiments were then conducted to characterize the clustering of aggregates and aggregation kinetics. Fractal dimension, measured by U.S.A.X.S., varies with the hydrolysis ratio and the hydration of the surfactant. This evolution was explained by polydispersity of the hydrolysis which depends on the surfactant concentration. This hypothesis was tested through a numerical simulation of irreversible aggregation using a chemically limited aggregation model. The hydrolyzed sites are distributed among the monomers by a random procedure governed by a polydispersity parameter p , varying from 0 to 1. The total number of hydrolyzed sites is governed by a parameter q belonging to the interval [0, 1]. The p -q evolution of the fractal dimension coincides rather well with the experimental data in all the region of the two dimensional phase space.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 107-110 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; zinc aluminate ; spinel structure ; catalyst support
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract ZnAl2O4 was prepared by hydrolyzing a mixture of aluminum alkoxide with zinc nitrate dissolved in hexylene glycol and calcining at 800°C. The results are compared with those obtained by wet mixing and coprecipitation. The sol-gel method produces solids whose surface areas and pore volumes are 100% larger and with a more homogeneous pore size distribution.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): mullite ; organic ligand ; hydrolytic polymerization ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The preparation of mullite by the sol-gel method using organic polydentate ligands and the effect of the raw materials and organic polydentate ligands on the formation of mullite were investigated. Two series of samples were prepared using tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, or dibutoxyethylacetoacetatoaluminum (Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt)) as the silica and alumina sources, respectively, and using ethylene glycol (EG), 1,3-propanediol (PD), 1,3-butanediol (BD), 2-methyl-2, 4-pentanediol (MPD), diethlene glycol monoethyl ether (DEME) and ethoxyethanol as the ligands. When the alumina source was aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, mullite was apt to appear in the order of EG 〉 PD 〉 MPD. When Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt) was the alumina source, the tendency toward the appearance of mullite crystalline phase was EG 〉 BD 〉 DEME 〉 MPD. Between the two alumina sources, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate gave mullite much easier than Al(OBu)2(AcAcEt). These relationships were discussed from the viewpoints of the coordination ability of the ligands and the miscibility between the silica and alumina.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 279-283 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): AgTCNQ ; photochromism ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Preparation and photochromic behavior of ormosil containing encapsulated AgTCNQ molecules were studied in this paper. The ormosil resulted from hydrolysis and polycondensation of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysilane and methyltrimethoxysilane. The time to add AgNO3 water solution into the resultant sol was a key factor to synthesize AgTCNQ molecules inside ormosil matrix. AgTCNQ molecules encapsulated in the ormosil showed different photochromic behavior compared with pure AgTCNQ film: normal photochromic reaction can be realized, while reverse photochromic reaction can not. The “cage” model was used to explain this phenomenon.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; alumina-gel ; multicomponent ; mullite ; phase transformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The capacity of the sol-gel process of producing highly pure, homogeneous alumina-silica based materials had been demonstrated in the last few years. However, a full understanding on the mechanisms associated to sol formation and sol to gel transition has not yet been achieved and is required for the development of a new generation of nano-structurally tailored materials that will significantly enhance the technological importance of the sol-gel process. In this work, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum isopropoxide were used to prepare materials within the entire silica-alumina system. Process parameters, such as gelation time, were correlated to variables of the initial stage of the process, such as pH, temperature of hydrolysis and water/alkoxide ratio. The obtained gels were dried at 105°C and subsequently heat treated at 500 and 1100°C for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials and phase transformations. Structural information obtained from phase characterization and phase transformations was correlated to the effects of the process variables on sol formation and gelation, providing insights related to the mechanisms involved. The influence of temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis on peptization and gelation of the mixtures was noted. The different behavior of mixtures hydrolyzed at low and high temperatures was suggested to be caused by different mechanisms of surface charge formation on the structurally different aluminum hydroxides. Monophasic and diphasic mullite xerogels were produced by changing temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis, and led to formation of mullite and Al−Si spinel phases respectively, when treated at 1100°C.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; bioactive ; protein ; adsorption
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Recent theories suggest that the local adsorption of biologically active peptide growth factors onto the surface of an implant may contribute to the unique osteogenic nature of silica-containing bioactive ceramics. A sol-gel derived glass is used as a model of the in-vivo reaction product of 45S5 bioactive glass at relatively short times (〈48 hrs.) to investigate protein adsorption/desorption behavior. The adsorption kinetics of three heme-class proteins (cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin) are measured spectroscopically. The rate of adsorption is shown to increase with average pore size, which is determined by the silica content of the gel. Adsorption rate decreases as protein size is increased and as solution pH is decreased. Biological function of an adsorbed peroxidase enzyme on pre-reacted Bioglass® is shown to be retained. Desorption during physiologic conditions is shown to be linear with time and pH dependant, while independent of gel bioactivity.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 81-85 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; functionalized films ; grafting of antibodies ; biological activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract In this work we investigated the biological properties of sol-gel films in aqueous medium. Functionalized silica films were prepared by the sol-gel process, from organically modified silicon alkoxides with amino or thiol groups. Covalent binding of proteins with different orientations according to the hydrophilic or hydrophobic character of the surface was studied. This binding occurred via a covalent coupling agent providing a very stable linkage. No denaturation was detected and a good detection of the antigen was observed. Immunoassays have demonstrated the biological activity of grafted antibodies.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 109-116 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): ferritin ; sol-gel ; magnetism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A significant recent development in sol-gel science has been the encapsulation of biomolecules such as proteins and enzymes in optically transparent silica glasses. This paper reports on the encapsulation of an iron (Fe) storage protein, ferritin, to develop a magnetic silica glass. Native ferritin, which has a nanometer-sized microcrystalline Fe oxide core, was encapsulated in optically transparent silica glasses using the sol-gel process. Fe could be released from ferritin but could not be reconstituted into apoferritin when the protein was trapped in the pores of the glass. Transmission electron microscopy of ferritin-doped aged silica gels indicated that crystallinity of the Fe oxide core was retained upon sol-gel encapsulation. Magnetic measurements on ferritin-doped silica gels indicated the material to be paramagnetic, but not superparamagnetic.
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 123-128 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; biosensor ; electrode ; glucose oxidase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Several types of amperometric biosensors comprised of immobilized glucose oxidase in chemically-modified ceramic-carbon matrices are compared. The electrodes are comprised of several building blocks each performing a specific function. Glucose oxidase is used to catalyze the bio-oxidation of glucose; carbon powder imparts conductivity and favorable electrochemical characteristics; the Ormosil network provides rigidity and porosity; and the organic modification of the Ormosil imparts controlled surface polarity. Additionally, hydrophilic chemical modifiers are incorporated in order to control the size of the wetted, electroactive layer; high dispersion of inert metal catalysts is used to enhance hydrogen peroxide oxidation and redox mediators may be co-immobilized when oxygen independent response is desirable. The electrodes can be prepared either in the form of thick supported film, useful for disposable electrodes or as bulk-modified, disk shape electrodes, which can be used as renewable surface electrodes.
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  • 73
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 129-133 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): itaconic acid ; biosynthesis ; Aspergillus terreus ; fungi ; aconitate decarboxylase ; E.C. 4.1.1.6 ; enzyme immobilization ; silicate ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A new technique of investigation of labile metabolic pathways using immobilization of the pathway in sol-gel derived silicate matrices was demonstrated. The biosynthetic pathway of itaconic acid in Aspergillus terreus is believed to proceed through decarboxylation of cis-aconitate catalyzed by an unstable enzyme aconitate decarboxylase, E.C. 4.1.1.6. Stabilization of this pathway in sol-gel derived silicate matrix enabled the elucidation of the correct sequence of biosynthetic steps. The decarboxylation of cis-aconitate does not lead directly to itaconate, but rather to citraconate. The latter is then isomerized to itaconate by a previously unknown enzyme.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): ormosils ; organic-inorganic hybrids ; sol-gel ; modified silica network
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Many organically modified silicates (ormosils) can be prepared by the sol-gel method with very different mechanical properties by varying the ratio of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) contents and processing conditions. With a low PDMS concentration, the ormosils are harder, stiffer and stronger than those with higher concentration of PDMS. Even harder ormosils are possible when ultrasonic irradiation is used during synthesis. As the PDMS concentration is increased, the ormosils take on a more flexible nature, and over a critical concentration actually become rubbery. These new rubbery materials can contain as much as 75% inorganic components, and have more stable mechanical properties than commercial rubbers at elevated temperatures. Effects of PDMS addition to the network structure and mechanical properties of the ormosils were investigated.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 7 (1996), S. 135-143 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): antibody ; atrazine ; immunoassay ; entrapment ; sol-gel ; ELISA ; pesticide residue ; chromatography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract We report the successful doping of a sol-gel matrix with an antibody, retaining its ability to bind free antigen from an aqueous solution. The particular system described is monoclonal anti-atrazine mouse antibody which was entrapped in SiO2 sol-gel matrices, prepared from tetramethoxysilane by several methods. Atrazine was selected as a model compound for this study, within the framework of the development of immunochemical-based methods for monitoring pesticide residues and other organo-synthetic environmental contaminants. Nanogram quantities of atrazine were applied on SiO2 sol-gel columns doped with this antibody, and the amount of eluted antigen was determined by Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Under appropriate sol-gel-forming conditions, high amounts of atrazine were bound to the sol-gels, ranging between 60% and 91% of the amount applied to the column. The combination of the properties of the sol-gel matrix (e.g., stability, inertness, high porosity, high surface area and optical clarity), together with the selectivity and sensitivity of the antibodies, enable extension of this feasibility study to development of a novel group of immunosensors which could be used for purification, concentration and monitoring of a variety of residues from different sources.
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 117-123 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): structure ; silica gels ; RCP ; pore volume
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structural models of gels typically reported concentrate either on the “solid space” or the “pore space” of the system. The models described in this paper present a connection between grain and pore spaces, applicable to dense gels with uniform particulate microstructure. The gel structure is depicted as a hierarchy at several levels by means of models built up using the Monte-Carlo technique, on the basis of random close packing (RCP) premises. The pore volume distributions are calculated from the largest sphere radius inscribed within the interstices. These distributions are compared to the pore volume distributions of various RCP classic models and to the pore volume distributions of a series of xerogels measured by means of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. Data on the pore volumes associated with different hierarchical levels (e.g., micro-, meso-, or macropores), the local density of the i-th aggregation level and packing of the successive levels are obtained.
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  • 77
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 365-369 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; SiO2 ; TiO2 ; ultraviolet ; densification
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Structural changes in SiO2 and TiO2 gel films were investigated using ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiations. A significant compaction with dehydration of SiO2 gel films was induced by irradiation of photons in the range of 9–18 eV. The refractive index and the shrinkage of the irradiated SiO2 gel films were comparable to those obtained by sintering at 1000°C. Densification of TiO2 gel films was also observed with irradiation of 5–14 eV photons. However, effects of the irradiation on TiO2 gel were smaller that those on SiO2 gel. The structural changes in the gel films are attributed to electronic excitations which are induced by irradiation with photons having higher energies than the bandgap of the oxides. The photo-induced effects are presumed to depend on the optical properties and structure of the gels.
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 9 (1997), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; alumina-gel ; multicomponent ; mullite ; phase transformation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The capacity of the sol-gel process of producing highly pure, homogeneous alumina-silica based materials had been demonstrated in the last few years. However, a full understanding on the mechanisms associated to sol formation and sol to gel transition has not yet been achieved and is required for the development of a new generation of nano-structurally tailored materials that will significantly enhance the technological importance of the sol-gel process. In this work, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and aluminum isopropoxide were used to prepare materials within the entire silica-alumina system. Process parameters, such as gelation time, were correlated to variables of the initial stage of the process, such as pH, temperature of hydrolysis and water/alkoxide ratio. The obtained gels were dried at 105°C and subsequently heat treated at 500 and 1100°C for 3 hours. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials and phase transformations. Structural information obtained from phase characterization and phase transformations was correlated to the effects of the process variables on sol formation and gelation, providing insights related to the mechanisms involved. The influence of temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis on peptization and gelation of the mixtures was noted. The different behavior of mixtures hydrolyzed at low and high temperatures was suggested to be caused by different mechanisms of surface charge formation on the structurally different aluminum hydroxides. Monophasic and diphasic mullite xerogels were produced by changing temperature of aluminum isopropoxide hydrolysis, and led to formation of mullite and Al-Si spinel phases respectively, when treated at 1100°C.
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  • 79
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    Digitale Medien
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    Topics in catalysis 9 (1999), S. 93-103 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Schlagwort(e): mixed-bonded ; aluminophosphates ; open-framework ; layered ; synthesis ; structure ; hydrothermal ; solvothermal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The structural features, the synthesis and the role of templates in the synthesis for mixed-bonded open-framework aluminophosphates and related layered materials will be reviewed in this article. These aluminophosphate materials differ from the (4,2)-connected aluminophosphates and zeolites in that they contain TO5 and/or TO6 primary building units or terminal T-O bonds (T stands for Al or P). The extra ligands for the TO5 and TO6 units in the aluminophosphates with framework Al/P = 1 are either bridging OH groups or H2O molecules in most cases whereas the terminal T-O bonds are either P-OH or P=O species with P=O bonds being prevalent in layered aluminophosphates. Most of TO5 or TO6 containing aluminophosphates are prepared using a cyclic amine or a diamine as the structure directing agent (template), and the aluminophosphates with Al/P〈1 or the layered materials tend to form from an alcoholic medium. Both synthetic conditions and templates play a critical role in determining the composition and structural feature of these materials.
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): barium osumilite ; sol-gel ; alkoxide ; crystallisation ; microstructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The crystallisation sequence of stoichiometric barium osumilite prepared by partial-alkoxide (PAR) and all-alkoxide routes (AAR) and the microstructure of the fully crystallised glass ceramic were examined. Comparing the crystallisation behaviours of the gel-glasses obtained revealed that the first phase to crystallise was mullite in PAR but hexacelsian in AAR. Barium osumilite crystals grew randomly and more homogeneously in PAR while in AAR larger barium osumilite crystals grew in clusters. Cordierite formed as a secondary phase in both routes and it crystallised on and between the osumilite lamellae. Mullite and hexacelsian also persisted up to the stage when full crystallisation had taken place.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 201-206 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): drying procedures ; alumina gels ; structure ; vibrational characteristics ; Al alkoxides
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Two series of alumina gel precursors, obtained from Al sec-butylate, ASB, or Al tert-butylate, ATB, dissolved in tertiary butanol, TB, have been dried according to five procedures, in order to compare their efficiency and the consequences they may have on the structure of the final product. They consist of lyophilization (or freeze-drying), evacuation at room temperature (with or without ageing of the gel), drying in an oven at atmospheric pressure, or under hypercritical conditions. Chemical analysis, X-Ray diffraction and spectroscopic characterizations (FTIR and laser Raman) allow the identification of the phases present. The temperature of the drying step, as well as the nature of the alkoxide percursor, considerably affect the final dried products.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; thin films ; crystallization ; anatase ; rutile
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the crystallization behavior of thin films of SiO2-TiO2 made by the sol-gel process as function of the TiO2 content and the temperature and time of heat treatment. Precursor solutions were prepared by hydrolysis of TEOS (tetraethoxysilane) and TPOT (titanium tetraisopropoxide). Multilayer films were spun on single crystal silicon wafers. The compositions studied were (on a molar percentage basis) 20TiO2-80SiO2, 30TiO2-70SiO2, 40TiO2-60SiO2 and pure TiO2. The films were heat treated at different temperatures between 300°C and 1200°C, for different periods of time (30 s–90 h). The crystallization kinetics were followed by micro-Raman spectrometry. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction showed that the films crystallized into one or both of two crystalline phases of TiO2: anatase and rutile (for pure TiO2 only). The volume fractions of the crystalline phase varied from very low values (〈1%), up to 100%, for a TiO2 sample heat treated at 800°C for 8 hours. The results show that the volume fraction of crystalline phase is strongly influenced by the heat treatment temperature and also, to a smaller extent, by the heat treatment time. The most important parameter, however, is the composition of the films: the higher their TiO2 concentration, the lower is the crystallization temperature and the larger is the crystallized fraction.
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  • 83
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; thin films ; lead titanate ; microstructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A sol-gel route is developed for the synthesis of samarium modified lead titanate precursor solutions. The solutions are used for the deposition of thin films. After thermal treatment of the films, two crystalline phases are observed by X-ray diffraction analysis: an undesirable pyrochlore phase and a ferroelectric perovskite. These two phases are clearly distinguished in the film microstructure, showing a fined grained fraction of pyrochlore and a-axis oriented rosette grains of perovskite. The development of these phases as well as the evolution of the perovskite/pyrochlore ratio in the films is related to the chemistry of the synthesized solutions and the thermal treatment used for crystallization.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 499-505 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): SiO2-PEG ; porous hybrid gels ; structure ; sol-gel method ; FTIR spectroscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Highly porous pure and polyethyleneglycol (PEG)-doped silica gels have been prepared from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in ethanol using NH4OH base-catalysis. Addition of PEG to the SiO2-system increases the average particle size and most frequent pore diameter of the resultant gels while their total surface area decreases. The viscosity of the sol increases with PEG concentration and passes through a maximum with increasing molecular weight at PEG 200. Results obtained indicate a definite interaction of the polymer with SiO2 and that this interaction is not as a result of direct formation of Si– O– C linkage, but is more likely to be due to hydrogen bonding between the hydrated PEG and the Si– O– Si network. Structure-process correlations are considered.
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 603-607 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; silsesquioxanes ; hybrid organic-inorganic materials ; silicas ; pore structure ; Si–C bond cleavage ; alkynyl silanes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Hybrid organic-inorganic materials containing labile organic fragments with various structural features have been prepared. The mild cleavage of Si–C bonds allowed removal of the organic moities. It led to silica which pore structure varied according to the nature of the organic component eliminated.
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  • 86
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 615-618 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; magnetic nanocomposite ; iron oxide ; Mössbauer spectroscopy ; Kerr effect
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Magnetic nanocomposites γ-Fe2O3/silica were prepared by a one-step sol-gel method. The sol was prepared by TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) acid hydrolysis in the presence of an iron salt soluble in methanol. After gelation and drying, the transparent samples were characterized after treatment at different temperatures. The particle size, observed by HR TEM, was in the range of 2–10 nm and depended on Fe-concentration and heating temperature. Magnetic measurements showed either a ferromagnetic or a superparamagnetic behaviour and could be explained by the particle size. The dependence of the magnetic behaviour on the particle size was also studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The samples in which the Fe2O3 particle size was approximately 10 nm showed magnetic splitting (sextet) at room temperature, while smaller particles (2–3 nm) showed this splitting only at the temperature of liquid helium. The optomagnetic properties of the samples were also measured (Kerr effect).
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  • 87
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 663-666 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; immunoassays ; antigen ; antibody
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Porous silica gels, synthesized via the acid hydrolysis and basic condensation of TMOS, have been used for the encapsulation of antigens. The pores of the matrix are large enough to allow the diffusion of antibodies through the gel. Antigen-antibody specific fixation occurs within the sol-gel matrix. It can be detected via the so-called enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Antigen-antibody associations occurring in the gel are optically detected via the reaction of a peroxidase conjugate with ortho-phenylenediamine leading to the formation of a yellow coloration. Immunoassays have been performed using the hydatid cyst fluid as the source of antigens and sera from human patients as the source of antibodies. Specific fixation appears to be as good in the sol-gel matrix as in antigen solutions.
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 681-684 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; acetates ; Bi-based superconductors
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Metal acetates represent suitable precursors in the sol-gel method. Generally, acetates are used in multicomponent systems with alkoxides or other carboxylic salts. However, Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductors have been obtained by the sol-gel method starting only from acetate mixture. This work was intended to study the gelling process of acetates involved in the formation of bismuth-based superconducting phases, both individually and in the bi- and multicomponent systems. Probably, copper acetate is mainly responsible for the gel formation in these systems. The gelling process was monitored by measuring the pH, density and viscosity changes. The gels obtained were characterized by UV-VIS and IR spectra, DTA/TGA and powder X-ray diffraction.
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  • 89
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 721-723 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; lead titanate ; ferroelectric ; electroactive material ; composites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Powders of (Pb0.8Ca0.2)(Ti0.99Mn0.01)O3 have been prepared by sol-gel processing. A tetragonal phase is formed after heat treatment at as low as 800°C. The tetragonality was found to be 1.053 ± 0.005 and Curie temperature 315°C. Composite films with 0–3 connectivity were prepared from 800°C heat treated powders and P(VDF-TrFE) by the solvent casting technique. Composites poled at 20 MV/m, exhibited a pyroelectric coefficient of 17.4 μC/m2K and a pyroelectric figure of merit (FOMp = p/ɛ) of 0.51 μ C/m2K.
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  • 90
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 729-734 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; thin films ; titanate perovskites
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A description is made of a wet chemical method for obtaining ferroelectric thin films. The processing is based on a twofold synthetic scheme: the synthesis of a titanate gel from a sol-gel process and the rehydration of this gel during the incorporation into the system of other ions as water-soluble salts. The versatility of this route has made possible preparation of modified lead titanate precursor solutions. Alkaline earth ions or lanthanides such as Ca2+ or Sm3+, have been used as modifier elements. Physico-chemical properties of the solutions are studied as well as the reaction mechanisms that make possible the rehydration of the titanate gel. The solutions obtained are used for the deposition and crystallization of titanate based thin films. Crystallinity, microstructure and polarization-electrid field characteristics of the films are shown.
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  • 91
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 735-742 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; Nb2O5 ; film ; photoconductivity ; photoelectrochemistry ; semiconductor ; solar cell
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Structural, optical, electro and photoelectrochemical properties of amorphous and crystalline sol-gel Nb2O5 coatings have been determined. The coatings are n-type semiconductor with indirect allowed transition and present an overall low quantum efficiency (φ 〈 4%) for UV light to electric conversion. The photoconducting behavior of the coatings is discussed within the framework of the Gärtner and Södergren models. Improvement can be foreseen if Nb2O5 coatings can be made of 10–20 nm size nanoparticles.
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 759-763 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; bismuth titanate ; spin-coating ; thin films ; ferroelectric
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Bi4Ti3O12 thin films were obtained by the sol-gel method. The precursor solution was prepared by allowing the two metallic alkoxides, Bi(OC2H4OCH3)3 and Ti(OC2H4OCH3)4, to react in 2-methoxy-ethanol to form the mixed alkoxide. This stable sol was deposited by spin-coating onto platinized silicon substrates. X-Ray diffraction patterns indicate that the perovskite initial crystallization temperature is 460°C for powder samples and it ranges between 400 and 500°C, for thin films, as a function of the number of coating layers. Dense, smooth and crack free thin films with grain sizes ranging from 20 nm to 500 nm are obtained, depending on the number of coating layers and on the post-deposition temperature annealing.
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  • 93
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 819-824 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation ; theory of gelation ; fluctuating bond aggregation ; numerical simulations ; aggregation ; chemical gels formation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation (DLCA) model is modified by including cluster deformations during aggregation, with a tuning flexibility parameter F. A three-dimensional computer simulation is presented, which starts from a collection of f-functional monomers randomly distributed in a cubic box with a volumic fraction c (concentration) and which uses the highly efficient bond fluctuation algorithm to describe the cluster deformations. It is shown that, for F ≠ 0, there exists a well defined threshold value of the volumic fraction below which the realization of all intra-aggregate bonding possibilities prevents the formation of a gelling network. For c 〉 c g , a true sol-gel transition occurs at a characteristic time t g , after which an infinite cluster (which is self connected via the boundary conditions) appears. In contrast to DLCA, t g does not increase as the box size increases. The transition at c g is characterized by a divergence of the final clusters size for c〈c g and a divergence of the gel time for c〉c g . Several other numerical results are reported.
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  • 94
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 895-899 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): luminescence ; pyranine ; sol-gel ; hybrid coatings ; emission anisotropy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The sensitivity of the pyranine fluorescence to protonation/deprotonation is used to follow modifications in cured sol-gel thin films. The acid concentration in the sol-gel solution is varied for TEOS-based coatings and a series of organically modified silanes Si(OR)3R′ are added to the TEOS solution. The concentration of the organically modified silane is varied as well as the chain length of the alkylgroup (R′). The stationary fluorescence measurements show that the equilibrium between the protonated and the deprotonated form of pyranine changes depending on the type of silica matrix. The deprotonated form is dominant in the cured SiO2 films and the protonation/deprotonation ratio of pyranine is constant for the different acid concentrations used. The protonated form becomes dominant as the concentration of Si(OR)3R′ is increased and as the alkyl chain length (R′) of the organically modified silanes is augmented. Emission anisotropy measurements of pyranine in the same coatings show that the rotational freedom of the molecule changes due to modifications in the cages for the TEOS-based coatings. These modifications are produced by the acid concentration used to prepare the coatings. An increase in the rotational freedom of pyranine is observed in the TEOS-Si(OR)3R′ systems.
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  • 95
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    Digitale Medien
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    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 927-929 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): organic-inorganic hybrids ; sol-gel ; photochromic performance ; spirooxazine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Organic-inorganic hybrid materials synthesized via sol-gel processing are excellent solid matrices for photochromic dyes like spirooxazine, and the photochromic performance can be further enhanced by introducing suitable additives. This work describes the effects of additives on the photochromic intensity (Δ A 0), decolouration rate (k) and photostability of spirooxazine in sol-gel derived organic-inorganic hybrid matrices. They include fluoro-alkylsilane (FAS), bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl-imidazole (MI). FAS enhances both Δ A 0 and photostability, but has little effect on k. The higher the content of BPA, the higher the Δ A 0 and the higher the photostability, but the lower the k. The effect of MI on Δ A 0 and k is not so considerable as that of BPA and is a little complicated, while significant improvement in photostability is achieved by the addition of MI at an optimum concentration with the presence of BPA at a higher content.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 931-935 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): photochromic ; fiber optic ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Photochromic-doped sol-gel materials have been prepared by adding a spiropyran photochromic dye to a solution of ethoxy silane monomers containing non-reacting ethyl radicals. After polymerization, normal photochromism (i.e., colored material upon UV irradiation) is obtained in the resulting matrix. The sol-gel matrix hinders the organic molecule rotations, thus giving two stable states, which can be reversibly switched by UV and green-blue irradiation respectively. If these materials are attached to optical fibers, the properties of the light throughput may be modified. Simple fiber-optic/photochromic devices made of two optical fibers placed in a V-groove removable connector have been prepared. Once cured, these devices behave as optically addressed variable delay generators. The same devices can be used for preparing simple optical switches and routing systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 979-983 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): fluorescence ; pH ; ruthenium polypyridyl ; sol-gel
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) sol-gel monoliths impregnated with three different luminescent [Ru(L)3]2+ complexes (where L = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), or 4,7-diphenyl,1,10-phenanthroline (dpp)) have been prepared. The photoluminescence properties of these complexes were followed as a function of time, as the sol-gel reactions proceeded. Clear differences were observed in the emission energies and the emission lifetimes of the complexes upon gel formation. These differences can be explained by the different extent of electrostatic interaction between the surface of the siloxane polymer and the immobilised complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 991-997 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; optical waveguides ; semiconductor-doped glass ; nonlinear optics ; laser writing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Sol-gel processes show many promises for the development of low-loss, high-performance glass integrated optical circuits. Special attention is being paid to the preparation of composite glass films, where the properties of organic or inorganic dopant compounds included in the glass matrix are fully exploited. Nonlinear optical glass film waveguides have the potential to become key devices in the future, leading to further technical advances of fiber optic communication systems. This paper briefly reviews current activities in sol-gel glasses for integrated optics, with particular focus on silica-titania and semiconductor-doped films.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 999-1005 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): ZrO2 ; sol-gel ; planar waveguide ; Raman scattering
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract ZrO2 waveguides are prepared by the sol-gel process from a solution containing zirconium n-propoxide and acetylacetone in propanol-2. Structural characterizations are investigated for different annealing temperatures using suitable techniques including Waveguide Raman Spectroscopy, Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Films are amorphous at 300°C and the pure ZrO2 tetragonal crystalline phase appears beyond 400°C. Crystallized films present a dense, uniform and polycrystalline structure made up by randomly oriented nanocrystallites, the diameter of which increases from 38 Å at 400°C to 53 Å at 600°C. Waveguides are at least monomode TE0 at 632.8 nm. At this wavelength, optical losses are about 0.8 ± 0.2 dB/cm for amorphous layers and increase up to 2.5 ± 0.4 dB/cm for 600°C heat-treated waveguides.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 8 (1997), S. 1013-1016 
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Schlagwort(e): sol-gel ; neodymium and erbium doped planar waveguide ; fluorescence lifetime measurement ; phosphorous and aluminium codoping
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A multilayer sol-gel process has been developed in order to make highly doped rare-earth planar waveguides on silica or silicon substrates. Starting with a small range of constituents, such as SiO2, TiO2, P2O5 and Al2O3, we show that a large variety of gel compositions, with different spectroscopic behaviour, can be made when doped with rare-earths. We have doped the sol-gel films with neodymium and we have optimized their compositions by measuring the neodymium fluorescence lifetime. For a composition with 10 atom% of phosphorous, the lifetime evolution with neodymium concentration was studied and a quenching concentration was found at 1% of neodymium. We have also shown the strong influence of phosphorous or aluminium in the sol composition on the fluorescence lifetime, for a given neodymium concentration. First results on similar planar waveguides, doped with erbium, are also presented. The stability of the fluorescence lifetime over a long period of time is an other important point to be checked for these new materials: the lifetime evolution over a 9 months measurement period is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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