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  • Artikel  (16)
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  • Zimbabwe
  • Springer  (16)
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  • Cambridge University Press
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  • Springer  (16)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Sustainability and peasant farming systems: Observations from Zimbabwe (1997)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 14 (1997), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Schlagwort(e): Peasant farming systems ; Sustainability ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Many authors suggest the need to define ‘sustainable development’in operational terms. This paper looks at the problems ofattempting to ask whether peasant farming systems are sustainable.Any attempt at sustainability assessment needs to consider issuesrelated to the selected indicators or performance criteria, spatialscale or boundaries, and temporal scale. While there is certainlya need for more rigorous analysis of sustainability issues, thereis limited outlook for an approach based on indicators. Even if themany purely technical problems associated with specific indicatorscan be surmounted, will accurate bio-physical data advance ourknowledge about sustainability? Peasant systems arepolitically-guided management systems, whose boundaries are the state,not the field or the farm. Given the dynamic nature of peasant farmingsystems, where do we draw the line in assessing sustainability?Attempts at sustainability assessment 100 years ago or even 20–30years ago would have been completely superseded by events. We drawattention to the system as a whole, to a web of interconnections,causes and effects – of varying significance over both time andspace.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007358823524
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reproductive abnormalities in tsetse flies in Zimbabwe (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Glossina ; tsetse ; ovarian dissection ; errors ; abnormalities ; abortions ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Between November 1988 and July 1995 five technicians carried out ovarian dissections on 16,013 Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and 123,848 G. pallidipes Austen captured at Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. The ovarian age and uterine content were recorded, as were the lengths (l1, l2 and lu) of the largest and second largest oocyte, and of any uterine inclusion. Major abnormalities and abnormal spermathecal contents were found in 〈0.1% of all flies dissected. Apparent abortions rates varied significantly between dissectors and occurred at frequencies of 0.8–4.5% in G. m. morsitans and 0.3–2.8% in G. pallidipes. The lowest estimates give the best picture of the field situation. Abortion rates were higher in flies caught on electric nets than in trapped flies where the rate was only 0.15%, indicating that reproductive losses are negligible for most of the year at Rekomitjie. The rates did, however, increase to 〉2% when mean temperatures exceeded 27 °C and flies were captured in artificial refuges. There was little effect of ovarian age on the abortion rate, but the frequency of empty uteri declined markedly with age – with a suggestion, however, that it might increase again in the oldest flies. A knowledge of the rates of reproductive loss is important for the construction of realistic models of the dynamics of tsetse populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003793522792
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863825469
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Preliminary results on nitric oxide emission from a southern African savanna ecosystem (1997)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 123-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Schlagwort(e): Africa ; biogenic emission ; dry season ; dynamic chamber ; forest ; grassland ; groundnut ; maize ; Miombo typesavanna ecosystem ; nitric oxide ; pulsing ; sorghum ; wet season ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract During October to December 1994, we measured diel and seasonal variability in nitric oxide (NO) exchange by a southern African savanna ecosystem (Grasslands Research Station, Marondera, Zimbabwe). A set of automated dynamic chambers was installed in three sub-sites: Miombo forest, natural grassland, and cropped soils (maize, sorghum, groundnut). The latter received a single application of commercialy available in-organic or cowdung fertilizer. The dynamic chamber system is described in detail, including correction of the resulting data for wall losses and gas-phase reactions of the NO-NO2-O3 triad. During the dry season, net vertical NO fluxes were close to the detection limit (0.44 ngN m-2s-1) regardless of vegetation type. During the transition from dry to wet season strong "pulsing" effects of the NO flux were observed: NO emissions increased by a factor of up to 60 within hours. During the wet season, NO emissions varied between the different sub-sites of the ecosystem; corresponding means are in ranking order of fertilized agricultural plots (27.2 ngN m-2 s-1), unfertilized agricultural plots (8.5 ngN m-2 s-1 ), grassland (4.4 ngN m-2 s-1 ), and Miombo forest (1.5 ngN m-2 s-1). Soil moisture was found to be the dominant factor controlling the NO fluxes. Whenever it was not limiting, the diel behaviour of NO emission followed the daily variation of soil temperature measured 1 cm below the surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009765510538
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Infestations of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) on different breeds of cattle in Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Schlagwort(e): Amblyomma hebraeum ; ticks ; cattle ; resistance ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Infestations of adults and nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum were counted on Brahman (Br), Brahman x Simmental (BS), Sanga (Sa) and Hereford (He) steers exposed to infested pastures at Mbizi in southern Zimbabwe in 1986–1987. Herefords were always the most heavily infested, while the Sanga tended to carry the fewest ticks with the Brahman and Brahman x Simmental groups being in between. The ratios of the engorged females on the four breeds were 2.3 : 1.4 : 1.4 : 1.0 for He : Br : BS : Sa. The ratios of the standard nymphs were 2.2 : 1.4 : 1.7 : 1.0 for He : Br : BS : Sa. The results confirm earlier observations in Africa and support the view that there are genetic differences between breeds in the expression of resistance to this tick species.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052810
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Using image-analysis to quantify the horizontal vegetation pattern in two multi-species savanna grasslands (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 138 (1998), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Competition ; Nearest-neighbour analyses ; Neighbourhood analyses ; Perennial grasses ; Savanna ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Spatial patterns in natural vegetations result to a large extent from competitive interactions between neighbouring plants. Pattern analyses techniques are often used to estimate the importance of competitive interactions between plants. In this study, we used pattern analysis techniques, based upon image-analyses, to estimate the importance of competitive interactions for maintaining the spatial pattern of neighbouring perennial grasses in natural savanna populations in Zimbabwe. The results of the different methods used, including nearest-neighbour and non-overlapping domain analysis, suggest that competitive interactions between neighbouring tufts play a limited role in maintaining the spatial pattern in these savanna grasslands. Methodological features and the usefulness of pattern analysis techniques to estimate competition between neighbouring plants in natural vegetations are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009706621867
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The role of community-based wild resource management in Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Schlagwort(e): Community management ; wild resources ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Wildlife was in decline in Zimbabwe while the resource was being managed centrally by the State in terms of conventional protectionist legislation. The legislation was changed in 1960 and this led to cautious institutional reforms, whereby responsibility for wildlife was gradually devolved to landholders who were encouraged to use it profitably. This was achieved without the State abrogating its ultimate responsibility for the wellbeing of the resource. The CAMPFIRE programme was a response to the particular requirements of communally managed wild resources. Successful implementation required that appropriate institutions were in place. These allowed the peasants a meaningful say in the management of their wildlife and permitted them to use it profitably to generate a sufficient incentive to persuade them to conserve the resource on their land. As on large-scale commercial ranches, socio-economic factors proved more significant than ecological considerations in preserving wildlife on communally occupied land that is representative of much of Africa and the Third World.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051779
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The practice and principles of community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 369-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Schlagwort(e): CAMPFIRE ; Zimbabwe ; community-based natural resource management ; wildlife utilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This paper describes Zimbabwe's wildlife-based CAMPFIRE programme. It suggests that community-based natural resource management is a potential solution to the inter-linked problems of poverty and conservation if it is based on sound management principles that also incorporate transparency, accountability and democracy because the unit of management is a community. This first section suggests that many of the causes of these natural resource problems in communal lands are a result of the failure of mechanisms to price and allocate resources efficiently. The second section describes the evolution of CAMPFIRE, while the third section summarizes the principles that underpin the programme. The fourth section discusses the governance of natural resources and describes the process by which rights to wildlife have been devolved. This emphasizes how important political and administrative systems are to wildlife conservation. CAMPFIRE can be viewed as a five-step process: getting an enabling political, legal, administrative and economic environment; creating awareness and a demand for the programme; generating revenues; using these revenues effectively; and, finally, setting in place the institutions and capacity for locally-based natural resource management. The first four sections of the paper deal with step on — the enabling environment, what it is and how it came about. The final section describes the actual implementation of the programme and is rather brief.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051780
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The food and feeding behaviour of Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 407 (1999), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): feeding ; Limnothrissa miodon ; Lake Kariba ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The feeding biology of the Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) was studied to assess the quality and quantity of food items taken. Fish samples were collected at two hour intervals during a series of twenty-four hour trawling surveys in the Sanyati basin of Lake Kariba. The diurnal and nocturnal consumption trends for each food item were determined. Fish stomach contents were first analysed under a dissecting microscope and subsequently on an inverted regular high power Nikon microscope. Food items were identified and quantified for frequency of occurrence and percentage composition. Limnothrissa miodon feeds mainly on the cladocerans Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Bosminopsis deitersi and the copepods Mesocyclops sp., Tropodiaptomus sp. and Thermodiaptomus sp. Aquatic insect larvae, rotifers and ostracods also occur infrequently in the diet. Several feeding peaks exist during a twenty-four hour cycle with an overall tendency to ingest food during the daytime. Limnothrissa miodon therefore mostly feeds on crustacean zooplankton and it is mainly a visual feeder that depends on availability of adequate light to locate its prey.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003752423082
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An analysis of the water management performance of small holder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe (1998)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 12 (1998), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Schlagwort(e): irrigation ; management performance ; agricultural development ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract This paper analyses the water management performance of small holder irrigation systems in Zimbabwe. The government and farmer managed systems are compared in terms of their ability to match desired with actual water supply. Desired supply is defined as crop water requirements adjusted downwards by rainfall where relevant. The Theil measure of accuracy of forecasts is used to calculate the error committed by each system in trying to match water supply and demand. The analysis shows that, everything else being equal, the farmer managed system performs better than the government system in matching supply and demand. This means that the farmer managed systems should be encouraged for future small holder irrigation development in Zimbabwe.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006113402381
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A benefit-cost analysis of smallholder irrigated farms in Zimbabwe (1999)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 13 (1999), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Schlagwort(e): Zimbabwe ; irrigation ; smallholder farms ; benefit-cost analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The government of Zimbabwe uses agricultural development as one of the ways to stimulate economic growth. Agriculture in Zimbabwe is characterized by a dual agrarian system comprising the large scale commercial sector and the smallholder communal sector. The communal sector, 47 percent of the country, supports more than 70 percent of the population. One strategy used to improve agricultural performance is the development of agricultural infrastructure. Of the 117, 830 ha developed for irrigation only slightly more than 6 percent is in the communal (smallholder) sector. The smallholder irrigation systems are managed under four different systems, namely the government-managed Agritex, farmer-managed community, the informal bani (dambo) managed by farmers and the ARDA outgrowers managed jointly by a parastatal and farmers. This paper evaluates the benefits and costs associated with these different management systems. Benefit-cost ratios are computed for each system. The bani system achieves higher benefit-cost ratios than the community, which achieves higher ratios than the Agritex management system. This indicates that the government should consider using the community system for developing the potential 93,000 ha of communal smallholder irrigation systems. It should also seriously consider the bani system as an alternative development strategy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006133220120
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Irrigation timeliness indicators and application in smallholder irrigation systems in Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 10 (1996), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Schlagwort(e): performance ; smallholder irrigation ; timeliness ; water management ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Timing of supply of irrigation water is an important measure of water management performance. Yet despite this widely accepted importance of timeliness, few studies have attempted to quantify this performance indicator. This paper suggests a methodology for quantifying timeliness. The indices thus generated are used to compare the performance of some types of smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that applying measures of timeliness helps to assess water management practices across scheme types. The methodology given in this paper differentiates between timely irrigation deliveries which meet Crop Water Requirements (CWR) and surplus water supplies due to poor timeliness which cannot be used by the crop, hence denoting wastage. The timeliness indices provide more information regarding management practices than simple measures of total water applications over a given season.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104900
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Outcomes of a community controlled wildlife utilization program in a Zambezi Valley community (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 65-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): CAMPFIRE ; Zimbabwe ; sustainable development ; wildlife management ; biodiversity ; wildlife utilization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Zimbabwe is devolving substantial wildlife management responsibility to local government, and ultimately to local communities, through its Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) program. This paper's purpose is to explore the notion that CAMPFIRE offers a useful model for sustainable development discussions by examining the program's impacts in one case study location. It presents a legislative history of the CAMPFIRE Program before specifying the spatial criteria that explain ideal CAMPFIRE sites. Thereafter, it reports results from a study of the development impacts of locally controlled wildlife management in Masoka, an isolated CAMPFIRE community in the Zambezi Valley. The village has developed a land use plan, fenced its fields and settlements, reduced wild animal attacks on people and crops, provided access to primary education for both boys and girls, created local employment, and provided money for household food purchases during a severe drought. In Masoka, the implementation of CAMPFIRE seems to successfully provide incentives to protect megafauna and their habitats. For Masoka, CAMPFIRE has provided an alternative model to statist solutions emphasizing centralized control for biodiversity conservation purposes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02167961
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The consumption of wood by rural households in Gokwe Communal Area, Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): consumption of wood ; rural households ; fuel ; building ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract The objectives of this paper are to quantify the annual household consumption of wood for different purposes and to investigate the types of wood used for each purpose. Households in part of Gokwe Communal Area, a rural Zimbabwean study area in which wood is considered plentiful, use a mean 4.8 tons per household per year (t hh −1 yr −1 ) of wood for fuel, comprising 4.0 t to meet day-to-day requirements and 0.8 t for special occasions and beer brewing. In addition, building and repairing wooden structures require 3.5 t hh −1 yr −1 The total annual consumption is at most 8.3 t hh −1 yr −1 depending on the amount of wood in wooden structures that is recycled into new structures or as firewood. Wide variation around the mean annual consumption is expected because of differences among households and errors associated with calculation. The different purposes to which wood is put require wood of different types. Firewood for day-to-day use consists of small dead pieces collected in headloads. For brewing and special occasions large logs are used. Poles and small branches are freshly cut for wooden structures, with poles of particular girths and lengths being used for different components of the structures. Species is also taken into account in the collection of wood for fuel and construction. Disaggregation of the yearly consumption by site and species is important to the assessment of supply and demand of wood.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168863
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Environmental NGOs, dispossession, and the state: The ideology and praxis of African nature and development (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 199-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Schlagwort(e): sustainable rural development ; Zimbabwe ; CAMPFIRE
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Energietechnik , Ethnologie
    Notizen: Abstract Zimbabwe provides a significant context to examine the interplay of the new development rhetoric, the actions of powerful conservation organizations, donor policies, a relatively strong and stable government, and the empowerment of local communities. This interplay exists in diverse rural areas where the Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is in various stages of experimentation and implementation. CAMPFIRE has been described as a philosophy of sustainable rural development that enables rural communities to manage, and benefit directly form indigenous wildlife. It is the best known of African efforts to permit African communities to re- assert their management of selected natural resources. The program has the official support of the Zimbabwean government. Nonetheless, there are many potential areas of serious conflict. Three case studies are utilized to explore how the challenges of repossession of critical environmental resources by marginalized communities in the changing context of state and NGO relationships where international tourism is a revenue generator for both the private sector and government.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01191649
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Natural resource accounting (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 7 (1996), S. 213-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Schlagwort(e): National income accounting ; natural resources ; environmental degradation ; net price method ; sustainable income ; Zimbabwe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Abstract There is as yet no consensus on the most appropriate way to incorporate the degradation of environmental capital into national income accounting procedure. Net product is currently derived by deducting from gross product the depreciation of man-made capital only. Deducting depreciation of natural capital in a similar manner will give a figure for ‘true’ net product that provides a better indicator of that level of current income which is sustainable into the future. The ‘user cost’ and ‘net price’ methods of calculating the value of natural resource depreciation are analysed and assessed. On the basis of this assessment, the net price method is then used to adjust the national accounts of Zimbabwe for depletion of forests, soils and mineral resources, for the period 1980 to 1989. The results suggest that economic depreciation of natural resources represents approximately 2% of annual GDP, although this is regarded as a significant underestimate. The implications for integrating natural resource depletion into policy making, within the current national political climate, are then addressed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00782146
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