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  • Articles  (10)
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  • Zimbabwe
  • Springer  (10)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1995-1999  (10)
  • 1945-1949
  • Biology  (10)
  • Ethnic Sciences  (3)
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  • Articles  (10)
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  • Springer  (10)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive abnormalities in tsetse flies in Zimbabwe (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Glossina ; tsetse ; ovarian dissection ; errors ; abnormalities ; abortions ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Between November 1988 and July 1995 five technicians carried out ovarian dissections on 16,013 Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and 123,848 G. pallidipes Austen captured at Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. The ovarian age and uterine content were recorded, as were the lengths (l1, l2 and lu) of the largest and second largest oocyte, and of any uterine inclusion. Major abnormalities and abnormal spermathecal contents were found in 〈0.1% of all flies dissected. Apparent abortions rates varied significantly between dissectors and occurred at frequencies of 0.8–4.5% in G. m. morsitans and 0.3–2.8% in G. pallidipes. The lowest estimates give the best picture of the field situation. Abortion rates were higher in flies caught on electric nets than in trapped flies where the rate was only 0.15%, indicating that reproductive losses are negligible for most of the year at Rekomitjie. The rates did, however, increase to 〉2% when mean temperatures exceeded 27 °C and flies were captured in artificial refuges. There was little effect of ovarian age on the abortion rate, but the frequency of empty uteri declined markedly with age – with a suggestion, however, that it might increase again in the oldest flies. A knowledge of the rates of reproductive loss is important for the construction of realistic models of the dynamics of tsetse populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003793522792
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identity of Fusarium nygamai isolates with long and short microconidial chains from millet, sorghum and soil in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 140 (1997), S. 171-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Africa ; Fusarium ; F. moniliforme ; grain ; Lesotho ; mating population ; Nigeria ; taxonomy ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several Fusarium species have been found associated with millet and sorghum in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. Amongst these, some isolates were originally identified as short- and long-chained types of F. nygamai. However, there was some question as to the correct identification of the long chained types. This study reclassified some of the isolates with long microconidial chains as F. moniliforme. Morphologically, these strains do not produce chlamydospores like F. nygamai, but produce swollen hyphal cells or resistant hyphae. The isolates in this study were crossed with the mating-type tester strains of Gibberella fujikuroi (F. moniliforme and G. nygamai (F. nygamai). Of the isolates with long chains of microconidia and other characteristics of F. moniliforme, 36% crossed with mating population ''A'' of G. fujikuroi. Of the isolates with characteristics of F. nygamai, 65% crossed with the testers used to produce the teleomorph of F. nygamai. Mating tests support the separation of the sample population into F. moniliforme and F. nygamai. The results of this study show that genetics can be an aid in resolving some problems in fungal taxonomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006863825469
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infestations of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) on different breeds of cattle in Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 20 (1996), S. 599-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Amblyomma hebraeum ; ticks ; cattle ; resistance ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infestations of adults and nymphs of Amblyomma hebraeum were counted on Brahman (Br), Brahman x Simmental (BS), Sanga (Sa) and Hereford (He) steers exposed to infested pastures at Mbizi in southern Zimbabwe in 1986–1987. Herefords were always the most heavily infested, while the Sanga tended to carry the fewest ticks with the Brahman and Brahman x Simmental groups being in between. The ratios of the engorged females on the four breeds were 2.3 : 1.4 : 1.4 : 1.0 for He : Br : BS : Sa. The ratios of the standard nymphs were 2.2 : 1.4 : 1.7 : 1.0 for He : Br : BS : Sa. The results confirm earlier observations in Africa and support the view that there are genetic differences between breeds in the expression of resistance to this tick species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052810
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using image-analysis to quantify the horizontal vegetation pattern in two multi-species savanna grasslands (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 138 (1998), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Competition ; Nearest-neighbour analyses ; Neighbourhood analyses ; Perennial grasses ; Savanna ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial patterns in natural vegetations result to a large extent from competitive interactions between neighbouring plants. Pattern analyses techniques are often used to estimate the importance of competitive interactions between plants. In this study, we used pattern analysis techniques, based upon image-analyses, to estimate the importance of competitive interactions for maintaining the spatial pattern of neighbouring perennial grasses in natural savanna populations in Zimbabwe. The results of the different methods used, including nearest-neighbour and non-overlapping domain analysis, suggest that competitive interactions between neighbouring tufts play a limited role in maintaining the spatial pattern in these savanna grasslands. Methodological features and the usefulness of pattern analysis techniques to estimate competition between neighbouring plants in natural vegetations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009706621867
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of community-based wild resource management in Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Community management ; wild resources ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wildlife was in decline in Zimbabwe while the resource was being managed centrally by the State in terms of conventional protectionist legislation. The legislation was changed in 1960 and this led to cautious institutional reforms, whereby responsibility for wildlife was gradually devolved to landholders who were encouraged to use it profitably. This was achieved without the State abrogating its ultimate responsibility for the wellbeing of the resource. The CAMPFIRE programme was a response to the particular requirements of communally managed wild resources. Successful implementation required that appropriate institutions were in place. These allowed the peasants a meaningful say in the management of their wildlife and permitted them to use it profitably to generate a sufficient incentive to persuade them to conserve the resource on their land. As on large-scale commercial ranches, socio-economic factors proved more significant than ecological considerations in preserving wildlife on communally occupied land that is representative of much of Africa and the Third World.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051779
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The practice and principles of community-based wildlife management in Zimbabwe: the CAMPFIRE programme (1996)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 5 (1996), S. 369-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: CAMPFIRE ; Zimbabwe ; community-based natural resource management ; wildlife utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes Zimbabwe's wildlife-based CAMPFIRE programme. It suggests that community-based natural resource management is a potential solution to the inter-linked problems of poverty and conservation if it is based on sound management principles that also incorporate transparency, accountability and democracy because the unit of management is a community. This first section suggests that many of the causes of these natural resource problems in communal lands are a result of the failure of mechanisms to price and allocate resources efficiently. The second section describes the evolution of CAMPFIRE, while the third section summarizes the principles that underpin the programme. The fourth section discusses the governance of natural resources and describes the process by which rights to wildlife have been devolved. This emphasizes how important political and administrative systems are to wildlife conservation. CAMPFIRE can be viewed as a five-step process: getting an enabling political, legal, administrative and economic environment; creating awareness and a demand for the programme; generating revenues; using these revenues effectively; and, finally, setting in place the institutions and capacity for locally-based natural resource management. The first four sections of the paper deal with step on — the enabling environment, what it is and how it came about. The final section describes the actual implementation of the programme and is rather brief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051780
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The food and feeding behaviour of Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 407 (1999), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: feeding ; Limnothrissa miodon ; Lake Kariba ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding biology of the Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) was studied to assess the quality and quantity of food items taken. Fish samples were collected at two hour intervals during a series of twenty-four hour trawling surveys in the Sanyati basin of Lake Kariba. The diurnal and nocturnal consumption trends for each food item were determined. Fish stomach contents were first analysed under a dissecting microscope and subsequently on an inverted regular high power Nikon microscope. Food items were identified and quantified for frequency of occurrence and percentage composition. Limnothrissa miodon feeds mainly on the cladocerans Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Bosminopsis deitersi and the copepods Mesocyclops sp., Tropodiaptomus sp. and Thermodiaptomus sp. Aquatic insect larvae, rotifers and ostracods also occur infrequently in the diet. Several feeding peaks exist during a twenty-four hour cycle with an overall tendency to ingest food during the daytime. Limnothrissa miodon therefore mostly feeds on crustacean zooplankton and it is mainly a visual feeder that depends on availability of adequate light to locate its prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003752423082
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outcomes of a community controlled wildlife utilization program in a Zambezi Valley community (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 65-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: CAMPFIRE ; Zimbabwe ; sustainable development ; wildlife management ; biodiversity ; wildlife utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Zimbabwe is devolving substantial wildlife management responsibility to local government, and ultimately to local communities, through its Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) program. This paper's purpose is to explore the notion that CAMPFIRE offers a useful model for sustainable development discussions by examining the program's impacts in one case study location. It presents a legislative history of the CAMPFIRE Program before specifying the spatial criteria that explain ideal CAMPFIRE sites. Thereafter, it reports results from a study of the development impacts of locally controlled wildlife management in Masoka, an isolated CAMPFIRE community in the Zambezi Valley. The village has developed a land use plan, fenced its fields and settlements, reduced wild animal attacks on people and crops, provided access to primary education for both boys and girls, created local employment, and provided money for household food purchases during a severe drought. In Masoka, the implementation of CAMPFIRE seems to successfully provide incentives to protect megafauna and their habitats. For Masoka, CAMPFIRE has provided an alternative model to statist solutions emphasizing centralized control for biodiversity conservation purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02167961
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The consumption of wood by rural households in Gokwe Communal Area, Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: consumption of wood ; rural households ; fuel ; building ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this paper are to quantify the annual household consumption of wood for different purposes and to investigate the types of wood used for each purpose. Households in part of Gokwe Communal Area, a rural Zimbabwean study area in which wood is considered plentiful, use a mean 4.8 tons per household per year (t hh −1 yr −1 ) of wood for fuel, comprising 4.0 t to meet day-to-day requirements and 0.8 t for special occasions and beer brewing. In addition, building and repairing wooden structures require 3.5 t hh −1 yr −1 The total annual consumption is at most 8.3 t hh −1 yr −1 depending on the amount of wood in wooden structures that is recycled into new structures or as firewood. Wide variation around the mean annual consumption is expected because of differences among households and errors associated with calculation. The different purposes to which wood is put require wood of different types. Firewood for day-to-day use consists of small dead pieces collected in headloads. For brewing and special occasions large logs are used. Poles and small branches are freshly cut for wooden structures, with poles of particular girths and lengths being used for different components of the structures. Species is also taken into account in the collection of wood for fuel and construction. Disaggregation of the yearly consumption by site and species is important to the assessment of supply and demand of wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168863
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental NGOs, dispossession, and the state: The ideology and praxis of African nature and development (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 199-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: sustainable rural development ; Zimbabwe ; CAMPFIRE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Zimbabwe provides a significant context to examine the interplay of the new development rhetoric, the actions of powerful conservation organizations, donor policies, a relatively strong and stable government, and the empowerment of local communities. This interplay exists in diverse rural areas where the Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is in various stages of experimentation and implementation. CAMPFIRE has been described as a philosophy of sustainable rural development that enables rural communities to manage, and benefit directly form indigenous wildlife. It is the best known of African efforts to permit African communities to re- assert their management of selected natural resources. The program has the official support of the Zimbabwean government. Nonetheless, there are many potential areas of serious conflict. Three case studies are utilized to explore how the challenges of repossession of critical environmental resources by marginalized communities in the changing context of state and NGO relationships where international tourism is a revenue generator for both the private sector and government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01191649
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