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  • Articles  (6)
  • Other Sources
  • Zimbabwe  (3)
  • pastoralism  (3)
  • Springer  (6)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1995-1999  (6)
  • 1945-1949
  • Ethnic Sciences  (6)
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  • Articles  (6)
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  • Springer  (6)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Physical Society
  • Cambridge University Press
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Herding Strategies of the Datoga Pastoralists of Tanzania: Is Household Labor a Limiting Factor (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 519-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; herding strategies ; cattle dynamics ; labor requirements ; Tanzania ; seasonality ; grazing patterns ; Datoga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Datoga herding follows a cyclical pattern depending on the availability of grazing and water. This analysis focuses on two questions: (a) Is the herding strategy followed by individual households limited by the amount of labor available to that household? and (b) does the herding strategy followed by individual households influence the dynamics of cattle herds? The results show that the availability of labor on a household level does not influence either the herding strategies used by individual households, or the dynamics of cattle herds. This suggests that once minimum labor requirements are met, livestock productivity is insensitive to additional labor inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021829806765
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Outcomes of a community controlled wildlife utilization program in a Zambezi Valley community (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 65-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: CAMPFIRE ; Zimbabwe ; sustainable development ; wildlife management ; biodiversity ; wildlife utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Zimbabwe is devolving substantial wildlife management responsibility to local government, and ultimately to local communities, through its Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) program. This paper's purpose is to explore the notion that CAMPFIRE offers a useful model for sustainable development discussions by examining the program's impacts in one case study location. It presents a legislative history of the CAMPFIRE Program before specifying the spatial criteria that explain ideal CAMPFIRE sites. Thereafter, it reports results from a study of the development impacts of locally controlled wildlife management in Masoka, an isolated CAMPFIRE community in the Zambezi Valley. The village has developed a land use plan, fenced its fields and settlements, reduced wild animal attacks on people and crops, provided access to primary education for both boys and girls, created local employment, and provided money for household food purchases during a severe drought. In Masoka, the implementation of CAMPFIRE seems to successfully provide incentives to protect megafauna and their habitats. For Masoka, CAMPFIRE has provided an alternative model to statist solutions emphasizing centralized control for biodiversity conservation purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02167961
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The consumption of wood by rural households in Gokwe Communal Area, Zimbabwe (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: consumption of wood ; rural households ; fuel ; building ; Zimbabwe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this paper are to quantify the annual household consumption of wood for different purposes and to investigate the types of wood used for each purpose. Households in part of Gokwe Communal Area, a rural Zimbabwean study area in which wood is considered plentiful, use a mean 4.8 tons per household per year (t hh −1 yr −1 ) of wood for fuel, comprising 4.0 t to meet day-to-day requirements and 0.8 t for special occasions and beer brewing. In addition, building and repairing wooden structures require 3.5 t hh −1 yr −1 The total annual consumption is at most 8.3 t hh −1 yr −1 depending on the amount of wood in wooden structures that is recycled into new structures or as firewood. Wide variation around the mean annual consumption is expected because of differences among households and errors associated with calculation. The different purposes to which wood is put require wood of different types. Firewood for day-to-day use consists of small dead pieces collected in headloads. For brewing and special occasions large logs are used. Poles and small branches are freshly cut for wooden structures, with poles of particular girths and lengths being used for different components of the structures. Species is also taken into account in the collection of wood for fuel and construction. Disaggregation of the yearly consumption by site and species is important to the assessment of supply and demand of wood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168863
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Labor Process and the Environment: The Effects of Labor Availability and Compensation on the Quality of Herding in the Sahel (1999)
    Springer
    Human ecology 27 (1999), S. 267-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: West Africa ; pastoralism ; overgrazing ; labor availability ; Fulani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between investments of labor to agricultural production and environmental degradation in rural areas of the developing world is complex. This paper reports on qualitative and quantitative research focused on the effects of labor availability and its compensation on the way in which cattle are herded in the Maasina region of Central Mali. Within this particular region, two social relationships determine the level and form of herder compensation: that between herd patriarch and cattle owner, and that between herd patriarch and herder. Both the nature of these relationships and variations in herding practice are described prior to a presentation of statistical analyses of the effects of household labor availability and cattle wealth on travel and grazing management decisions. Reductions in both the availability of herding labor and in the economic security of Fulsse households are shown to lead to reduced herd mobility and more constricted grazing patterns with significant environmental implications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018725327873
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental NGOs, dispossession, and the state: The ideology and praxis of African nature and development (1995)
    Springer
    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 199-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: sustainable rural development ; Zimbabwe ; CAMPFIRE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Zimbabwe provides a significant context to examine the interplay of the new development rhetoric, the actions of powerful conservation organizations, donor policies, a relatively strong and stable government, and the empowerment of local communities. This interplay exists in diverse rural areas where the Communal Areas Management Program for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is in various stages of experimentation and implementation. CAMPFIRE has been described as a philosophy of sustainable rural development that enables rural communities to manage, and benefit directly form indigenous wildlife. It is the best known of African efforts to permit African communities to re- assert their management of selected natural resources. The program has the official support of the Zimbabwean government. Nonetheless, there are many potential areas of serious conflict. Three case studies are utilized to explore how the challenges of repossession of critical environmental resources by marginalized communities in the changing context of state and NGO relationships where international tourism is a revenue generator for both the private sector and government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01191649
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whose cows are they, anyway?: Ideology and behavior in Nandi cattle “ownership” and control (1996)
    Springer
    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 255-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: gender and property rights ; customary law ; pastoralism ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The system of rights in cattle among the Nandi of western Kenya is built on a paradox: wives' predominant rights in certain categories of cattle vs. a strong public ideology assigning cattle control to men. Various Nandi categories of cattle and the structure of rights in them are described. Husbands' and wives' interests at times conflict; the negotiation of such conflicts is explored through analysis of several case studies. These studies show that it is possible, though not common, for wives to use traditional legal processes to counter husbands' herd management decisions. It is suggested that this possibility, and the potential loss of face it entails, explains why husbands rarefy take actions contrary to wives' rights in livestock. Different rhetorical strategies of men and women in talking about rights in cattle, and emphasis on different aspects of customary law, are also discussed. This discussion is related to the emerging theory of “customary law” as the result of conflicts negotiated in the political context of colonialism. Ongoing economic changes are eroding wives' positions in negotiations over cattle “ownership.” Literature on other African societies is reviewed, showing similar patterns of erosion of women's property rights, and differing interpretations of customary rights from those formalized in customary law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02169129
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