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  • Animals  (2,869)
  • Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry  (1,576)
  • GEOPHYSICS
  • 1995-1999  (4,664)
  • 1950-1954  (1)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: non-covalent interactions ; host-guest complexes ; fluorinated phenyl compounds ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Complexation constants with the macrocyclic azoniacyclophane CP44 and phenyl guest compounds with at least four fluorine atoms or alternatively protons at the ring were obtained by NMR shift titrations in water. The fluorinated compounds show free energies of complexation which are smaller by ΔΔG=3·4-7·7 kJ mol-1 in comparison with the protonated compounds. The NMR shifts induced upon 100% complexation (CIS values) were obtained simultaneously from non-linear least-squares fitting and indicate intra-cavity inclusion in all cases. The CIS values agree roughly with screening constants calculated from aromatic ring current and linear electric field effects, the latter resulting from the permanent charges at the host compound. Molecular mechanics calculations (CHARMm) indicate that intracavity inclusion is possible with all compounds with negligible strain induced (〈1 kJ mol-1) in the macrocycle upon complexation. In contrast, α-cyclodextrin can accommodate fluorinated phenyl compounds only at the rim of the cavity without larger strain. Preliminary data with α-cyclodextrin, obtained by competitive UV-visible titration with methyl orange, indicate again a smaller association free energy (ΔΔG=1·-7 kJ mol-1) for pentafluorphenol compared with normal phenol as guest. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: hydrophobic cavity characterization ; cyclophanes ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The guest-binding behavior of two different cyclophane hosts, each being capable of providing a three-dimensionally extended hydrophobic cavity toward aromatic guests, was examined in aqueous media: a steroid cyclophane bearing four rigid cholate moieties and an octopus cyclophane having four flexible double-chain segments. Even though the binding constant for 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene with the steroid cyclophane was comparable to that with the octopus cyclophane, the guest binding modes were very different from each other, as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. That is, the steroid cyclophane incorporates the guest into its rigid macrocyclic cavity with axial geometry whereas the octopus cyclophane provides a three-dimensional space created by the macrocyclic skeleton and the flexible hydrocarbon chains so that the long axis of the guest becomes more or less perpendicular to the molecular axis of the host upon complexation. Temperature-dependent molecular recognition by these hosts toward 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate was examined by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. Characteristic differences in the guest-binding mode between these hosts were sensitively reflected in the thermodynamic entropy change on host-guest complexation and the temperature-dependent microscopic viscosity experienced by the guest at the binding site. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 254-272 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: π-π interactions ; self-assembly ; catenanes ; cyclophanes ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The recent surge of interest in the control of molecular organization in both the solution state (i.e. self-assembly) and the solid state (i.e. crystal engineering) has led researchers to recognize increasingly the importance of weak non-covalent interactions. The design and synthesis of an efficient molecular construction set are dependent upon a very close interplay between x-ray crystallography and synthetic chemistry. π-π Stacking interactions between π-donors, such as hydroquinone, resorcinol or dioxynaphthalene residues, and π-accepting ring systems, such as bipyridinium or π-extended viologen units, can govern the self-assembly of a variety of complexes and interlocked molecular compounds in both the solid and solution states. Non-covalent bonding interactions (i.e. π-π interactions) can be considered as information vectors: they define and rule the self-assembly processes that lead to the formation of the desired molecular and supramolecular architectures, and thereafter they still govern the dynamic processes occurring within the self-assembled structures and superstructures. The manner in which such molecules and supermolecules can contribute to an understanding of non-covalent interactions at both structural and superstructural levels is described, with reference to numerous examples of self-assembly processes in synthesis, of dynamic processes in the solution state, and of the packing of molecules and molecular complexes in the solid state. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 323-334 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: redox-switched amphiphiles ; ferrocene derivatives ; vesicles ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ---Thirty ferrocene derivatives were prepared and their ability to form vesicles in aqueous solution when oxidized was assessed. The compounds included alkyl ferrocenylmethyl ether derivatives of the form C10H9FeCH2OR in which R=octyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and eicosanyl. One single-tailed amine derivative, C10H9FeCH2NR2, R=octadecyl, was studied. Alkylferrocene derivatives had the form C10H9FeR in which R=butyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, eicosanyl and docosanyl. Sixteen symmetrical 1,1′-disubstituted ferrocenes were also studied. Three ethers were of the form C10H8Fe-1,1′-(CH2OR),2, R=tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl. Four corresponding dialkyl derivatives of the form C10H8Fe-1,1′-R2, R=decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl and octadecyl, were assessed. Finally, a range of 1,1′-disubstituted ferrocene derivatives were analyzed. These all had the form C10H8Fe-1,1′-(COR)2, for which R has the following identities: octyl, tridecyl, pentadecyl and heptadecyl (ketones); heptadecyloxy, 3-cholesteryl and 3-cholestanyl (esters); and two amides, R=NHC18H37 and N(C18H37)2. The alkyl and ether derivatives could be readily oxidized and formed vesicular aggregates upon sonication. The ketones, esters and amides could be oxidized but the ferricenium derivatives did not form stable aggregates. An interesting observation is that the aggregates formed were vesicular whether the ferrocene derivative had one or two alkyl tails. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 273-285 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: cation-π interactions ; calix[n]arenes ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Non-covalent intermolecular forces have been recognized as a very important part of molecular interactions in complex biological systems. The fundamental functions of living matter such as transcription of genetic information in DNA, spatial arrangement of protein molecules, enzymatic functions or immunity system response are enabled owing to the presence of weak non-covalent forces based on hydrogen bonding interactions, van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic effects, etc. Recently, among them so-called "cation-π" interactions have been proved to contribute to the overall binding process in various artificial or biological systems. Calix[n]arenes have emerged as an important family of molecules with promising applications in many branches of chemistry. Because of their suitable molecular preorganization with aromatic units being "concentrated' in a relatively small space, calix[n]arenes represent interesting compounds exhibiting an enhanced ability for cation-π interactions. The importance of such forces in calix[n]arene chemistry is demonstrated here on several recent examples. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 (1997), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 0894-3230
    Keywords: hydrophobic interactions ; aqueous solutions ; living systems ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ---Evidence is provided for the enormous role of hydrophobic interactions in aqueous solutions. It is concluded that complementary functions of hydrophilic and of hydrophobic species are in continuous operation and that these are a conditio sine qua non for the existence of the liquid. With regard to the supermolecular aggregations, hydrophobic interactions are operative on the highest hierarchic levels of the system organization, i.e. at the interface and at the holes around dissolved hydrophobic species. It is further emphasized that water is essential both for the unity and for the differentiation of each living organism. With regard to its role for the differentiation of the body, the hydrophobic interactions are of paramount importance, notably those provided by amphipathic solutes. The cell membrane is considered to be the result of interactions between the highest hierarchic levels of intracellular and extracellular water. The hydrophobic double layer provides the barriers for the separation of intracellular and extracellular water and at the same time the connections for recognition and for exchange of information between them. The DNA structures obtain conservative boundary conditions for their surrounding water systems which do not freeze at -60 °C. These water systems are dynamically superior to all other parts of the water system of the organism. It is suggested that more knowledge about the abilities of liquid water can be obtained by giving appropriate attention to its properties within the living body. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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