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  • AERODYNAMICS
  • Aerodynamics
  • Animals
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
  • Geophysics
  • Humans
  • Springer  (11)
  • 1995-1999  (11)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1925-1929
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of radioactivity in geoscience and mining (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 703-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Geophysics ; geology ; natural radioactivity ; radiometry ; mining ; uranium ores ; radon ; disposal of radioactive waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Almost simultaneously with Roentgen rays, natural radioactivity was discovered. Its investigation led to important fundamentals of the geosciences: petrophysics, terrestrial heat flow, isotope geology, and absolute geological chronology. In applied geophysics and geology, exploration of radioactive ores and of tectonic faults, and radiometric well loggings, are used. Production of radioactive water and mining for uranium ores are discussed, including their development (especially in the Saxon ore mountains) and the consequences on health (radon in underground air and houses). Disposal of radioactive waste is touched on briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01941267
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170678
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A methodology for assessing manufacturing cost due to tolerance of aerodynamic surface features on turbofan nacelles (1998)
    Springer
    The international journal of advanced manufacturing technology 14 (1998), S. 894-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-3015
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Concurrent engineering ; Manufacturing costs ; Optimisation ; Statistical models ; Tolerances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A component of the direct operating cost of aircraft is that associated with the manufacturing cost. This affects depreciation, interest, insurance and maintenance charges. By relaxing the requirements for aerodynamic surface smoothness the manufacturing cost can be reduced at the expense of an increase in drag and corresponding fuel costs. This work is part of a study to examine this multidisciplinary problem. Only isolated turbofan nacelles are considered. The costs associated with assigning different tolerance levels to the feature dimensions on nacelles are assessed. A statistical procedure is employed to estimate the cost-tolerance relationship for eleven features involving gaps, steps, surface profile and fastener flushness. This procedure requires actual manufacturing and cost source data. A knowledge of the cost-tolerance relationships is useful in a concurrent engineering context. It will allow aerodynamicists to optimise surface smoothness in consultation with production engineers, thus achieving the best compromise between cost and drag.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01179079
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Edge Singularities and Kutta Condition in 3D Aerodynamics (1999)
    Springer
    Meccanica 34 (1999), S. 199-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Aerodynamics ; Kutta condition ; Edge singularities ; Boundary integral equations ; Fluid dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This review paper presents a unified formulation of the Kutta condition for steady and unsteady flows, implemented by removing all unbounded velocity singularities (of power‐law and logarithmic type) at the trailing edge, and including nonlinear wakes and thick swept‐back wings. A suitable boundary integral approach is adopted and the uniqueness issue is discussed for several wing configurations of interest in aerodynamics. Sommario. Si presenta una formulazione unificata della condizione di Kutta per flussi stazionari e non stazionari, ottenuta imponendo la limitatezza della velocità al bordo d'uscita, e valida nel caso nonlineare anche per ali a freccia. Si utilizza un opportuno approccio integrale al contorno e si discute il problema dell'unicità per svariate configurazioni alari di interesse nelle applicazioni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004571915758
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215814
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the Hermanus Magnetic Observatory in geomagnetic field research (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 230 (1995), S. 439-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Geophysics ; geomagnetic field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Geomagnetic field research carried out at the Hermanus Magnetic Observatory over the past decade is reviewed. An important aspect of this research has been the study of geomagnetic field variations, with particular emphasis on ULF geomagnetic pulsations. Features of geomagnetic pulsations which are unique to low latitude locations have been investigated, such as the cavity mode nature of low latitude Pi 2 pulsations and the role played by ionosphericO + ions in the field line resonances responsible for Pc 3 pulsations. A theoretical model has been developed which is able to account for the observed relationships between geomagnetic pulsations and oscillations in the frequency of HF radio waves traversing ionospheric paths. Other facets of the research have been geomagnetic field modelling, aimed at improving the accuracy and resolution of regional geomagnetic field models, and the development of improved geomagnetic activity indices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00658201
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Approach to a Visual Language for Convective Fluid Flows: Visualization of Geophysical Simulations (1998)
    Springer
    Visual geosciences 3 (1998), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1610-2924
    Keywords: Geophysics ; Numerical modelling ; Visualization ; Language ; Convection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract It was known that deep within numbers and binary data from simulations of geophysical convective flows resided various patterns. Two models of convective fluid flows were being considered. One was a model of two-dimensional (768 × 256) air convection with finite Prandtl number of one and Rayleigh number of 108−1010, and another was a model of three-dimensional (up to 120 × 120 × 90) mantle convection with infinite Prandtl number and Rayleigh number of 106−108. Clearly, phenomena existed which superceded each individual dimensionless computer model to provide a piece of information regarding actual fluid flows. The problem was how to find, prove, and communicate these patterns and phenomena for convection simulations with gigabytes of data. In a search for such an analytical and communicative tool, the alternative of visualization was considered. The need for visualization was recognized and discussed. Then, utilizing both two- and three-dimensional models of high Rayleigh number convection, basic techniques of style and content were developed. Applications of the visualization techniques were designed utilizing IBM’s Data Explorer in order to create communicative images and movies, and after the applications, the problems of data storage and transfer became apparent. Throughout the process though, it became clear how important the language of vision actually could be in the geophysics community. In a field in which words such as plumes and internal waves have in ways replaced mathematics as the basic language for science, there is a need for another resource, another language-the visualization of convective fluid flows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10069-998-0001-3
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050004
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energetic cost of hovering flight in a nectar-feeding bat measured with fast-response respirometry (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 168 (1998), S. 434-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Hovering flight power ; Aerodynamics ; Fast-response respirometry ; Bat ; Hummingbird
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hover-feeding glossophagine bats provide, in addition to the hummingbirds, a second vertebrate model for the analysis of hovering flight based on metabolic measurement and aerodynamic theory. In this study, the power input of hovering Glossophaga soricina bats (11.9 g) was measured by standard respirometry and fast-response (〈0.2 s) oxygen analysis. Bats needed 5–7 s after a rest-to-flight transition to return to a respiratory steady state. Therefore, only hovering events preceeded by a 7-s flight interval were evaluated. V˙O2 during hovering fluctuated with a frequency of 3–5 Hz, which corresponded in frequency to the licking movement of the tongue. During hovering, bats often may have hypoventilated as indicated by reduced V˙O2 and a respiratory exchange ratio (RER) well below the steady-state value of 1. Steady-state oxygen consumption (and derived power input) during hovering was estimated to be 27 (25–29) ml O2 g−1 h−1 (158 W kg−1 or 1.88 W) in the 11.9-g bats as indicated by three independent findings: (1) V˙O2 was 26 ml O2 g−1 h−1 after 6.5 s of hovering, (2) the mean RER during single hovering events was at its steady-state level of 1 only at oxygen uptake rates of 25–29 ml g−1 h−1, and (3) when the oxygen potentially released from estimated oxygen stores was added to the measured oxygen uptake, the upper limit for oxygen consumption during hovering was found to be 29 ml O2 g−1 h−1. Hovering power input was about 1.2 times the value of minimum flight power input (Winter and von Helversen 1998) and thus well below the 1.7–2.6 difference in power output postulated by aerodynamic theory (Norberg et al. 1993). Mass specific power input was 40% less than in hummingbirds. Thus, within the possible modes of hovering flight, Glossophaga bats seem to operate at the high-efficiency end of the spectrum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050163
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