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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deontic database constraints, violation and recovery (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; database integrity ; constraints ; constraint violation ; recovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses the potential value of a deontic approach to database specification. More specifically, some different types of integrity constraints are considered and a distinction is drawn between necessary (“hard”) and deontic (“soft”) constraints. Databases are compared with other normative systems. A deontic logic for database specification is proposed and the problems of how to react to, and of how to correct, or repair, a situation which arises through norm violation are discussed in the context of this logic. The limitations of the proposed logic and possible modifications and extensions of it are analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370673
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doing well enough: Toward a logic for common-sense morality (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 167-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; supererogation ; ordering semantics ; indifference ; optimality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract On the traditional deontic framework, what is required (what morality demands) and what is optimal (what morality recommends) can't be distinguished and hence they can't both be represented. Although the morally optional can be represented, the supererogatory (exceeding morality's demands), one of its proper subclasses, cannot be. The morally indifferent, another proper subclass of the optional-one obviously disjoint from the supererogatory-is also not representable. Ditto for the permissibly suboptimal and the morally significant. Finally, the minimum that morality allows finds no place in the traditional scheme. With a focus on the question, “What would constitute a hospitable logical neighborhood for the concept of supererogation?”, I present and motivate an enriched logical and semantic framework for representing all these concepts of common sense morality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370674
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reasoning about actions and obligations in first-order logic (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 221-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; logic of action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We describe a new way in which theories about the deontic status of actions can be represented in terms of the standard two-sorted first-order extensional predicate calculus. Some of the resulting formal theories are easy to implement in Prolog; one prototype implementation—R. M. Lee's deontic expert shell DX—is briefly described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370676
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supererogation in Deontic Logic: Metatheory for DWE and Some Close Neighbours (1997)
    Springer
    Studia logica 59 (1997), S. 397-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: modal logic ; deontic logic ; supererogation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In "Doing Well Enough: Toward a Logic for Common Sense Morality", Paul McNamara sets out a semantics for a deontic logic which contains the operator ‘It is supererogatory that’. As well as having a binary accessibility relation on worlds, that semantics contains a relative ordering relation, ≤. For worlds u, v and w, we say that u ≤w v when v is at least as good as u according to the standards of w. In this paper we axiomatize logics complete over three versions of the semantics. We call the strongest of these logics ‘DWE’ for ‘Doing Well Enough’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005040513277
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detachment and defeasibility in deontic logic (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 5-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; conditional obligation ; dyadic deontic logics ; defeasibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the paper is to present a logical framework that allow to formalize a kind of prima facie duties, defeasible conditional duties, indefeasible conditional duties and actual (indefeasible) duties, as well as to show their logical interconnections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370667
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A logic of comparative obligation (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 117-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; conflicting obligation ; partial ordering ; modal logic ; urgency comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Normal systems of modal logic, interpreted as deontic logics, are unsuitable for a logic of conflicting obligations. By using modal operators based on a more complex semantics, however, we can provide for conflicting obligations, as in [9], which is formally similar to a fragment of the logic of ability later given in [2], Having gone that far, we may find it desirable to be able to express and consider claims about the comparative strengths, or degrees of urgency, of the conflicting obligations under which we stand. This paper, building on the formalism of the logic of ability in [2], provides a complete and decidable system for such a language.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370672
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prima facie obligation (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 19-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; nonmonotonic logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a nonmonotonic deontic logic based on commonsense entailment. It establishes criteria a successful account of obligation should satisfy, and develops a theory that satisfies them. The theory includes two conditional notions of prima facie obligation. One is constitutive; the other is epistemic, and follows nonmonotonically from the constitutive notion. The paper defines unconditional notions of prima facie obligation in terms of the conditional notions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370668
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrary-to-duty obligations (1996)
    Springer
    Studia logica 57 (1996), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: deontic logic ; deontic conditionals ; contrary-to-duty obligations ; reparational obligations ; formalisation of norms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We investigate under what conditions contrary-to-duty (CTD) structures lacking temporal and action elements can be given a coherent reading. We argue, contrary to some recent proposals, that CTD is not an instance of defeasible reasoning, and that methods of nonmonotonic logics are inadequate since they are unable to distinguish between defeasibility and violation of primary obligations. We propose a semantic framework based on the idea that primary and CTD obligations are obligations of different kinds: a CTD obligation pertains to, or pre-supposes, a certain context in which a primary obligation is already violated. This framework is presented initially as an extension of Standard Deontic Logic (SDL), a normal modal logic of type KD, and is illustrated by application to a series of examples. The concluding section is concerned with some resemblances between CTD and defeasible reasoning. We show first that the SDL-based framework contains a flaw and must be adjusted. A discussion of possible adjustments, including an alternative treatment in terms of a preference-based semantics, reveals difficulties that are reminiscent of problems in defeasible reasoning and intensional accounts of defeasible conditionals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00370671
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The definitions of species and clade names: A reply to Ghiselin (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 10 (1995), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Clade ; class ; definition ; defining property ; individual ; intension ; name ; organism ; ostensive definition ; species ; taxon ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00852247
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