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  • Articles  (16)
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  • mice  (8)
  • selection  (6)
  • evolution
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  • Springer  (16)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1995-1999  (16)
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  • Psychology  (16)
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  • Articles  (16)
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  • Springer  (16)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • Nature Publishing Group
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oligogenic determination of morphine analgesic magnitude: A genetic analysis of selectively bred mouse lines (1995)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 25 (1995), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Opiate ; levorphanol ; analgesia ; pain inhibition ; complementation ; genetic segregation ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two ongoing selective breeding projects have produced mice that display divergent analgesic responses to morphine. These two projects have selected for similar phenotypes: high and low levorphanol analgesia (HAR/LAR lines; Portland, OR) and high and low swim stress-induced analgesia (HA/LA lines; Jastrzebiec, Poland). Evidence suggests genetic commonalities between mice of the two projects. Using a Mendelian breeding protocol, we have recently found that one or two genetic loci predominantly determine the high morphine analgesia exhibited by HA mice. In the present study we demonstrate that the differential morphine analgesia (5 mg/kg. i.p.) displayed by HAR and LAR mice is similarly oligogenic, predominantly determined by two unlinked loci. A complementation analysis, in which the analgesic responses to morphine of the recessive homozygotes of each project (HAR and HA) were compared to those of their hybrid offspring (HAR x HA), revealed that different genetic loci have been fixed in each project. An intriguing bimodal distribution was observed in the HAR x HA population: Some HAR x HA hybrids displayed greater morphine analgesia than either HAR or HA mice, whereas others displayed minimal analgesia. LAR x LA hybrids displayed less analgesia than either LAR or LA mice. The analgesic responses of HAR x LA and LAR x HA mice were comparable to those of their low-line parents. These findings indicate not only that different loci were responsible for producing high morphine responders in each selection project but that these distinct loci can interact synergistically to produce “superhigh” and “superlow” responders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197290
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selecting a reference frame (1999)
    Springer
    Spatial cognition and computation 1 (1999), S. 365-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1542-7633
    Keywords: inhibition ; reference Frames ; selection ; spatial relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Reference frames are representations that parse space. In the case of spatial terms, reference frames mediate the mapping of linguistic expressions onto spatial configurations of objects. In the sentence ``The fly is above the cat,'' ``above'' is defined with respect to a reference frame that is imposed on the cat. Different types of reference frames can be used to define spatial terms, each based on a different source of information. For example, gravity, the orientation of objects in the scene or the orientation of the viewer can all be used to set the orientation of a reference frame. When these reference frames disagree (because the viewer is reclining or because the objects in the scene are overturned), there are competing definitions for the spatial term, resulting in the need for reference frame selection. The purpose of this paper is to review a line of research that examines reference frame selection in the context of spatial language. This work shows that all reference frames are initially active and assign a direction to a spatial term. Moreover, this activation is automatic, and is followed by the selection of a single reference frame, with selection accompanied by inhibition of the non-selected frames. Parallels between reference frame selection in language and in perception and attention are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010071109785
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nesting and Fitness: Lifetime Reproductive Success in House Mice Bidirectionally Selected for Thermoregulatory Nest-Building Behavior (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Lifetime reproductive success ; nest-building behavior ; fitness ; Mus domesticus ; selection ; adaptive evolution ; compensatory evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract To test the hypothesis that large, well-built, nests are an important component of fitness, we kept 12 mating pairs of two high-selected, two control, and two low-selected lines, selected for therrnoregulatory nest-building behavior, at 22 and 4°C with access to 10 g of cotton to build a nest, for a period of 180 days. Measurements included number of litters bom per family, number of young per litter born and surviving up to 40 days of age, nest type built by the parents, and weight gain of the young from weaning (20 days of age) to 40 days of age. In all lines the production and survival of offspring was substantially decreased at 4°C compared to 22°C, but the high-selected lines produced more and better-quality offspring, surviving up to 40 days of age at both temperatures compared to the control and low-selected lines. This indicates that thermoregulatory nest-building behavior and evolutionary fitness are closely associated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025610130282
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    No Evidence for a Y Chromosomal Effect on Alternative Behavioral Strategies in Mice (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 477-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Aggression ; nest-building behavior ; wild house mice ; behavioral strategies ; bidirectional selection ; Y chromosome ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract This study takes the first step toward testing a Y chromosomal effect on both aggression and thermoregulatory nest-building behavior in mouse lines either bidirecrionally selected for short (SAL) and long (LAL) attack latency or high (HIGH) and low (LOW) nest-building behavior. Using reciprocal crosses between SAL and LAL, and between HIGH and LOW, we found no indications for Y chromosomal effects on thermoregulatory nest-building behavior. As for aggression, we confirmed earlier studies on SAL and LAL, i.e., the origin of the Y chromosome influences attack latency, i.e., aggression. However, we did not find indications for a Y chromosomal effect on aggression in the HIGH and LOW lines. Since aggression and nest-building behavior have been shown to be characteristic parameters of two fundamentally different behavioral strategies, the present data underline the improbability of Y chromosomal genes underlying the genetic architecture of alternative behavioral strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025678517986
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Mitochondrial DNA Involved in Mouse Behavioral Laterality? (1999)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 29 (1999), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Congenic strains ; laterality ; mitochondrial DNA ; paw preference ; mice ; NZB ; CBA/H
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic effect of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on behavioral laterality was investigated in a quartet of strains of laboratory mice congenic for mtDNA. The pattern of restriction of mtDNA differed in NZB/BINJ and CBA/H mice. Their respective congenics for mtDNA were developed until the 22nd generation. This quartet was tested under three independent conditions involving fore- and hind paw preference or performance (laterality tests) and body orientation. Evidence for the implication of mtDNA was observed on direction of laterality in two test conditions and on degree of laterality in the three test conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021605816217
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vocalizations in newborn mice: Genetic analysis (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 427-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Vocalizations ; ultrasounds ; development ; newborn ; mice ; NZB/BINJ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two kinds of vocalizations are produced by newborn mice: whistles (between 50 and 150 ms in length), having a narrow bandwidth in each strain that ranges from 30 to 90 kHz; and clicks, which are shorter (about 1 ms) and have a larger bandwidth. These vocalizations were individually recorded in 1-day-old pups from seven inbred strains of laboratory mice, at two temperatures (23±0.5 and 15±0.5°C). The numbers of clicks and whistles were counted under these two conditions. Moreover, the length and frequencies at the beginning, apex, and end of the whistles were measured during the 15°C condition. Correlations, including several components—additivity, epistasis (between homozygous loci), and maternal environment—were calculated between the characteristics of the whistles during the 15°C condition. Clicks and whistles were also counted from 1 to 8 days of age during the 15°C condition. The numbers of clicks and whistles were age dependent, with a decrease from day 1 to day 8 for the clicks and a consistent production of whistles. A quantitative genetic analysis was also performed on the 1-day-old pups from the mendelian generations produced by the inbred strains most contrasting for the number of whistles produced in the cold condition: NZB/BINJ and CBA/H. The heterozygous genotype of the mother induced an increment of the number of whistles. Moreover, a significant part of the additive variance was suspected from the first design, and found with the second one, for this variable. Quantitative genetic analysis showed significant dominance and epistasis between homozygous loci and homozygous and heterozygous loci. This points to multigenic correlates for the number of whistles in this population. The significant additive values for all the variables recorded during the 15±0.5°C condition and for the number of whistles produced during the 23±0.5°C condition are compatible with an effect the indicates neither directional nor stabilizing selection. This results is examined in the light of the multichannel sensorial process implicated in maternal behavior in mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359487
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple selection responses in house mice bidirectionally selected for thermoregulatory nest-building behavior: Crosses of replicate lines (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Heterosis ; nest-building behavior ; Mus domesticus ; selection ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Replicate high-selected, control, and low-selected lines were crossed at generation 46 of bidirectional selection for thermoregulatory nest-building behavior. Previous analysis of the lines at their limits had revealed multiple responses to uniform selection, where each of the four selected lines responded differently to reverse selection (Laffan, 1989). The reciprocal F1 crosses showed significant heterosis for nest-building behavior compared to the contemporaneous generations of the parental lines. This pattern of heterosis in all three crosses is consistent with the finding that nest-building behavior in each of the four replicate lines had a different genetic basis, in spite of the phenotypic similarity between the two replicate lines in the high and low direction of nesting. This heterosis effect and the larger number of young weaned in all three crosses compared to their respective contemporaneous generation of the parental lines also support earlier findings that larger nests are closely related to fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359488
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative trait loci for ethanol sensitivity in the LS X SS recombinant inbred strains: Interval mapping (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 447-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Gene mapping ; LS and SS ; pharmacogenetics ; quantitative genetics ; mice ; alcohol action
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We are mapping the genes (quantitative trait loci or QTLs) that are responsible for individual differences in ethanol sensitivity, measured as the duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) and blood ethanol concentrations upon recovery of the righting reflex (BEC). The Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) selected lines of mice manifest an 18-fold difference in LORR and serve as a rodent model for ethanol sensitivity. The LS x SS recombinant inbred (RI) series, developed from LS and SS lines, are an important resource for QTL mapping of ethanol-related responses. The current report summarizes the initial QTL analysis of LORR and BEC in the LS x SS strains and compares the results of correlational analysis with an interval-mapping approach. The data provide strong evidence for QTLs that influence ethanol sensitivity on mouse chromosomes 1 and 2 and possible QTLs on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, and 18. These results are compared to those from an F2 cross which confirms QTLs on chromsomes 1, 2, 4, and 18.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359489
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Searching for candidate genes with effects on an agonistic behavior, offense, in mice (1996)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 26 (1996), S. 471-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Agonistic behavior ; offense ; candidate genes ; Y chromosome ; Sry ; mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract It is well established that the agonistic behavior of offense in mice is heritable. However, few genes have been identified or mapped for offense. For segments of chromosomes with effects on offense, a positional candidate strategy can be used to find such genes. This approach is illustrated for the effect of the male specific part (nonpseudoautosomal region; NPAR) of the mouse Y chromosome on offense. It is proposed that a positional candidate for this effect isSry. The Sry protein is a transcription factor. Its mRNA is expressed in fetal and adult brain. Its protein binds to response elements in the 5′ end of the aromatase and theFral genes. Each of these genes has potential effects on several brain neurotransmitter systems involved in offense. The NPAR Y chromosomes of several pairs of inbred strains have differential effects on offense. This hypothesis would be tested by sequencingSry for some of these pairs of strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02359751
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intermale aggression tested in two procedures, using four inbred strains of mice and their reciprocal congenics: Y chromosomal implications (1995)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 25 (1995), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Aggression ; congenic strains ; inbred strains ; mice ; Y chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Indications of a role for the nonpseudoautosomal region of the Y chromosome (Y NPAR ) in intermale attack behavior have been demonstrated by Maxson's group using C57BL/10 (B10) and DBA/1 (D1) inbred mouse strains and their reciprocal congenics. Carlier and Roubertoux' group, using CBA/H (H) and NZB/B1NJ (N) mice, did not find such a Y NPAR effect. For the two research groups, however, not only were the parental strains different, but also the rearing conditions and testing methods. The divergent conclusions drawn may therefore have been due either to genetic variation or to environment-related variables. We carried out two experiments to investigate these alternatives. The N and H strains were raised and tested according to the experimental design used by Maxson's group (homogeneous set test) and the D1 and B10 strains were raised and tested according to the experimental design of Carlier and Roubertoux' group (standard opponent test). Considering all studies together, the Y NPAR effect appeared in both sets of mice only when using the homogeneous set test. This raises the question of what environmentally related variables are involved in the Y NPAR effect on intermale attack. One strong hypothesis is that the different types of opponents in each experimental design send differing olfactory signals, which, in turn, differentially affect the capacity to elicit intermale attack behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197285
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gene-culture model of human handedness (1995)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 25 (1995), S. 433-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Handedness ; asymmetry ; genetic ; cultural transmission ; mathematical model ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A model of handedness incorporating both genetic and cultural processes is proposed, based on an evolutionary analysis, and maximum-likelihood estimates of its parameters are generated. This model has the characteristics that (i) no genetic variation underlies variation in handedness, and (ii) variation in handedness among humans is the results of a combination of cultural and developmental factors, but (iii) a genetic influence remains since handedness is a facultative trait. The model fits the data from 17 studies of handedness in families and 14 studies of handedness in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. This model has the additional advantages that it can explain why monozygotic and dizygotic twins and siblings have similar concordance rates, and no hypothetical selection regimes are required to explain the persistence of left handedness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253372
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlated Responses to Selection for Developmental Period in Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae): Time of Mating and Daily Activity Rhythms (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 489-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Bactrocera cucurbitae ; correlated response ; developmental period ; genetic correlation ; mating time ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons of “time of mating” (the time copulation begins) between lines selected for short and long developmental periods have been made in the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae. These comparisons showed that longer developmental periods were associated with later initiation of mating. Crosses were also made between selected lines to ascertain the genetic basis of developmental period and time of mating. Comparisons of daily activity rhythms for four types of behavior (locomotion, preening, feeding, and wing vibration) between the selected lines showed the following; (1) locomotion and preening occurred in daytime for the short developmental period lines, versus mainly at night for the long developmental period lines; (2) feeding behavior occurred in daytime for both the short and the long developmental period lines; and (3) wing vibration, a component of courtship behavior of males, occurred at dusk for the short developmental period lines and at night for the long developmental period lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025682618895
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of Power to Detect a QTL in Sib-Pair Data Using Multivariate Phenotypes, Mean Phenotypes, and Factor Scores (1998)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 329-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: QTL analysis ; sib-pair data ; simulation studies ; multivariate linkage analysis ; genetic factor scores ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The power to detect a quantitative trait locus (QTL) in sib-pair data is investigated. We assume that we have at our disposal 3 or 4 related phenotypic measures in a sample of sib-pairs. Individual differences in these phenotypes are due to a common QTL and specific (i.e., unique to each phenotype) nonshared environmental and specific polygenic additive effects. In addition, models are considered that include common nonshared environmental effects and/or common polygenic additive effects. We calculate the power to detect the QTL in a genetic covariance structure analysis of the multivariate data, of the mean phenotypic data, and of factor scores. The use of factor scores is shown to be universally more powerful than the use of multivariate or mean phenotypic data. We also investigate the effect of using a single sample of sib-pairs to both calculate the factor score regression matrix and to carry out the QTL analysis. The use of a single sample to both these ends results in a loss of power compared to the theoretical, expected power. The gain in power attributable to the use of factor scores, however, outweighs this observed loss in power. The advantages of using factor scores in selecting sib-pairs are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021665501312
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of Hypoxic Exercise Tolerance in Mice (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 181-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Hypoxia ; exercise ; fatigue ; genetics ; mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract All mammals tested, when exposed acutely to a degree of hypoxia above some threshold, exhibit a reduced capacity to perform work. Chronic hypoxic exposure is usually associated with some degree of acclimation resulting in partial recovery of the preexposure work capacity. The present study reports that, among mice, interindividual variability in recovery of ability to tolerate a standardized hypoxic exercise [t et; time elapsed in treadmill exercise in hypoxia until 4-s failure to avoid a grid configured to deliver a mild aversive current (0.15 mA)], after 8 weeks' exposure to half-atmospheric pressure, is influenced predominantly by two unlinked genes of major effect. Two approaches were taken toward genetic characterization. In one, a maximum-likelihood procedure was applied to 11 models of genetic determinacy in the t et distributions of BALB/cBy (C) and C57BL/6By (B6) parental inbred strains, their F1 hybrid, and the backcross (BC) generations. Breeding tests of the resulting candidate “best-fit” major locus inheritance models involved repeated cycles of selecting, as the progenitor of a new BC generation, the male with the highest value of the test variable in the previous BC generation, and breeding him to C females. Mice from each of four distinct phenotypes appearing in BC3 were bred to C mice, producing distributions expected from two-locus segregation. The second approach was based upon CXB/By RI strain distribution pattern and derivative breeding tests to reveal phenotypic distributions consistent with two-locus inheritance of t et. Melding these results with a positional cloning strategy may permit relating a behavioral difference to specific heritable elements and identifying their products as the (partial) physiological substrata of the behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025649711626
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Dissection of Obesity in Polygenic Animal Models (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 285-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Obesity ; body weight ; polygenic ; quantitative trait loci (QTL) ; mice ; pigs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to diseases caused by single-gene defects, many of the most common human maladies such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypertension exhibit continuous phenotypic variation and a predominantly multifactorial and polygenic basis. Genes with roles in energy balance, nutrient partitioning, lipid and insulin metabolism, and a variety of behavioral traits are likely interacting with environmental stimuli to regulate obesity phenotypes. With the current proliferation of highly polymorphic genetic markers and the refinement of experimental approaches, it is now possible to screen thoroughly the genomes of model organisms for the individual genes or quantitative trait loci (QTL) that control measurable polygenic traits such as obesity. With the growing wealth of comparative mapping, it will be possible to predict the location of a homologous locus in the human after first mapping it in the mouse. Many experiments have been conducted in mice, rats, and pigs to estimate the number, location, and effect of QTL controlling obesity and related traits. This review describes the design and strategies of such studies and summarizes the results and their implications toward understanding the complex nature of obesity in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025631813018
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Slow-Wave Sleep and Rapid-Eye Movement Sleep in CXB Recombinant Inbred Mice (1999)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 29 (1999), S. 329-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Sleep ; REM sleep ; mice ; recombinant inbred ; QTL ; BALB/cBy ; C57BL/6
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Various inbred strains of mice show different daily amounts of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye movement sleep (REMS), suggesting the possibility of genetic influences on sleep propensity. Previous work by others studying the spontaneous sleep patterns of seven strains of CXB recombinant inbred (RI) mice suggested several candidate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with variation in REMS. Extending this approach, we evaluated the sleep patterns of 13 CXB RI strains and conducted linkage analyses based on 223 discrete informative loci. The probability density distribution of light phase REMS for the CXB RI strains showed deflections that correspond approximately to the parental phenotypes. This type of pattern is consistent with the presence of a low number of major effect quantitative trait loci. Regions of chromosomes 4, 16, and 17 showed provisional linkage to strain variation in REMS. The distribution of loci further suggested that dark phase and light phase REMS may be regulated by different genetic factors. Probabilities of linkage were not sufficient for declaration of a quantitative trait locus for REMS but were sufficient to warrant further analysis either with additional RI strains or with F2 panels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021609917126
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