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  • Articles  (29,650)
  • Springer  (29,650)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 1995-1999  (20,820)
  • 1975-1979  (8,830)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (22,140)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (6,370)
  • Information Science and Librarianship  (1,140)
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  • Articles  (29,650)
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  • 1
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 2
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 1-2 
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  • 3
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 11-12 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 7-8 
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  • 5
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 5-6 
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  • 6
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 9-10 
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  • 7
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 81-81 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 8
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 86-87 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 90-90 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 10
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 91-93 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 11
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 94-95 
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  • 12
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 88-89 
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  • 13
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 108-112 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 14
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 99-107 
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  • 15
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 96-98 
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  • 16
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 129-138 
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  • 17
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: In the previous article we covered what asset location systems (ALS) are and the features and benefits they offer. In this article we explore the various features to be considered when acquiring an ALS and steps to be taken. We discuss what users are saying they want in an ALS, including the results of a survey of vehicle tracking system users and providers.
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  • 18
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 139-142 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 19
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The vertical component obtained from the Global Positioning System (GPS) observations is from the ellipsoid (a mathematical surface), and therefore needs to be converted to the orthometric height, which is from the geoid (represented by the mean sea level). The common practice is to use existing bench marks (around the four corners of a project area and interpolate for the rest of the area), but in many areas bench marks may not be available, in which case an existing geoid undulation is used. Present available global geoid undulation values are not generally as detailed as needed, and in many areas they are not known better than ±1 to ±5 m, because of many limitations. This article explains the difficulties encountered in obtaining precise geoid undulation with some example computations, and proposes a technique of applying corrections to the best available global geoid undulations using detailed free-air gravity anomalies (within a 2° × 2° area) to get relative centimeter accuracy. Several test computations have been performed to decide the optimal block sizes and the effective spherical distances to compute the regional and the local effects of gravity anomalies on geoid undulations by using the Stokes integral. In one test computation a 2° × 2° area was subdivided into smaller surface elements. A difference of 37.34 ± 1.6 cm in geoid undulation was obtained over the same 2° × 2° area when 1° × 1° block sizes were replaced by a combination of 5' × 5' and 1' × 1' subdivision integration elements (block sizes).
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  • 20
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 21
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 22
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 148-149 
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  • 23
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 146-146 
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  • 24
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 25
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 26
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 21-26 
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  • 27
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 27-35 
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  • 28
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 36-41 
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  • 29
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 42-48 
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  • 30
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    European journal of wildlife research 23 (1977), S. 219-219 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 31
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three cases of anomalies of the skull in a 12 month old female roe deer are described and illustrated by two photographs: 1. Retardation of the linear expansion of the ossa nasalia; 2. Hypertrophy of the tubera frontalia; 3. Malformation of the rami mandibularum and their processi coronoidei.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois cas d'irrégularités du crâne chez un Chevreuil femelle d'un an sont décrits et illustrés à l'aide de deux photos. En détail il s'agit d'une 1. retention de la croissance des ossa nasalia; 2. hypertrophie des tubera frontalia; 3. malformation des rami mandibularum et ses processi coronoidei.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Regelwidrigkeiten am Schädel eines 12 Monate alten Rickenkitzes berichtet. Die durch zwei Fotos belegten Anomalien sind folgende: 1. Verkürzung der Nasenbeine; 2. Hypertrophie der Stirnwülste; 3. Deformierung des Unterkieferastes, insbesondere Verbiegung des Muskelfortsatzes.
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  • 32
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 15-34 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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  • 34
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 81-81 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 35
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 82-82 
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  • 36
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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  • 37
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
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  • 38
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 194-194 
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  • 39
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    European journal of wildlife research 21 (1975), S. 182-190 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results are presented in a survey of peeling by mouflon in spruce stands in the former mouflon research district Padberg, county of Hochsauerland, of the Research Station for Hunting Lore and Wildlife Damage Prevention. Observations were made from 1958 to 1970. Peeling in winter reached a peak in the extreme winter of 1962/63 when 8% of the trees were peeled. Summer peeling was considerably less, usually about 10% of the total peeling. Based on total peeling, root peeling was about 15% to 25% in winter, while the value for the dry summer of 1959 was 60%, based on the summer peeling per trunk. Mouflon peeled spruce stands over 30 years old more than those under 30. Further, little peeling of beech by Mouflon was proven. Of the tested anti-peeling preparations, chemical ones were effective on beech and spruce and mechanical protection in the form of a dry band for spruce. The protection was effective over a period of five or more years. The mechanical-biological protection, a sort of smoothing, reduced peeling up to 80% and more, compared to untreated trees, as far as the experiments are evaluated in which unprotected trees were peeled 3% and more. One stand of spruce, 18 years old, was badly damaged by the Flammigersche protective method; 12 trees died. The smoothing method caused only minor bark damage, which can be tolerated since this method is quite inexpensive.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de relevés d'écorcements causés par le Mouflon dans l'ancien territoire de chasse expérimental (Station de Recherches Cynégétiques et de Prévention des Dégâts de Gibier) de Padberg (Haut Sauerland). La période d'observation s'étendit de 1958 à 1970. L'écorcement d'hiver atteignit sa valeur la plus élevée au cours de l'hiver exceptionnel de 1962–63 avec un taux de 8% de pieds touchés. L'écorcement d'été, par contre, ne présenta généralement pas un caractère aigu en se situant aux environs ou en-dessous de 10% de la totalité des pieds écorcés au niveau du tronc. Par rapport à l'ensemble des écorcements causés aux troncs, l'écorcement causé aux racines traçantes au cours de l'hiver s'est situé entre 15 et 25% tandis qu'au cours de l'été sec de 1959, ce type d'écorcement s'est élevé à 60% des écorcements d'été causés aux troncs. Le Mouflon écorça plus intensivement les peuplements d'Epicéa de plus de trente ans que ceux de moins de 30 ans. Quelques écorcements d'été au Hêtre furent également signalés. Parmi les répulsifs expérimentés, les produits chimiques (pour l'Epicéa et le Hêtre) et la protection mécanique au moyen d'un manchon de ramilles sèches (pour l'Epicéa) se sont avérés pleinement efficaces tout au long d'une période de cinq ans et plus. Le traitement mécanique-biologique au moyen d'un rabot réduisit l'écorcement des pieds traités par rapport aux pieds non-traités dans une proportion de 80% et plus, l'écorcement concernant 3% des pieds non-traités. Un peuplement d'Epicéa traité à l'âge de 18 ans au moyen du grattoir de Flammig fut fortement endommagé par le traitement en question et 12 arbres succombèrent. Le traitement au rabot ne causa que des dommages faibles à modérés à l'écorce; ils ne portèrent pas à conséquence en raison du coût avantageux du traitement mécanique-biologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mitgeteilt werden Auszählergebnisse für das Schälen durch Muffelwild in Fichtenbeständen in dem ehemaligen Muffelwildversuchsrevier Padberg, Hochsauerlandkreis, der Forschungsstelle für Jagdkunde und Wildschadenverhütung. Der Beobachtungszeitraum erstreckte sich von 1958 bis 1970. Die Winterschäle erreichte mit 8% geschälter Stämme in dem Extremwinter 1962/63 den Höchstwert. Die Sommerschäle trat demgegenüber meist zurück und bewegte sich um oder unter 10% der Gesamtstammschäle. Bezogen auf die Gesamtstammschäle lag die Wurzelschäle im Winter im Bereich von 15% bis 25%, der Wert für den trockenen Sommer 1959 lag bei 60% bezogen auf die Sommerschäle am Stamm. Das Muffelwild schälte über 30 Jahre alte Fichtenbestände stärker als unter 30 Jahre alte. Nachgewiesen wurden weiterhin geringe Sommerschälschäden durch Muffelwild an Buche. Von den erprobten Schälschutzmitteln zeigten die chemischen Präparate bei der Buche und Fichte und der mechanische Schälschutz in Form des Trockeneinbandes bei der Fichte über einen Zeitraum von fünf und mehr Jahren eine volle Abwehrwirkung. Der mechanisch-biologische Schälschutz, als Hobelverfahren durchgeführt, minderte die Muffelwildschäle gegenüber unbehandelt um 80% und mehr, soweit die Versuche gewertet werden, bei denen an ungeschützten Stämmen 3% und mehr Schäle auftrat. Ein im Alter von 18 Jahren mit Flammigerschen Schutzkratzer behandelter Fichtenbestand wurde durch das Schutzverfahren stark geschädigt, 12 Stämme starben ab. Das Hobelverfahren brachte nur geringe bis mäßige Rindenschäden, die zum Teil wegen der Billigkeit des mechanisch-biologischen Schutzes in Kauf genommen werden könnten.
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 155-166 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By “single food diet” is meant a mixture which contains all the nutritive substances, minerals and vitamins required for body mainternance and growth, with a balanced proportion of energy units. Especially for the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals, such a food has great nutritional and physiological advantages over a conventional concentrate of other foods such as cereals, beet, hay or straw since all the components are taken simultaneously by the game animal. In this way it is possible to avoid an unbalanced food intake which, in the case of ruminants, may easily lead to damage to the rumen flora and may therefore be an important cause of illness. Silages have proved themselves to be particularly good in the feeding of ruminant cloven-hoofed game animals. In what is by now an 8-year study in three forest administrative areas of the north-west Eifel, a single food silage has been introduced and tested. Apple cores, sugar beet leaves, minerals and vitamins form the basic components along with hay or straw. Production is made easier with a power food chopper. A structured feed like this is ideal for ruminants; it is readily eaten by the animals and ad-lib intake meets maintenance needs. Costs are in the region of 90 to 100 DM per 1000 kg. In order to cut the daily production costs, 29 self-feeder troughs have so far been set up successfully; through these a permanent supply of food is available to the animals. These troughs have the advantage that failures in the food supply do not occur.
    Abstract: Résumé Par aliment complet on entend un composé comprenant toutes les matières nutritives, actives et énergétiques nécessaires au maintien et aux performances d'un animal. En ce qui concerne plus particulièrement l'alimentation des Ongulés-gibier, une telle nourriture présente, par rapport aux concentrés usels ou par rapport à d'autres aliments tels que céréales, betteraves, foins ou pailles, de gros avantages sur le plan physiologique, tous les ingrédients prévus étant absorbés simultanément. On évite de la sorte une alimentation trop exclusive qui, chez les ruminants, peut causer des dommages à la flore stomacale et ètre à l'origine de maladies. Pour l'affouragement des Ongulés-gibier ruminants, l'ensilage s'est avéré particulièrement probant. Voici maintenant huit années qu'un aliment complet sous forme d'ensilage est fabriqué et fait l'objet d'essais dans trois régions forestières du Nord-Ouest de l'Eifel. Comme composants de base sont utilisés le marc de pommes, la feuille de betteraves sucrières, des vitamines, des éléments minéraux de même que de la paille ou du foin. Pour la fabrication de l'ensilage on se sert d'une hacheuse soufflante. Un tel aliment structuré est destiné à être aussitôt ruminé, est appété par les animaux et couvre, lorsqu'il est distribué ad libitum, les besoins du métabolisme de maintien. Le prix de revient se situe aux environs de 90 à 100 DM par kg. Afin de réduire les frais d'acheminement quotidien de la nourriture, 29 distributeurs automatiques ont d'ores et déjà été installés avec succès, excluant par la même occasion les déficiences liées à un approvisionnement journalier.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter einem „Alleinfutter” ist eine Futtermischung zu verstehen, in der alle für die Erhaltung und Leistung erforderlichen Nähr-, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe mit einem entsprechenden Energieanteil enthalten sind. Speziell für die Fütterung des wiederkäuenden Schalenwildes bildet eine solche Äsung gegenüber einem üblichen Kraftfutter und sonstigen Futterstoffen, wie z. B. Getreide, Rüben, Heu oder Stroh große ernährungsphysiologische Vorteile, da alle vorgesehenen Inhaltstoffe gleichzeitig vom Wild aufgenommen werden. Auf diese Weise kann eine einseitige Futteraufnahme verhindert werden, die bei Wiederkäuern leicht zu Schädigungen der Pansenflora führt und damit wesentliche Ursache für das Auftreten von Erkrankungen ist. Besonders bewährt haben sich zur Verfütterung an wiederkäuendes Schalenwild Silagen. In nunmehr über 8 Jahre durchgeführten Versuchen in 3 Forstverwaltungen der nordwestlichen Eifel ist eine Alleinfutter-Silage hergestellt und erprobt worden. Als Grundkomponenten dienen Apfeltrester, Zuckerrübenblatt, Mineral- und Wirkstoffe sowie Heu oder Stroh. Die Herstellung erfolgt mit Hilfe eines Gebläsehäckslers. Ein solch strukturiertes Futter ist wiederkäuergercht, wird von den Tieren gerne aufgenommen und deckt bei ad libitum-Aufnahme den Erhaltungsbedarf. Die Kosten betragen etwa 90–100 DM/1000 kg. Um die täglichen Ausbringungskosten zu vermindern, sind bisher 29 Selbstfütterungen mit gutem Erfolg eingesetzt worden, durch die dem Wild ständige Äsung zur Verfügung steht und somit Fütterungsfehler dieser Art entfallen
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A report is made about a case of polymelie (pygomelie) in red fox. The malformation is illustrated with photographs, an X-ray, and a reconstructed skeleton. The additional appendage begins at the pelvis; the bones, often greatly reduced, are described. Mention is made of the occurrence of accessory extremities at the same place in man, cattle and roe deer. The causes of the polymelie are not known.
    Abstract: Résumé If est rendu compte d'un cas de Polymélie (Pygomélie) chez un Renard (Vulpes vulpes). La malformation est documentée par une photographie et une radiographie du cadavre de même que par un montage du squelette. Les membres supplémentaires se développent au niveau du bassin; une description est donnée de leurs os, dont plusieurs sont fortement réduits. On fait état de l'apparition, à ce niveau, d'extrémités accessoires chez l'Homme, le Bovidé et le Chevreuil. Les causes de la Polymélie ne sont pas encore connus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen Fall von Polymelie (Pygomelie) beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes) berichtet. Die Mißbildung wird durch Photographie und Röntgenaufnahme der Tierleiche sowie durch ein montiertes Skelettpräparat belegt. Die zusätzliche Gliedmaße setzt am Becken an; ihre zum Teil stark reduzierten Knochen werden beschrieben. Auf das Vorkommen akzessorischer Extremitäten an der o. g. Stelle beim Menschen, Rind und Reh wird hingewiesen. Die Ursachen der Polymelie sind noch nicht bekannt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 182-186 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper presents the findings of a study by the district veterinary office in Kleve, which deals with geese losses on the Lower Rhine in N. Rhine Westphalia in connection with a winter thunderstorm. The report suggests lightning strikes, damage by hail, collision with aircraft (bird strikes), and the effects of pressure differences in nose diving from flying at high altitudes as possible causes of death.
    Abstract: Résumé Les pertes observées dans le Bas-Rhin (Rhénanie-Westphalie) par les services vétérinaires de Kleve en liaison avec une perturbation atmosphérique au cours de l'hiver font l'objet d'une discussion. Dans la présente communication, on fait état des causes possibles suivantes: foudre, grèle, collision avec des avions de même que l'effet de variations de pressions atmosphériques lorsque les oiseaux quittent brusquement les hautes altitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Diskussion gestellt wird der Untersuchungsbefund aus dem Kreisveterinäramt Kleve, der sich mit Gänseverlusten am Niederrhein in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Zusammenhang mit einem Wintergewitter befaßt. Erörtert werden als mögliche Ursachen in der vorliegenden Mitteilung Blitzschlag, Hagelschlag, Zusammenstoß mit Flugzeugen (Vogelschlag) und die Auswirkung von Druckunterschieden bei sturzflugartigem Verlassen großer Flughöhen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 24 (1978), S. 207-211 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 112-115 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The authors have studied the pathogenicity of the Filariosis of the skin, which is very frequent in red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) from different hunting districts of the SR of Slovenia, Yugoslavia. Specific nodules varying from about the size of a pea to a nut are associated withOnchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856. This filaria worm occurs in the subcutaneous tissue. The parasites lie coiled up in sterile abcesses, which exhibit a rise in the connective tissue and firm fibrotic reaction. Inside the nodules at various points are apparent small sinusoid cavities and numerous eosinophils and other blood cells may occur in the connective tissue. Using histological techniques, it is very easy to differentiate those nodules from the nodules in early stages, associated with Hypodermosis of the red deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Description des altérations des tissus de l'épiderme et du sous-épiderme chez un Cerf mâle atteint par Onchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856. Les parasites étaient enrobés dans des nodules de la raille d'un pois à celle d'une noisette, constitués de proliférations de tissu conjonctif au sein duquel l'on trouvait des filaments cellulaires à lymphocytes ou des cavités remplies de sécrétions. Grâce à des analyses histologiques, il était possible de distinguer les nodules de Filariose de ceux de l'Hypodermose.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben werden Veränderungen der Haut- und Unterhautgewebe bei einem Rothirsch, die vonOnchocerca flexuosa Wedl 1856 verursacht worden sind. In erbsen- bis nußgroßen Knötchen waren die Parasiten von üppigen Bindegewebsproliferationen umgeben, in denen stärkere Zellwucherungen mit Lymphozyten, zuweilen aber auch mit Absonderungen ausgefüllte Kavernen gefunden wurden. Mittels histologischer Untersuchungen war es möglich, filariöse Knötchen von denen bei Hypodermose zu unterscheiden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 118-118 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 118-118 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 161-169 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 169-170 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 149-161 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part of the study the results are reported of an examination for endoparasites of 52 European hares, which come from three contiguous districts in Lower Saxony (Helmstedt county). The hares were shot on hunting drives in December of 1974. Two entrails (3.8%) were free of worms; 71.2% were infested withTrichostrongylus retortaeformis and 59.6% withTrichuris leporis. No animal was found withGraphidium strigosum. In the average case, the infestation byTrichostrongylus retortaeformis was 50% higher in females than in males, while the infestation byTrichuris leporis was approximately the same for both sexes. The average body weight of examined males was 3.642 kg, and of females, 3.808 kg. The second part of the study consisted of a comparison of the results of several endoparasitological studies on hares. Of particular interest are the range and intensity of intestinal helminths in connection with climate and soil quality of the study areas. The pathology of the helminths and their effect on body weight is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé La première partie de l'étude fait état des résultats d'un examen endoparasitologique de 52 intestins de lièvres provenant de trois territoires contigus de Basse-Saxe (District de Helmstedt). Le matériel fut recueilli en décembre 1974 à l'occasion de chasses en battue. Deux intestins (3,8%) étaient sains; 71,2% étaient contaminés parTrichostrongylus retortaeformis et 59,6% parTrichuris leporis. Aucune atteinte parGraphidium strigosum ne peut être mise en évidence. La contamination moyenne parTrichostrongylus retortaeformis était de 50% plus élevée chez les femelles que chez les mâles, tandis que pourTrichuris leporis elle était la même pour les deux sexes. Le poids des lièvres examinés se situait en moyenne à 3,642 kg pour les mâles et 3,808 kg pour les femelles. La deuxième partie de l'étude est consacrée à une comparaison des résultats de différents examens endoparasitologiques. Une attention particulière est accordée à la dispersion et le degré de contamination des helminthes gastéro-entéritiques en relation avec la nature du sol et le climat des territoires expérimentaux. La pathogénie des helminthes et leur influence sur le poids fait l'objet d'une discussion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird über die Ergebnisse einer endoparasitologischen Untersuchung an 52 Hasengescheiden berichtet, die aus drei aneinandergrenzenden Revieren Niedersachsens (Kreis Helmstedt) stammten. Die Hasen wurden im Dezember 1974 anläßlich der Treibjagden erlegt. Zwei Gescheide (3,8%) waren wurmfrei; 71,2% waren mitTrichostrongylus retortaeformis und 59,6% mitTrichuris leporis befallen. Ein Befall mitGraphidium strigosum konnte bei keinem der Tiere nachgewiesen werden. Der durchschnittliche Wurmbefall lag fürTrichostrongylus retortaeformis bei den weiblichen Tieren um 50% höher als bei den männlichen, während er fürTrichuris leporis bei beiden Geschlechtern ungefähr gleich war. Als durchschnittliches Körpergewicht wurden für die untersuchten männlichen Hasen 3,642 kg und für die weiblichen 3,808 kg ermittelt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird eine vergleichende Betrachtung über die Ergebnisse verschiedener endoparasitologischer Untersuchungen an Hasen angestellt. Dabei finden die Verbreitung und die Befallstärken der Magen-Darm-Helminthen im Zusammenhang mit Bodenbeschaffenheit und Klima der Versuchsgebiete besondere Berücksichtigung. Die Pathogenität der Helminthen und ihre Einfluß auf das Körpergewicht werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 170-170 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 171-172 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 172-173 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 173-176 
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 177-184 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Blood serum electrophoresis (short time electrophoresis using cellulose acetate films) exhibits characteristic species differences in the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). In all species examined remarkable variations of serum protein components were observed. These variations might be due to the age-dependent decrease of the albumin-fraction and to the simultaneous increase of the γ-globulin-fraction. The age-dependent shift of the albumin/globulin ratio to higher globulin fraction values is a well-known feature in domestic ruminant species. However, the reported values might have been distorted by other factors (e.g. type of electrophoretic method, blood sampling procedure, possible infections in the animals tested). Immunoelectrophoretical methods should be able to overcome these distorting influences.
    Abstract: Résumé Les sérums du Chevreuil, du Cerf et du Chamois montrent, par électrophorèse de courte durée sur feuille d'acétate de cellulose, des courbes qui leur sont spécefiques. Les fortes amplitudes que l'on observe pour les différentes fonctions sont essentiellement attribuées à la diminution, en fonction de l'âge, de l'albumine, parallèlement à l'accroissement de la gamma-globuline. Le glissement, en fonction de l'âge, des quotients albumine/globuline en faveur de la globuline est aussi connu chez les ruminants domestiques. D'autres facteurs (méthode, matériel, infection) pouvant influencer le comportement quantitatif des protéines sériques font l'objet d'une discussion et des recherches immuno-électrophorétiques sont proposées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Seren von Reh, Rothirsch und Gams zeigen bei der Kurzzeitelektrophorese auf CAF artspezifisch typische Elektrophorese-Kurven. Die bei den Kollektiven vorkommenden großen Streubreiten für die Einzelfraktionen werden vorwiegend auf die mit zunehmendem Alter der Tiere zu beobachtende Abnahme des Albumins bei gleichzeitiger Vermehrung der γ-Globuline zurückgeführt. Die altersmäßig bedingte Verschiebung des Albumin/Globulin-Quotienten zugunsten der Globuline ist auch bei den domestizierten Wiederkäuern bekannt. Die Möglichkeiten anderer Einflüsse (Methode, Material, Infekte) auf das quantitative Verhalten der Serumproteine werden diskutiert und immunelektrophoretische Untersuchungen vorgeschlagen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 22 (1976), S. 184-190 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this study, measurements were carried out on the weight and capacity of the digestive system of 80 roe deer, 16 fallow deer and 19 mouflon. The percentage of the digestive tract compared to the body weight was slightly smaller in roe deer than in fallow deer, while the mouflon showed the highest values. The variations in the weight proportions of the stomachs as against the intestines from 1.7∶1 in the case of roe, to 2.2∶1 in fallow and to 3∶1 in mouflon were above all caused by differences of the filled ruminoreticulum. The maximum volume of the ruminoreticulum differed between 22 Liter/100 kg body weight in roe deer and 33 in the mouflon. This small capacity of the rumen of roe deer was also filled with the lowest amount of digesta compared to the other species. These data support the opinion that roe deer belong to the browsers, mouflon to the grazers while fallow deer tend to be an intermediate feeding type.
    Abstract: Résumé Les poids et les capacités stomacales ont été relevés sur 80 chevreuils, 16 daims et 19 mouflons. La proportion de tractus intestinaux remplis était plus faible chez le Chevreuil que chez le Daim et surtout que chez le Mouflon. Les différences de rapports pondéraux entre le tractus stomacal et les intestins (1,7∶1 chez le Chevreuil, 2,2∶1 chez le Daim, 3∶1 chez le Mouflon) résultent surtout de différences de poids de l'ensemble pansebonnet. La capacité du ruminoreticulum variait entre 22 chez le Chevreuil et 33 litres/100 kg de poids du corps chez le Mouflon, le volume plus réduit de l'ensemble pansebonnet chez le Chevreuil étant en outre rempli d'une quantité d'ingesta moindre. Ces données confirment l'hypothèse suivant laquelle le Chevreuil est à ranger parmi les animaux qui sélectionnent une nourriture concentrée, le Mouflon parmi les animaux consommateurs d'aliments fibreux grossiers, le Daim, quant à lui, occupant une position intermédiaire. Reste ouverte la question de savoir dans quelles circonstances peuvent être observées les valeurs caractéristiques pour chacun des types d'animaux.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 80 Rehen, 16 Stück Damwild und 19 Mufflon wurden Gewichts- und Kapazitätsmessungen am Verdauungstrakt durchgeführt. Der Anteil des gefüllten Intestinaltraktes am Körpergewicht war beim Reh geringer als beim Damhirsch und lag weit unter dem des Mufflon. Das unterschiedliche Gewichtsverhältnis des Magentraktes zum Darmsystem von 1,7∶1 beim Reh, 2,2∶1 beim Damhirsch und 3∶1 beim Mufflon beruhte vor allem auf Gewichtsunterschieden des Pansen-Haubenraumes. Das Fassungsvermögen des Ruminoreticulum schwankte zwischen 22 beim Reh und 33 Litern/100 kg Körpergewicht beim Muffelwild, wobei die geringere Kapazität des Pansen-Haubenraumes beim Reh zudem durch eine geringere Ingestamenge gefüllt war. Die Daten bestätigen die Annahme, daß Rehe den Typ des Konzentratselektierers und Muffelwild den des Grobfaserfressers verkörpern, während Damhirsche eher eine Intermediärstellung einnehmen. Dabei ist noch offen, unter welchen Umständen die für den jeweiligen Äsungstyp charakteristischen Werte zu beobachten sind.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 22-32 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary On the basis of a survey of estimated game losses following the introduction of farm machinery in 36 district hunting areas in North Rhine Westphalia, the losses amongst roe, hare, wild rabbit, pheasant and partridge are particularised. Alongside the absolute figures, the mechanisation data are analysed against the annual bag of the individual animal species and the different agricultural acreages. By N. Rhine Westphalian standards, feathered game were found to be the hardest hit (pheasant and partridge along with their offsring formed about 22% of the annual bag), followed by hare (14.5%), roe (13.5%) and rabbit (only 1.1%). After conversion to put the figures on a comparable basis, the results correspond on the whole quite well, and in some respects very well, with those of an earlier inquiry by the Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband made on a much smaller area. Nevertheless, these uncorrected estimates should be accepted only with reservations, especially because of possible psychological stress in the people who were questioned.
    Abstract: Résumé Les résultats d'une enquête sur les pertes de gibier causées par des engins agricoles et portant sur 36 territoires de districts de Rhénanie-Westphalie fournissent des estimations de ce type de mortalité chez le Chevreuil, le Lièvre, le Lapin, le Faisan et la Perdrix. Ces valeurs ne sont pas seulement données en chiffres absolus mais sont également rapportées aux tableaux de tir des différentes espèces et aux différentes surfaces agricoles en question. En Rhénanie-Westphalie, la situation est telle que le gibierplume (Faisan et Perdrix, y compris leur couvées) est le plus touché avec 22% du tableau, suivi du Lièvre (14.5%), le Chevreuil (13.5%) et le Lapin avec seulement 1.1%. La concordance générale des chiffres, après conversion, avec ceux obtenus lors d'une enquête antérieure beaucoup moins etendue en surface et organisée par le „Deutscher Jagdschutz-Verband“ est bonne, voire, dans certains cas, très bonne. Ces estimations à l'état brut doivent cependant être considérées avec réserve, d'autant plus que certaines contraintes psychologiques ont pu jouer chez les personnes interrogées.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand einer Erhebung von Schätzwerten über Wildverluste durch landwirtschaftlichen Maschineneinsatz aus 36 Kreisgruppengebieten in Nordrhein-Westfalen werden Verlustzahlen der Wildarten Reh, Hase, Wildkaninchen, Fasan und Rebhuhn angegeben. Dabei sind neben den absoluten Zahlenangaben die Daten auf die jeweilige Jahresstrecke der einzelnen Tierart sowie auf verschiedene landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen bezogen. Nach nordrhein-westfälischen Verhältnissen sind dabei die Federwildarten Fasan und Rebhuhn einschl. ihrer Gelege mit etwa 22% der Jahresstrecke am stärksten betroffen, gefolgt von Hase (14,5%), Reh (13,5%) und Kaninchen mit nur 1,1%. Die Ergebnisse stimmen nach Umrechnung primär nicht vergleichbarer Zahlen im großen und ganzen gut und teilweise sehr gut mit denen einer früheren flächenmäßig erheblich begrenzteren Umfrage des Deutschen Jagdschutz-Verbandes überein. Dennoch sollen diese nicht korrigierten Schätzwerte — besonders auch wegen dargestellter möglicher psychologischer Verhaltenszwänge bei den Befragten — unter Vorbehalt entgegengenommen werden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 36-38 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There is a report of a congenital combined tooth and bite anomaly in the form of an undifferentiated fourth molar in the left lower jaw of a fallow deer stag, and the appearance of beads of enamel on the M3 sin. inf. Two photographs illustrate the malformations.
    Abstract: Résumé Anomalie congénitale et combinée de la denture inférieure chez un Daim mâle sous la forme d'une quatrième molaire non différenciée sur le rameau gauche et d'une perlure d'émail sur le sinus inférieur de la M3. Deux documents photographiques illustrent cette double malformation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine angeborene kombinierte Zahn- und Gebißanomalie in Form eines undifferenzierten vierten Molaren im linken Unterkiefer eines Damhirsches sowie über das Auftreten von Schmelzperlen am M3 sin. inf. berichtet. Zwei Fotos belegen die Mißbildungen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 103-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The central feature of the paper is the development of the study of game in Jugoslavia. Alongside this is given a short résumé of game study activities during the same period in Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland.
    Abstract: Résumé On présente l'historique de la cynégétique en Yougoslavie et, accessoirement, celui de la Bulgarie, de la Hongrie et de la Pologne. Pour la Yougoslavie, on fait état, principalement, des centres de recherche de Ljubljana et de Novi Sad. En 1953, se constitua le groupe pour la recherche cynégétique, d'où émergea, après deux ans, l'Institut de Recherche Scientifique du Gibier, relié à l'association fédérale yougoslave de chasse. Les liens avec les travaux du ProfesseurNüsslein sont rappelés, en particulier ceux qui sont le fait de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerpunktmäßig wird die Entwicklung der Jagdwissenschaft in Jugoslawien dargestellt, daneben wird jeweils ein kurzer Überblick über jagdwissenschaftliche Tätigkeiten in den Ländern Bulgarien, Ungarn und Polen gegeben. Für Jugoslawien werden vor allen Dingen die beiden Zentren für Wildforschung Ljubljana und Novi Sad genannt. 1953 bildete sich die Gruppe für wissenschaftliche Forschung im Jagdwesen, aus der zwei Jahre später das Institut für wissenschaftliche Wildforschung hervorging, das an den föderalen Jagdverband in Jugoslawien gebunden war. Verbindungen zu dem Wirken von Prof.Nüsslein werden aufgezeigt, insbesondere die durch den Internationalen Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler bestehenden.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 110-114 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper traces the links between the hunting organisation and the game research in Germany. It was the „Allgemeiner Deutscher Jagdschutzverein“ which ensured the introduction of research into game-tagging in 1904. The majority of the members of the „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“, founded in 1919, were members of the many hunting associations. In 1934, the „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ took over the „Institut für Jagdkunde“ in Berlin which had been founded in 1911. The State hunting association of North-Rhine Westphalia ran its own research establishment after 1950, as did that of Schleswig-Holstein after 1953. Prof.Nüsslein is considered to have been the central figure in the study of game in Germany since the International Union of Game Biologists was established in 1954.
    Abstract: Résumé On fait état des liens existant entre les organisations de chasse et la cynégétique en Allemange. La mérite de l'„Allgemeine Deutsche Jagdschutzverein“ (association allemande pour la protection de la chasse) fut l'instauration, en 1904, d'une recherche sur des animaux marqués. La majorité des membres de la „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ (Societé de Cynégétique), fondée en 1919, étaient issus d'associations de chasse. Le „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ (Fédération allemande des chasseurs) assura en 1934 la reprise en charge de l'Institut de Cynégétique fondé à Berlin en 1911. L'association de chasse de la Rhénanie-Westphalie — depuis 1950 — et celle du Schleswig-Holstein — depuis 1953 — disposent de leurs propres institutions de recherche. Le ProfesseurNüsslein est considéré comme la personnalité cynégétique allemande la plus marquante depuis les origines de l'„Internationaler Ring der Jagdwissenschaftler“ (Cercle international des Cynégéticiens) en 1954.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aufgezeigt werden Verbindungen zwischen der Jägerorganisation und der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland. Das Verdienst des 1875 gegründeten „Allgemeinen Deutschen Jagdschutzvereins“ war die Einführung der Wildmarkenforschung im Jahre 1904. Der Großteil der Mitglieder der 1919 gegründeten „Gesellschaft für Jagdkunde“ waren Mitglieder aus den Reihen der Jägervereinigungen. Der „Reichsbund Deutsche Jägerschaft“ übernahm 1934 das 1911 gegründete Institut für Jagdkunde in Berlin. Eigene Forschungseinrichtungen betrieben der Landesjagdverband Nordrhein-Westfalen ab 1950 und der Landesjagdverband Schleswig-Holstein ab 1953. Prof.Nüsslein wird als zentrale Persönlichkeit der Jagdwissenschaft in Deutschland seit dem Entstehen des Internationalen Ringes der Jagdwissenschaftler im Jahre 1954 angesehen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 127-128 
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 117-122 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper reports on the work of the Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies („Jagdkunde“) in the University of Göttingen since 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein was from 1947 to 1952 principal lecturer and director of the Institute for Game Studies, as it then was, and from 1953 to 1967 he was senior professor. In 1973 the professorship was recast, after the name of the institute had been broadened in 1971 into “Wildlife Research and Game Studies”. In 1976 it was renamed “The Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Studies”. The article presents the current teaching programme, including a compulsory 2-semester unit of four hours per week for wildlife biology and game studies, and the current research programmes which are concerned with indigenous hoofed animals, indigenous predators, hares and rodents, indigenous birds, ecosystem research, tropical research, the protection of wild animals, wildlife pathology, parasitology and the study of fisheries and hydrology. Further, reference is made to the services of the Institute (inter alia extensive age-estimates and investigations of dead game animals) and its collaboration with official organisations.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte des travaux de l'Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique de l'Université de Göttingen après 1945. De 1947 à 1952, ce fut au titre de Chargé de Cours, de 1953 à 1963 au titre de Professeur ordinaire, que le ProfesseurF. Nüsslein présida aux destinées de ce qui s'appelait à l'époque l'Institut de Cynégétique („Institut für Jagdkunde“). En 1973, la chaire de cynégétique fut à nouveau occupée, après que l'appellation de l'institut fut élargie sous le vocable „Recherche sur le gibier et cynégétiqu“ („Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“). En 1976, cette appellation fut transformée pour devenir „Institut de Biologie du Gibier et de Cynégétique“ („Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“). Un aperçu est donné sur la charge d'enseignement actuelle (qui comprend entre autres un enseignement obligatoire, pendant deux semestres, de quatre heures-semaine pour la biologie du gibier et pour la cynégétique) et sur les recherches en cours (qui portent sur les Ongulés indigènes, les Carnivores, les Lagomorphes, les Rongeurs indigènes, l'avifaune indigène, sur les écosystèmes, la problématique tropicale, la protection des espèces menacées d'extinction, la pathologie et la parasitologie des espèces-gibier ainsi que sur la limnologie et la pisciculture). On mentionne également les services qui sont assurés par l'Institut (entre autres déterminations de l'âge et autopsies d'animaux retrouvés morts) et la collaboration qui est engagée avec différentes organisations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über die Arbeit des Instituts für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde der Universität Göttingen nach 1945. Prof.Fritz Nüsslein war von 1947 bis 1952 Lehrbeauftragter und Leiter des damaligen Instituts für Jagdkunde und von 1953 bis 1967 Ordinarius. 1973 erfolgte die Neubesetzung des Lehrstuhles, nachdem 1971 die Institutsbezeichnung in „Wildforschung und Jagdkunde“ erweitert worden war. 1976 wurde die Umbenennung in „Institut für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde“ vorgenommen. Dargestellt werden das gegenwärtige Lehrangebot, u. a. eine zweisemestrige Pflichtveranstaltung von 4 Wochenstunden für Wildbiologie und Jagdkunde, und die laufenden Forschungen, die sich auf einheimische Huftiere, einheimische Raub-, Hasen- und Nagetiere, einheimische Vögel, die Ökosystemforschung, die Tropenforschung, den Wildtierschutz, die Wildpathologie und Parasitologie und die Fischerei- und Gewässerkunde beziehen. Hingewiesen wird ferner auf die Dienstleistungen des Instituts (u. a. umfangreiche Altersschätzungen und Fallwilduntersuchungen) und die Mitarbeit in Organisationen.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 150-159 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary As a result of the administration of Testosteron and subsequent traumatisation, four male red deer which were castrated before or at puberty, developed antlers. During the autumn-winter period, Testosteron, Oestradiol or Progesteron were administered to the animals in order to induce cleaning. After the hormone treatment ceased, the antlers were shed in spring, whereupon the next period of antler growth began. The research showed that the effect of Progesteron on the antler cycle is similar to that of Testosteron, though Progesteron is at least 2–3 times less effective. In two cases antlers were generated without producing a trauma. These antlers did not develop in the normal way but grew bent over downwards, and in one case a pendulous beam developed.
    Abstract: Résumé Après administration de Testotérone et suite au traumatisme infligé aussitôt après, quatre cerfs mâles, qui avaient été châtrés au moment de la puberté, ont développé des bois. Au cours de l'automme et de l'hiver on administra aux animaux de la Testotérone, de l'Oestradiol et de la Progestérone afin de provoquer le décroûtage. Après l'arrêt du traitement hormonal, les bois furent jetés bas au printemps, après quoi on put observer la nouvelle poussée des bois. Les recherches ont montré que l'effet de la Progestérone sur le cycle des bois était semblable à celui de la Testotérone. La Progestérone présente cependant un effet certainement 2 à 3 fois moindre que celui de la Testotérone. Dans deux cas, des bois ont été produits sans intervention d'un traumatisme. Ces bois ne se développèrent pas de façon normale mais s'infléchirent vers l'avant; dans un cas se développa une perche en pendule („Pendelstange“).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Folge der Verabreichung von Testosteron und nachfolgender Traumatisierung haben vier männliche Rothirsche, die vor oder zur Zeit der Pubertät kastriert wurden, Geweihe entwickelt. Während der Herbst-Winter-Periode wurde den Tieren Testosteron, Oestradiol oder Progesteron verabreicht, um das Fegen zu verursachen. Nach Einstellung der Hormonbehandlung wurden die Geweihe im Frühjahr abgeworfen, worauf die nächste Geweihwachstumsperiode einsetzte. Die Versuche haben gezeigt, daß die Auswirkung von Progesteron auf den Geweihzyklus dem Effekt von Testosteron ähnlich ist. Progesteron ist jedoch mindestens 2–3mal weniger wirkungsvoll als Testosteron. In zwei Fällen wurden Geweihe ohne Beibringen eines Traumas erzeugt. Diese Geweihe entwickelten sich nicht in der normalen Weise, sondern wuchsen verbogen nach unten, und in einem Falle entwickelte sich eine pendelnde Stange.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 129-139 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is still very strictly protected in South West Africa/Namibia. There has even been a clear increase in cheetah numbers in farming areas over recent years. Causes of this are the general increase in game populations, the more favourable opportunities for capture as a result of farm husbandry measures, the diminishing competition from enemies, the reduced pressure of hunting and the more limited disturbance of their areas. Cheetah can do considerable damage to game and livestock. This has forced the farmers to hunt the cheetah. Capture by box trap at the play tree has proved to be particularly successful in the sense of skinning off the surplus population whilst at the same time being the best method of conserving the stock. By selling live cheetahs and cheetah skins, the farmers, prior to the Washington accord on protection of species coming into force, could balance out or outweigh the losses they suffered trough cheetah, so that they had a financial interest in the conservation of the species. The situation which has developed from the Washington accord on preservation of species gives rise to a fear that the repercussions may destroy the population. That is why ways must be sought to interest the farmers in future management by the conservation and effective hunting of cheetah.
    Abstract: Résumé Le Guépard (Acinonyx jubatus) est encore très fortement représenté dans le Sud-ouest de l'Afrique (Namibie). Ces derniers temps, une multiplication notoire de l'espèce dans les régions d'élevage peut même être constatée. L'augmentation généralisée des effectifs de gibier, les possibilités accrues de la prédation liées à certaines mesures favorables au bétail, la diminution de la pression de chasse et une moindre perturbation de l'espace rural en sont les causes. Les guépards peuvent causer des dommages importants au gibier et au bétail. Les fermiers sont ainsi amenés à faire la chasse à ce prèdateur. Le procédé de capture à la fois le plus efficace et le moins préjudiciable à la population consiste à utiliser des chatiéres que l'on dispose au pied de certains arbres utilisés par le carnivore. Avant l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention de Washington, les fermiers parvenaient, par la vente de guépards vivants ou de leur peaux, à compenser — parfois largement — les pertes qu'ils leur causaient; ces fermiers avaient donc tout intérêt à veiller à la conservation du félidé. La nouvelle situation qui résulte de la mise en application de la Convention de Washington pourrait avoir des effets négatifs. Une formule doit donc être trouvée qui permette d'associer économiquement les fermiers à la conservation et à une chasse permanente du Guépard.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus) ist in Südwestafrika/Namibia noch sehr stark vertreten. Für die jüngste Zeit läßt sich sogar eine deutliche Zunahme im Farmland feststellen. Ursachen hierfür sind die allgemeine Zunahme der Wildbestände, die günstigeren Erbeutungsmöglichkeiten infolge farmwirtschaftlicher Maßnahmen, die Verminderung des Feinddrucks, die Abnahme des Jagddrucks und die geringere Geländebeunruhigung. Unter Wild und Vieh können die Geparden beträchtliche Schäden anrichten. Die Farmer sind dadurch zu einer Bejagung der Geparden gezwungen. Als besonders erfolgreich im Sinne einer Bestandesabschöpfung und gleichzeitig als am meisten bestandesschonend hat sich der Fang mit der Kastenfalle am Spielbaum erwiesen. Durch Verkauf von lebenden Geparden und Gepardenfellen konnten die Farmer vor Inkrafttreten des Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommens ihre durch die Geparden verursachten Verluste ausgleichen oder übertreffen, so daß sie ein wirtschaftliches Interesse an der Erhaltung der Geparden hatten. Die durch das Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen entstandene Situation läßt negative Auswirkungen befürchten. Es muß deshalb nach Wegen gesucht werden, die Farmer auch in Zukunft wirtschaftlich an der Erhaltung und nachhaltigen Bejagung der Geparden zu interessieren.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 159-166 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This report deals with the residue-levels of heavy-metals in chamois of the Zillertal, Austria. The authors examined muscles and kidneys in order to discover the lead, mercury and cadmium content. The concentrations found in the muscles are of about the same level as for animals sent for slaughter, whereas the levels in the kidneys are higher. The lead content of kidneys relative to the age of the animals and seasonal variations of the lead-and mercury-concentrations are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est rendu compte de la contamination de chamois du Zillertal (Autriche) par des résidus de métaux lourds. Les concentrations de Plomb, Mercure et Cadmium dans les muscles et dans les reins ont été déterminées. Les résultats révèlent une contamination des muscles presque aussi importante que celle observée chez les bovidés d'abattoir en Autriche, tandis que celle des reins se situait à un niveau plus élevé. La discussion porte sur la dépendance de la teneur des reins en Plomb en fonction de l'âge des animaux et sur celle de la teneur en Plomb et en Mercure suivant les saisons.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Belastung von Gemsen aus dem Zillertal, Österreich, mit Schwermetallrückständen berichtet. Bei Muskulatur und Nieren wurden die Konzentrationen von Blei, Quecksilber und Cadmium ermittelt. Die Resultate zeigen eine etwa gleich hohe Belastung der Muskulatur wie bei Schlachtrindern in Österreich, während die Belastung der Nieren höher liegt. Abhängigkeiten des Bleigehaltes in der Niere vom Alter der Tiere sowie des Blei- und Quecksilbergehaltes von der Jahreszeit werden diskutiert.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 139-150 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The study used a data base of 17 380 red deer calves and yearlings shot during 17 hunting seasons to investigate the mean growth development between August and January. Some statistical difficulties in analysing this kind of data are discussed. A second-order polynominal model was used to describe the relationship between body weight and date of kill. The deer were divided into four groups according to age and sex, and for each group the unknown parameters were estimated by the least square regression method. A similar model equation was derived for each of the 17 hunting seasons. The mean body weight on December 1st as predicted by these equations was used to show the correlation between body weight and population density as derived from the careful recording of the game management. According to these results, the increase in body weight was of the magnitude of one kilogram for a reduction of the population density by one animal per 100 hectares.
    Abstract: Résumé Le développement moyen du poids du corps au cours de la saison de chasse chez les faons et yearlings de Cerf est étudié grâce à l'analyse du poids de 17 380 animaux tirés au cours de 17 saisons de chasse. Certaines difficultés d'ordre méthodologique inhérentes à l'analyse de telles données sont soulignées. On fait appel à un polynôme du second degré pour décrire la relation entre le poids du corps et la date de tir. Pour chacun des quatres ensembles faons mâles, faons femelles, yearlings mâles et yearlings femelles, les paramètres inconnus sont estimés par la méthode des moindres carrés. Des courbes analogues sont obtenues pour chacune des 17 périodes d'observation. Les valeurs de poids au 1er décembre qui résultent de ces équations sont confrontées avec les densités de population d'année en année. On observe ainsi que la majoration des poids moyens des faons et yearlings est de l'ordre d'l kg lorsque la densité de population baisse d'une tête par 100 ha.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Daten von 17 380 erlegten Tieren aus 17 Jagdjahren wurde die mittlere Gewichtsentwicklung in der Abschußzeit von Kälbern und einjährigem Rotwild untersucht. Es werden einige methodische Schwierigkeiten der Analyse derartiger Daten erörtert. Ein Polynom zweiten Grades wurde benutzt, um die Beziehung zwischen Körpergewicht und Abschußdatum zu beschreiben. Für die vier Untersuchungskollektive Hirschkälber, Wildkälber, Schmalspießer und Schmaltiere wurden jeweils die unbekannten Parameter mittels der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate geschätzt. Ähnliche Kurven wurden für jedes der 17 Untersuchungsjahre abgeleitet. Die aus diesen Gleichungen errechneten Körpergewichte am 1. Dezember wurden den jährlichen Wilddichten gegenübergestellt. Danach lag die Steigerung der durchschnittlichen Körpergewichte von Kälbern und einjährigen Tieren in der Größenordnung von einem Kilogramm bei Senkung der Wilddichte um ein Tier pro 100 Hektar.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 178-179 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two cases of lead poisoning by shot in waterfowl(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) are reported from Schleswig-Holstein, North Germany.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans le Schleswig-Holstein, Allmagne fédérale, on a enregistré chez des Anatidés(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) deux cas d'empoisonnement provoqués par des plombs de chasse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei Fälle von Schrotbleivergiftung bei Anatiden(C. cygnus, Bucephala clangula) werden aus Schleswig-Holstein mitgeteilt.
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    European journal of wildlife research 25 (1979), S. 253-253 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: This is the first in a series of three articles authored by John Beukers. In this series, John will lead us through some of today's relevant radionavigation history putting turbulent times into perspective. Picking out what he considers significant in the current debate, he projects the future for satellite and terrestrial radionavigation systems well into the 21st century.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 48-53 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 38-47 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 54-58 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 59-64 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 13-22 
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    Notes: Asset location systems, including vehicle and property tracking systems, are in the verge of exploding onto the scene for widespread business and personal use. This is due in part to decreased costs of GPS equipment, and greater availability of wireless communication systems, but also largely due to public awareness of their capabilities and benefits. Companies, organizations, and individual consumers that earlier could not justify the costs of tracking systems are now seriously considering their implementation. Public awareness of such systems is growing daily. Newspapers regularly have articles covering the latest applications of GPS. En route nagivation for aircraft, assisting blind people to navigate the streets of a city, and tracking skiers on slopes are some of the topics of recent newspapers articles on GPS. This article explores GPS asset location systems, looks at their features and foibles, and considers their cost, utility, ease of use, and drawbacks.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 28-37 
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    Notes: Executive Summary GPS is a scientific method used as an adjunct to geographic information systems (GIS) for determining high-accuracy control points over large areas. Recent improvements in receiver technology, differential surveying, and software have made use of GPS technology more practical for smaller GIS projects. This article compares three different GPSs with occupation times of 2 and 12 min using an existing control network, comparing the location of the points and the distances between points. The control network internal distances vary from 40 to 280 m, and within 2000 m of the nearest second-order National Geodetic Survey (NGS) triangulation station. The partnership of GPS and GIS will lead to higher surveying integrity while improving digital mapping on the ground over small and large areas. It also allows for postsurvey analysis with solutions coming from multiple base stations. Presented here is a case study of how to achieve highly accurate and effective control points using using GPS/GIS, particularly for a small area.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 65-73 
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    Notes: The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System is a space-based, all-weather, worldwide satellite navigation system. GPS uses the constellation of satellites and associated ground equipment to perform the primary missions of highly accurate navigation, time transfer, and nuclear detonation detection. To achieve these missions, GPS has three clearly defined segments – space, user and control (see Figure 1). The control segment, otherwise referred to as the operational control segment (OCS), consists of the personnel and equipment that controls the space segment and interfaces with the user segment. The OCS is made up of the master control station (MCS), the ground antennas (GA), and the monitor stations (MS). The purpose of this article is to describe how the 2nd Space Operations Squadron runs the MCS, the key element of the OCS.
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 74-75 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 76-79 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 80-80 
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    GPS solutions 1 (1995), S. 85-85 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 62-65 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 66-66 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-68 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-2 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 16-27 
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    Notes: The potential 48-satellite constellation offered by the combination of observations from both the GPS and GLONASS positioning systems has created considerable interest among existing GPS users. In the published literature, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the theoretical issue of algorithm design for combined GPS/GLONASS positioning solutions. Little work has been published, however, on the practical conversion of existing GPS software to include GLONASS observations. This paper considers the computation issues pertaining to the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris for inclusion of GLONASS observations into existing GPS software. The format of the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris is discussed and theory of satellite orbits and their stepwise numerical integration is reviewed. Finally, a strategy for GLONASS broadcast ephemeris computation is proposed to facilitate combination of GPS and GLONASS observations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: The International Association of Geodesy officially established the International GPS Service (IGS) on Janaury 1, 1994. Its prime objective is to provide support and a rerefence system for a wide variety of scientific and practical applications involving GPS. To fulfill its role the IGS also generates, in addition to its fundamental products (orbital/staion positions and consistent Earth orientation parameters), additional reference-system products providing the necessary infrastructure, standards, and means of calibrations for timing and various atmospheric applications of GPS. The generation and efficient application of IGS products and their impact on a number of positioning and atmospheric applications, including low earth orbit satellites, is reviewed and discussed. @ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: A proper choice of the observation weight matrix is of importance for both adjusting and testing GPS data. Our understanding of the noise characteristic of GPS observations, on which the weight matrix should be based, is, however, still underdeveloped. This makes it difficult to draw up an appropriate weight matrix. The first and foremost purpose of this contribution is therefore to draw attention to the need to improve upon our rudimentary knowledge of the GPS stochastic model. To this end, results will be presented of a relatively simple case study in which the possible presence of cross-correlation between observables is considered. With these results we hope to spur further discussion and research on this important topic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Notes: An effective method of decreasing multipath errors in GPS or GPS/GLONASS receivers by changing delay lock loop correlator reference signal is discussed. Unlike other approaches, this method does not lead to apparatus complication, power comsumption increase, or augmentation of digital processor load. This method eliminates the multipath error completely if the difference in delays of direct and reflected signal is more than 30 m, and decreases this error for smaller delays. The cost of such decrease is that the noise error is decreased. However, the noise error is much less dangerous than the multipath one because of its smaller value and much shorter correlation interval. Calculated and experimental data for the method are given for multipath and noise errors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-67 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 64-66 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 68-68 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 69-71 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 72-72 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 1-2 
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 24-36 
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    Notes: The purpose of this article is to report on an integrated system that uses GPS and other low cost sensors for azimuth and pitch determination. The ability of the integrated system to maintain a solution over periods of induced GPS outage is also demonstrated. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 18-23 
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    Notes: The Global Positioning System (GPS) satellita navigation aiding system, sometimes called NAVSTAR, has become a utility to the military and many civilian areas. GPS, currently consisting of 24 satellites, is used by the military for navigation, precision weapons delivery, and the future digital battlefield. In the civilian sector, GPS is widely used as the primary or secondary aid for land, water, and air navigation; as a surveying aid; as a vehicle location system; and as a precision time standard for cellular and ATM sites. In the aviation community, GPS is becoming an integral part of the WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) and the LAAS (Local Area Augmentation System) for en route navigation in North America and Category II and III precision approach, and for surface navigation. The vulnerability of GPS have become the vulnerabilities of WAAS and LAAS, and require consideration of interference mittigation techniques. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 37-40 
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    Notes: The growing importance and effectiveness of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in positioning geophysical surveys is now well established. In Ecuador's Amazon basin the use of GPS was the determining factor in the successful completion of a gravity survey carried out in 1994. Over 500 gravity stations, spaced from 1 to 5 km apart and positioned by GPS, were collected in the jungle environment in the country's southeast, where the preexisting data, of variable and unknown quality, were mostly confined to areas along the major rivers. This station densification, which includes the reoccupation of selected points, contributed to increase the gravity coverage; it also allowed us to evaluate and correct 1100 preexisting data points in the area, so that the different surveys can be merged. The composite data set is used for a geologic analysis of the study area, where previously unknown structures are discovered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    GPS solutions 2 (1999), S. 41-49 
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    Notes: The permanent GPS tracking site at Annapolis, MD shows a 7-mm seasonal signal primarily in its horizontal position. It is suggested that thermal expansion of the pier on which the antenna rests is the source of this motion. A simple numerical model of the pier reproduces the observed motion of the GPS antenna, lending credence to this hypothesis. Although adding an additional level of complexity, this motion is predictable and the site retains it s value for high precision monitoring. Although the arrangement of this GPS site it somewhat uncommon, these results emphasize the importance of the underlying antenna monumentation when measuring crustal motions. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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