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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (9,774)
  • Chemical Engineering  (6,147)
  • Animals  (5,805)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (4,301)
  • 1995-1999  (6,805)
  • 1980-1984  (11,209)
  • 1975-1979  (8,012)
  • 1925-1929  (1)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170678
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868030
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215814
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure, catecholamine, and prolactin contents of the rostral pars distalis of the fish Mugil platanus after reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine administration (1975)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 162 (1975), S. 551-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysis ; Rostral pars distalis ; Mugil platanus ; Animals ; Prolactin hormone secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rostral pars distalis (RPD) of the teleost Mugil platanus from animals pretreated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HODA) were assayed for dopamine (DA) or noradrenaline (NA) or for prolactin hormone. Such determinations were coupled with electron microscopy. It was found that reserpine and 6-HODA produced a significant decrease in the content of DA, NA, and prolactin. Electron microscope studies revealed that prolactin cells became activated as judged by ultrastructural criteria. After 6-HODA treatment type “B” neurosecretory fibers entering the RPD became selectively destroyed. These observations lead us to suggest that prolactin secretion is under inhibitory control by type “B” neurosecretory fibers of adrenergic nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209354
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compatibility of poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352210
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352301
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of mixing porcedures on properties of compatibilized polypropylene/nylon 6 blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A hybrid numerical technique to model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer molding processes (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352303
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of competition between breakup and coalescence of droplets in flowing polymer blends (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352306
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance of reprocessed multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 film (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352307
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of residual stresses during cure and cooling of epoxy resins (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352309
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of reaction injection molding of polyurethane microcellular foam (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352310
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  • 15
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    Modeling the mechanical properties in polypropylene/polyamide-6 blends with core shell morphology (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352402
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Creep analysis of thermiplastics using stress relaxation data (1995)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352404
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  • 17
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    Editorial (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090102
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  • 18
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    Deconvolution algorithms for instrumental applications: A comparative study (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 3-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Deconvolution algorithms ; Instrumental analysis ; Spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Deconvolution algorithms for measurand reconstruction are considered. Their metrological and numerical properties are briefly characterized. Six algorithms most frequently used for instrumental applications are selected for closer analysis. Their comparative study is based on the use of spectrometric-type synthetic data, calorimetric-type synthetic data and spectrometric real-world data. Conclusions concerning computational complexity and accuracy of the compared algorithms as well as their metrological applicability are drawn.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090103
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  • 19
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    FT-NIR Atlas, Michael Buback and Hans Peter Vogele, VCH, Weinheim, 1993, ISBN 3-527-28567-9, iv + 1067 pp., hardcover DM 880 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 67-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090107
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  • 20
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090201
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  • 21
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090301
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  • 22
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    Application of procrustean methods to mid-and near-infrared spectral data (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Procrustean analysis ; FT-IR spectroscopy ; NIR spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Procrustean methods allow the fitting of a given matrix to another given matrix observed on the same objects. In the traditional approach orthogonal constraints are imposed upon the transformation matrix, whereas in the alternative approach Procrustean analysis may be performed without such constraints. The two methods (with and without constraints) were compared on data dealing with mid- and near-infrared spectra of oil. The aim was to reconstruct the mid-infrared spectral information using data from the near-infrared spectra. Unconstrained Procrustean analysis proved to be the more efficient for both the calibration and verification sets. Furthermore, the analysis of the transformation matrix between the two infrared ranges made it possible to indicate wavelengths and wave numbers corresponding to the same chemical groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090204
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    A combined theory for PCA and PLS (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 91-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: H-principle ; PCA ; PLS regression ; latent variable models ; quadratic models ; sensitivity analysis ; outlier tests ; prediction variances ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We present here an algorithmic approach to modelling data that includes principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). In fact, the numerical algorithm presented can carry out PCA or PLS. The algorithm for linear analysis and extensions to non-linear analysis applies to both PCA and PLS. The algorithm allows for combination of PCA and PLS types of models and therefore extends modelling to new types of models that involve combination of regression models and ‘selection of variation’ models, which is the idea of PCA-type models. The fact that the algorithm carries out both PCA and PLS shows that PCA and PLS are based on the same theory. This theory is based on the H-principle of mathematical modelling. The algorithm allows tests for outliers, sensitivity analysis and tests of submodels. These aspects of the algorithm are treated in detail. We compute various measures of sizes, e.g. of components, of the covariance matrix, of its inverse, etc. that show how much the algorithm has selected at each step. The analysis is illustrated by data from practice.
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    Pattern recognition analysis of near-infrared spectra by robust distance method (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 169-178 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimators ; robust distance method ; pattern recognition ; Hotelling's T2 statistics ; near-infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A method for pattern recognition analysis of near-infrared spectra has been developed using robust distances determined by minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimators of multivariate location and scatter. Classical methods such as the Mahalanobis distance method often fail in the presence of a moderate number of outliers in a training data set, while robust distance methods can tolerate a considerably larger proportion of outliers in a training data set Outliers can be detected by their relatively large robust distances and can be excluded from a training set without a priori knowledge of the nature of the data set. In this paper the properties of a robust distance method are examined using near-infrared spectra of sulfamethoxazole and mixtures with its major degradation products, sulfanilic acid and sulfanilamide. The robust distance method successfully detected unacceptable samples (71.4%-89.3% (α = 0.05) or 78.6%-92.9% (α = 0.10)) even when they were inadvertently included in the training data set.
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    Data analyses or problem formulations? (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 226-228 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090309
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    Expression of the reference value for proficiency tests (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 197-209 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: proficiency test ; true value ; homogeneity robust statistic ; standard ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Profficiency tests raise two types of problems: (i) the homogeneity of a sample must be carefully checked before using it as a reference material; (ii) it is necessary to define a conventional reference value (RV) in order to rank participants. Since these topics are poorly addressed in the literature, a reference material was specially prepared in order to propose a procedure for verifying homogeneity and to establish whether the algorithms classically used to compute the conventional true value have an influence on the conclusion of the test.The homogeneity of the sample was not perfect and univariate and multivariate techniques were used to demonstrate some analytes can be suspected as heterogeneous. However, this was considered adequate for introducing the sample in a large proficiency test organized between four laboratory associations which regularly perform such tests. Altogether more than 3000 measurements were collected and eight algorithms were applied to compute the RV on 14 analytes. Thus is was possible to demonstrate that some of these algorithms are better adapted than others. It is also obvious that some analytes are better suited to proficiency testing.It can be concluded from this work that some effort towards standardization would be profitable to check homogeneity or to compute the RV, especially since the economic weight of proficiency testing is becoming even more important with the development of certification accreditation.
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    Interactive variable selection (IVS) for PLS. Part II: Chemical applications (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 331-342 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: partial least squares (PLS) ; variable selection ; IVS-PLS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: With the aim of developing PLS models with improved predictive properties, an interactive variable selection (IVS) approach for PLS regression was introduced in Part I of this series. IVS-PLS is based on a dimension-wise selective removal of single elements in the PLS weight vector w. IVS uses cross-validation (CV) as a guiding tool. The present paper illustrates the use of IVS-PLS on both simulated data and real examples from chemistry. In the first example, spectrophotometric data were simulated according to an experimental design. The objective was to see how IVS-PLS was influenced by different levels of noise in X and Y and by the number of predictor variables (K). The results of the modelling are shown as response surfaces. In addition, four real examples were modelled by the IVS-PLS technique. The real data sets were chosen to reflect different types of data from chemistry. For each example a comparison of ‘prediction error sum of squares’ (PRESS) between IVS-PLS and classical PLS is madeFor most of the examples containing many predictor variables IVS-PLS shows an improvement in predictive properties over classical PLS. Also, improvements for IVS-PLS2 (modelling of more than one y-variable) models were found. For data sets with a moderate number of variables the influence of the IVS method becomes less pronounced.
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    An extended strategy for exploratory multivariate image analysis including noise considerations (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 389-409 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: multivariate image analysis ; principal component analysis ; exploratory data analysis ; projection in multivariate space ; graphical visualization ; noise ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate image analysis (MIA) is a powerful tool for many image segmentation and classification problems, but the interpretation and understanding of the original and resulting multidimensional (multivariate) data are not always easy. A strategy for MIA has been proposed which describes its usage on multivariate images for segmentation tasks. MIA starts with principal component analysis (PCA) and then continues with interactive analysis of the output from PCA. In this paper a number of extensions to MIA are proposed. The extensions are the suggestion to incorporate preprocessing of the multivariate image in MIA, the suggestion to use synthetic multivariate image models which create a clear-cut situation, and new visualization tools which improve the interactivity and understanding of the results. Extended MIA is applied on synthetic multivariate image data simulating a possible application with large noise, positron emission tomography (PET). As a result of the interactive analysis, suggestions for preprocessing emerge. The developed methodology for handling the noise is then applied on real PET image data with good results.
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    A correlation principal component regression analysis of NIR data (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 21-29 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Near-infrared absorbance ; Partial least squares ; Principal component regression ; Root-mean-square error of prediction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The use of principal component regression (PCR) as a multivariate calibration method has been discussed by a number of authors. In most situations principal components are included in the regression model in sequence based on the variances of the components, and the principal components with small variances are rarely used in regression. As pointed out by some authors, a low variance for a component does not necessarily imply that the corresponding component is unimportant, especially when prediction is of primary interest. In this paper we investigate a different version of PCR, correlation principal component regression (CPCR). In CPCR the importance of principal components in terms of predicting the response variable is used as a basis for the inclusion of principal components in the regression model. Two typical examples arising from calibrating near-infrared (NIR) instruments are discussed for the comparison of the two different versions of PCR along with partial least squares (PLS), a commonly used regression approach in NIR analysis. In both examples the three methods show similar optimal prediction ability, but CPCR performs better than standard PCR and PLS in terms of the number of components needed to achieve the optimal prediction ability. Similar results are also seen in other NIR examples.
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    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090108
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    International chemometrics research meeting (ICRM) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 137-138 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090205
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    Simple encoding of infrared spectra for pattern recognition. 1: Statistical examination of the effectiveness and information content by factor analysis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 143-168 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: pattern recognition ; infrared spectra ; factor analysis ; maximum likelihood method ; entropy of information ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectral region from 700 to 3600 cm-1 is subdivided into several wave number intervals. The peaks in each interval are summarized by means of three encoding algorithms. Using a factor model of kcommon factors, the total extractable variacnce (com) of a given set of intervals is calculated and correlated with the redundancy of information in all these intervals. The value of com is verified by analysis of the factor loadings aik (factor pattern). Finally, the information content of some chosen sets of intervals coded by the three selected feature algorithms will be correlated to the probability of information flow through a serial-parallel network. The encoding using only wave numbers was found to be the most effective.
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    Diagnostics statistics in QSAR (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 211-221 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: diagnostics statistics ; QSAR ; MASCA ; principal component regression ; non-least squares regression ; types of multicollincarity ; flagged observations ; influential points ; high-leverage points ; outliers ; extra-carrier points ; random perturbation ; cluster correalation ; resampling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The formal application of a Hansch analysis to a series of 3-quinuclidinyl benzylates (QNBs) led to a ‘statistically significant’ QSAR equation. In contrast, the application of the MASCA model has shown that the design matrix is unsuitable for each QSAR analysis: one sample member is an outlier but not a high-leverage or influential point; another one is an influential point, a high-leverage point and an extra-carrier point. The regressors of the design matrix are multicollinear without predictive model power. The result of such flagged observation and this type of multicollinearity is a multiple cluster correlation. The QNB series is a good example for ‘sampling artifacts’ where no practically important but artificial QSARs can be found.
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    Stone and jonathan versus mager debate (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 230-231 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090311
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    A review of robust process design approaches (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 239-262 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: industrial experimentation ; parameter design ; quality by design ; robust design ; Taguchi method ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to present a simple structured review of the different approaches to robust process design to clarify their similarities and dissimilarities. It is primarily written for practitioners who wish to understand and compare the main ideas of each approach and to apply them to their work. Two examples are used to illustrate the different approaches and their corresponding data analysis strategies: the first one is a constructed example on a pigment kneading process and the second one is real example dealing with the validation of an HPLC method. A comparison of the different approaches is provided and some practical recommendations are formulated.
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    PLS shrinks (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 323-326 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: partial least squares ; biased regression ; ordinary least squares ; minimum length least squares ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An algebraic proof is given that in partial least squares (PLS) regression the Euclidean length of the estimator is shrunk in comparison with the ordinary least squares estimator or with PLS estimators based on a larger number of dimensions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090406
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090501
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    A simple iteration algorithm for PLS regression (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 363-372 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS regression ; orthogonal expansion ; optimization ; Lagrange multipliers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple iteration algorithm that is faster and less memory-intensive than the NIPALS iteration algorithm for PLS regression is presented. The iteration algorithm is obtained by treating the orthogonal expansion or decomposition of a matrix X as an extremum problem subject to normalization and orthogonality constraint conditions and then solving the problem by use of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The main idea in this method is to find the transformation vector r. The latent variable t is expressed exactly as the linear combination of X-variables with the vector r so that the final regression coefficients can be conveniently provided. In the algorithm the recursion of the orthogonal projection is needed, which is derived by use of a matrix inverse formula. Algorithms are established from the equation for calculating the vector r that are suitable for dealing with three cases of large data sets. The first case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of Y-variables is equal to or greater than the number of X-variables. The second case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of X-variables is greater than the number of Y-variables. The last case is when the number of variables, either X- or Y-variables, or both, is very large and the number of objects is small.
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    Algorithm for finding an interpretable simple neural network solution using PLS (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 423-430 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; neural network ; training ; interpretable ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This communication describes the combination of a feedforward neural network (NN) with one hidden neuron and partial least squares (PLS) regression. Through training of the neural network with an algorithm that is a combination of a modified simplex, PLS and certain numerical restrictions, one gains an NN solution that has several feasible properties: (i) as in PLS the solution is qualitatively interpretable; (ii) it works faster than or comparably with ordinary training algorithms for neural networks; (iii) it contains the linear solution as a limiting case. Another very important aspect of this training algorithm is the fact that outlier detection as in ordinary PLS is possible through loadings, scores and residuals. The algorithm is used on a simple non-linear problem concerning fluorescence spectra of white sugar solutions.
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 439-439 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090512
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    A PLS kernel algorithm for data sets with many variables and few objects. Part II: Cross-validation, missing data and examples (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 459-470 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; kernel algorithm ; multivariate calibration ; EM algorithm ; cross-validation ; missing data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is Part II of a series concerning the PLS kernel algorithm for data sets with many variables and few objects. Here the issues of cross-validation and missing data are investigated. Both partial and full crossvalidation are evaluated in terms of predictive residuals and speed and are illustrated on real examples. Two related approaches to the solution of the missing data problem are presented. One is a full EM algorithm and the second a reduced EM algorithm which applies when the number of missing values is small. The two examples are multivariate calibration data sets. The first set consists of UV-visible data measured on mixtures of four metal ions. The second example consists of FT-IR measurements on mixtures consisting of four different organic substances.
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    Orthogonal canonical variates for discrimination and classification (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 509-520 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: canonical variates ; discriminant analysis ; partial least squares ; principal components ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new set of derived variables is proposed for exhibiting group separation in multivariate data on for preprocessing such data prior to discriminant analysis. The technique combines optimal features of canonical variate analysis and principal component analysis: the derived variables are linear combinations of the original variables that optimize the canonical variate criterion (ratio of between-group to within-group variance) but subject to the orthogonality constraints of principal components. In this formulation the canonical variates can be derived even when the within-group matrix is singular (i.e. when there are more variables than objects in the data matrix). A simple computational algorithm for extraction of these variables is proposed. The methods are illustrated on several data sets and compared with alternative techniques such as principal component analysis and partial least squares.
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    The Unscrambler®, Version 5.5. Multivariate analysis software for MS-DOS. Available from CAMO A/S, Olav Tryggvasons Gate 24, N-7011 Trondheim, Norway (Telephone: (+47) 7351 4966, Fax: (+47) 7351 4257) or from CAMO USA, 435 Blake Street, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A. (Telephone/Fax: (+1 415) 324-4286, Internet: teledyn@netcom.com). Single-copy price NOK 26 900 commercial, NOK 18 800 non-commercial, NOK 11 900 academic (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 527-529 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090612
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    Mathematical approximation of sigmoidal shape curves tested on sensitometric curves of photographic material (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Mathematical approximation ; Sigmoid curve ; Sensitometric curve ; Photographic material ; Non-linear regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper studies the application possibilities of various mathematical analytical functions to models of approximation of sigmoid sensitometric curves of photographic materials. The newly developed functions have been tested along with approximation functions taken from the literature: the former fulfil the statistical criteria of fitting the regression and experimental curve in the best way. The model functions can be used not only for objective determination of sensitometric quantities but also for determination of the general sensitivity (speed) of photographic materials.
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    Distance and class space in the UNEQ class-modeling technique (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 69-89 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: chemometrics ; pattern recognition ; class modeling ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Different estimators of the Mahalanobis distance (such as that based on the Defrise - Gussenhoven correction) are studied and compared with respect to the bias on the distance and the characteristics (sensitivity and specificity) of the class model.Results obtained using estimators with critical values from χ2-statistics are compared with those obtained using estimators with critical values from β-statistics (training set) and Hotelling statistics (evaluation set).Tables are reported for D-statistics (useful for simulating populations of two categories with selectable theoretical sensitivity and specificity) and for critical values of the Mahalanobis distance obtained from β-statistics.For objects of the training set the estimator of the Mahalanobis distance based on the estimate of the covariance matrix produces models with the optimum sensitivity. The same model has too low a sensitivity for objects of the model category in the evaluation set, but good specificity for objects of outer categories.The estimator with the Defrise-Gussenhoven correction produces enlarged models with too high a sensitivity for objects in the training set, good sensitivity for objects of the model category in the evaluation set and low specificity for objects of outer categories.
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    In memoriams. Professor Odd Sergei Borgen (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 139-141 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090302
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    Comment (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 229-229 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090310
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    Information theory in analytical chemistry, Karel Eckschlager and Klaus Danzer, Wiley Inter-science Series on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications. Vol. 128, Wiley, New York, 1994, ISBN 0471-59507-1,275 pp., £54.00 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 237-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090313
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    Messy simulated annealing (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 309-322 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: simulated annealing ; messy genetic algorithms ; optimization of multimodal objective functions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of simulated annealing is modified so that the concept of messy chromosomes is applied. Constituent genes of messy chromosomes are specified by their respective names (indices) and values (alleles) simultaneously. Unlike simple chromosomes (binary vectors), messy chromosomes may be either under- or overspecified with respect to the problem being solved. The messy simulated annealing algorithm is a very robust and efficient stochastic optimization method which is able to find correct minima of deceptive or highly multimodal objective functions. This is shown by way of a number of simulations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. ii 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090409
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    Maximum sum of binary-coded residuals (MASBR) regression as a robust procedure for treatment of spectral data (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 373-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: robust regression ; outliers ; spectroscopy ; calibration ; MASBR (maximum sum of binary coded residuals) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper, a novel robust regression method, the maximum sum of binary coded residuals (MASBR), is proposed. Instead of the sum of squared residuals used in least squares regression as the minimization criterion, MASBR regression maximizes the sum of binary coded residuals. MASBR regression is designed for cases where the conventional robust regression methods with breakdown points less than 50% fail. To circumvent the problem of being trapped in local optima, a stepwise-varying acceptable error limit (SVAEL) algorithm is proposed. Both numerical simulation and treatment of real analytical data demonstrate the feasibility of MASBR regression in conjunction with the SVAEL algorithm.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    The data analysis handbook, I. E. Frank and R. Todeschini, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, ISBN-444-81659-3,386 pp., Dfl325, US$185 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 431-432 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090509
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090601
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    Iteratively reweighted partial least squares: A performance analysis by monte carlo simulation (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 489-507 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: QSAR ; partial least squares ; robust regression ; CoMFA ; weighted regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A robust implementation of partial least squares (PLS) is developed in which the method of iteratively reweighted least squares is adapted for use with PLS. The result is a PLS algorithm which is robust to outliers and is easy to implement. Examples and case studies are presented, followed by two Monte Carlo studies designed to explore the behavior of the method.The paper begins with the motivation and intended applications for the procedure. A discussion is given of the method of interatively reweighted least squares (IRLS) for outlier detection. The procedure, given the name IRPLS, is then presented. Three case studies illustrate how the procedure works on various types of data and how it should be used. The first Monte Carlo study is designed to determine whether the IRPLS procedure correctly identifies multiple outliers in a wide variety of configurations. The second Monte Carlo study is designed to estimate the breakdown bound of the procedure.
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    Multivariate Datenanalyse. Methodik und Anwendung in der Chemie und Verwandten Gebieten, R. Henrion and G. Henrion, Springer, Berlin, 1995, ISBN 3-540-58188-X, 261 pp., DM128.00 (excl. VAT) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 524-525 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090611
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    Selectivity, local rank, three-way data analysis and ambiguity in multivariate curve resolution (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 31-58 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Multivariate curve resolution ; Three-way data analysis ; Factor analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new multivariate curve resolution method is presented and tested with data of various levels of complexity. Rotational and intensity ambiguities and the effect of selectivity on resolution are the focus. Analysis of simulated data provides the general guidelines concerning the conditions for uniqueness of a solution for a given problem. Multivariate curve resolution is extended to the analysis of three-way data matrices. The particular case of three-way data where only one of the orders is common between slices is studied in some detail.
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    Some theoretical results on second-order calibration methods for data with and without rank overlap (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 179-195 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: GRAM ; PARAFAC ; rank overlap ; second-order calibration ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: GRAM, a method for second-order calibration, has been introduced by Sanchez and Kowalski and later modified by Wilson, Sanchez and Kowalski. The methods are based on the claim that, in cases without measurement error they yield correct estimates for the concentration ratios and profiles of (rank-one) analytes present in sample and mixture. This claim has not been proven rigorously. In the present paper, rigorous proofs are given for situations where the claims are valid indeed. In addition, it is shown that PARAFAC, an alternative method for second-order calibration, can be used to obtain the same results. Next it is shown that the claims do not hold in cases with ‘rank overlap’ (partly overlapping profiles) and it is proven that a procedure by Wang et al. can still be used to assess some of the concentration ratios. A general framework is provided for a variety of second-order calibration problems and the extent to which quantitative and qualitative information can be expected is given.
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    ‘Simple analysis’ versus ‘obscure phenomena’ (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 223-225 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090308
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    A rigorous QSAR analysis? (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 232-236 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090312
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    A second-order standard addition method with application to calibration of a kinetics-spectroscopic sensor for quantitation of trichloroethylene (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 263-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: multiway data ; standard addition method ; calibration ; matrix effects ; trilinear decomposition ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Presented here is an algorithm for analysis of second order data by the method of standard additions. The method of standard additions is applicable when matrix effects make traditional calibration unreliable. The algorithm employs a generalized eigenproblem to mathematically separate the instrument response of the analyte from the instrument response of any interfering species. A scheme for determining the eigenvectors (and hence the concentration estimate) that uniquely correspond to the analyte of interest is given. These eigenvectors can readily be distinguished from any eigenvector that corresponds to the spectrum of the interferents or both the interferents and analyte. The stability of the estimated analyte concentration is verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The algorithm is applied to the analysis of trichloroethylene in samples that have matrix effects caused by an interaction with chloroform.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Principal Components D. Luc Massart and Paul J. Lewi, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-81622, $1000.00. (1994) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 327-328 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090407
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    Univariate regression models with errors in both axes (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 343-362 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: straight line calibration ; errors in both axes ; uncertainties ; linear regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calibration is a fundamental step in the calculation of the unknown concentration of analyte in most analytical methods. It is known that for certain methodologies, if only the errors in the independent variable are taken into account, there may be considerable errors in the estimation of the value of the regression coefficients, the derived statistical parameters and in some cases the sought for response and concentration values. This paper reviews the calibration methods including some references to procedures for the detection of outliers and robust regression when there are errors in both axes. The advantages and limitations of the different approaches are discussed and a comparative study is made of the approaches of several techniques for which computer programmes have been developed based on the algorithms put forward by the different authors. Finally, some trends of future development in this field are envisaged.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Application of regression analysis for motor gasoline classification (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 411-422 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: gasoline ; classification ; multiple regression ; non-correlated variables ; accuracy of measurements ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure for the classification of motor gasolines by their trend to carburettor icing has been proposed. For this goal a set of regression models was employed. Motor gasoline classification was carried out in terms of the isopropyl equivalent using seven physicochemical properties.
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    Intelligent software for chemical analysis lutgarde M. C. Buydens and Peter J. Schoenmakers (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, ISBN 0-444-89207-9, 366 pp., hardcover Df1350.00 (us$200.00) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 432-433 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090510
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    Optimization in organic synthesis. Sequential response surface modelling for obtaining kinetic information. Part 2: An experimental study of the williamson ether synthesis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: sequential response surface modelling ; Williamson ether synthesis ; SN2 ; optimization ; reaction kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work the utility of a new method for determining kinetic parameters by sequential response surface modelling, previously described (Part 1), is shown by applying it to an experimental study of a reaction with known kinetics. The nucleophilic substitution reaction between ethoxide and benzyl chloride, the Williamson ether synthesis, was selected as a model reaction. This reaction is known to proceed with second-order kinetics. The method gives access to estimates of initial reaction rate which can be further used to obtain estimates of activation energy and reaction order of reactants. The results obtained are in good agreement with the estimated values of these parameters obtained with conventional kinetic experiments.
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    On the structure of PLS in orthogonal designs (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 483-487 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: fractional factorial design ; multiresponse ; PLS ; PCA ; reduced-rank regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper presents an interpretation of PLS applied to orthogonal explanatory variables. In particular, it is shown that in fractional factorial multiresponse experiments PLS2 gives identical results to ordinary least squares applied to principal components of the response variables. The general relationship is that the reduced-rank regression algorithm which first projects Y onto the X-space and then truncates this matrix by principal component analysis before performing ordinary least squares estimation gives the same predictor as PLS2 and SIMPLS if all the non-zero eigenvalues of XTX are identical.
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    Three-dimensional chemical similarity searching, Catherine Pepperrell, Research Studies Press, Taunton, 1994, ISBN 086380 145 5, Wiley, Chichester, 1994, 304 pp., price £57.50 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 523-524 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090610
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    Multivariate analysis in practice: A training package, K. Esbensen, S. Schonkopf and T. Midtgaard, CAMO AIS: Trondheim, 1994,361 pp. ISBN 82-993330-0-8, $295.00. The text is bundled with the training version of the Unscrambler® multivariate analysis software for MS-DOS. Available from CAMO AIS, Olav Tryggvasons Gate 24, N-7011 Trondheim, Norway (Telephone: (+47) 7351 4966 Fax: (+47) 7351 4257) or from CAMO USA, 435 Blake Street, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A. (TelephoneFax: (+1415) 324-4286, Internet: teledyn@netcom.com) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 521-523 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090609
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 531-531 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090613
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090101
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090401
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    Simulated-annealing-based optimization algorithms: Fundamentals and wavelength selection applications (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 283-308 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: simulated annealing ; threshold acceptance ; wavelength selection ; selectivity ; optimization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Simulated annealing (SA) is a stochastic search method that has been applied to combinatorial search problems in chemometrics. Unlike strict iterative improvement methods, SA tolerates temporary moves to detrimental parameter configurations during an optimization. The method used by SA to decide whether or not to accept detrimental steps is a special case of a more general acceptance rule. The present work investigates the performance of various SA-type algorithms that differ only in the acceptance rule for detrimental steps when optimizing continuous or discrete problems. A method for step width modulation is introduced to overcome the poor ability of SA type algorithms to locate the exact extreme of a function. The studied search strategies are modified for the discrete problem of wavelength selection. In order to evaluate SA-type algorithms and their abilities to deal with the wavelength selection problem, two global measures of selectivity are used as criteria to determine the most suitable wavelength subset that maximizes selectivity for pure component ultraviolet-visible spectra.
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 329-330 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090408
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    Pirouette, Version 1.22, available from Infometrix, Inc., 17270 Woodinville-Redmond Road NE, Suite 777, Woodinville, WA 98072, U.S.A. Telephone (+ 1 206) 402-1450, telefax (+ 1 206) 402-1040, Internet: infomtrx©halcyon.com. WWW: http://www.halcyon.com/infomtrx/. Prices: $4000 commercial, $2400 academic; volume discounts are available (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 435-438 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090511
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    Robust non-linear regression analysis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 451-457 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: non-linear regression ; optimization ; robust methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several robust regression methods, including a new proposal, are described and their properties discussed. Resistance to various types of outliers and non-normality is demonstrated. The techniques are applied to non-linear regression models from chemical kinetics and calibration. Optimization of the types of objective functions encountered when applying robust regression is considered.
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    Incorporating auxiliary predictor variation in principal component regression models (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 471-481 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: batch prediction ; continuum regression ; multivariate calibration ; sequential prediction ; simultaneous prediction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In analytical chemistry a single fitted calibration model is used repeatedly to predict the level of the analyte of interest for the specimens comprising the prediction set. Unlike the calibration (or training) set, which is often limited in size, the prediction set can be very large.In the case of multivariate calibration a number of methods such as PLS and PCR are commonly used to construct the calibration model. The set of instrumental measurements and the reference analyte level are available for each specimen in the calibration set. For specimens in the prediction set, only the instrumental measurements are available, since the problem is to predict the analyte level for these specimens. It is not widely recognized that predictions of the analyte levels for individual specimens can be improved by utilizing seemingly unrelated information from the instrumental measurements associated with the other members of the prediction set. In the case of PCR there exists a very straightforward procedure for doing this. A description of the various sources of prediction errors is provided to explain the ability of PCR to utilize this additional information. The use of PCR in this context is illustrated with both a synthetic and a real example.
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    Masthead (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410301
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    AIChE journal: More diverse and timely (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 445-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410302
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    Habituating control strategies for process control (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 604-618 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By “reverse engineering” the functions of a specific biological system, habituating control strategies are developed for process control applications. A habituating control system has the distinguishing property of more more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs; with the inputs differing significantly in their dynamic effect on the outputs and in the relative costs of manipulating each one. A habituating controller coordinates the use of all the available inputs to achieve high-performance output objectives while simulatneously minimizing the cost of taking control action.The “baroreceptor reflex,” the control system responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation, provides the biological paradigm for the analysis and design of the habituating control structure. Its main characteristics are discussed from a process control perspective, indicating that the robust, high-performance control, characteristic of biological systems is partly due to such habituating control architectures. The broad range of potential process applications is illustrated with two examples. Two basic strategies are presented for the design of habituating controllers for linear systems with two inputs and one output: the direct synthesis approach and the model predictive approach. Compared to previous techniques for multiple-input, single-output systems, the direct synthesis strategy is straightforward and systematic. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of habituating control compared to conventional techniques for which the number of inputs and outputs are equal.
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    Residence time distribution in three-phase monolith reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 649-657 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution of the liquid phase within a three-phase monlith reactor is determined using tracer studies. The actual liquid residence time in the monolith, relevant for reactor design purposes, is calculated from overall residence time measurements using deconvolution by Fourier transform. The liquid-phase residence time decreases as liquid or gas flow rates increase, but the reactor Peclet number remains approximately constant. The residence time distribution and calculated values of the Peclet number reveal that the liquid phase is substantially well-mixed. Comparison with results from experiments in a single glass capillary reveals that the monolith channels become predominantly liquid-filled, particularly as the liquid flow rate becomes a significant fraction of the total flow rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410321
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    Shear thinning in ternary bicontinuous and water-in-oil microemulsions (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
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    Convective diffusion from a dissolving polymeric particle (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 666-676 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for describing the process of dissolution of a spherical polymeric particle in a convective field is developed. It includes the process of glass transition, reptation of macromolecules, disengagement of these molecules from the gel-liquid interface, and diffusion in the boundary layer surrounding the gel-liquid interface. Different controlling regimes for the dissolution process are identified and quantitatively delineated in this moving boundary problem. Analytical solutions for the estimation of dissolution time for various limiting cases are presented. Key predictions from the model are verified by comparison with preliminary experimental data. A novel feature of a particle-size-independent dissolution of polymeric particles below a critical size brought out by the model is verified experimentally. The findings have pragmatic implications in diverse areas, such as polymerization, drag reduction, and microlithography.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410323
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    High-temperature kinetic study for the reactive ion etching of InP in BCl3/Ar/O2 (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 658-665 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactive ion etching kinetics of InP studied uses BCl3/Ar and BCl3/Ar/O2 as etchants. High-temperature etching using BCl3 and Ar increases the etch rate negligibly. However, the addition of 30% oxygen in the gas feed increases etch rates by a factor of 10,000 up to 1.5 micron/min at wafer temperatures of 250°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that oxygen removes the boron species adsorbing on the InP surface by scavenging the boron to form volatile boron oxides. To study the gas-phase chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy is used to monitor atomic chlorine intensity at different gas mixtures. The chlorine intensity shows a Gaussian-type dependence with oxygen addition, which is similar to the etch rate dependence. Two regimes of etching found are: at temperatures below 150°C, the etching is limited by the removal of indium chlorides; above 180°C, the etching is reaction-limited. The surface morphology shows that the etch profile becomes rougher as a result of increased chemical etching. At high power densities (0.21 W/cm2) and intermediate temperatures (150°C), near vertical wall shapes are obtained. A kinetic model for the high-temperature etching is developed, as well as a rate law based on the InCl formation reaction. The rate law compares favorably with experimental etch rate results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410322
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    Reformulation of Wong-Sandler mixing rule for cubic equations of state (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 683-690 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic equation of state mixing rule of Wong and Sandler is reformulated in a way that eliminates one of its parameters and so that it can go smoothly from activity coefficient-like behavior to the classical van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule merely by variation of its parameters. The parameters in the reformulated mixing rule can be obtained from correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data or from the two infinite dilution activity coefficients for each binary pair in the mixture. When these activity coefficients are estimated from the UNIFAC group contribution model, the mixing rule becomes completely predictive. The correlative and completely predictive forms of this mixing rule are tested here and shown to be accurate for five difficult binary systems and one ternary mixture over large ranges of temperature and pressure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410325
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    Aspects of flow of power-law fluids in porous media (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1099-1112 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is encountered in a variety of applications. Aspects of single-phase flow of power-law fluids in porous media are examined. First, homogenization theory is used to derive a macroscopic law. It is shown that the single-capillary power law between flow rate and pressure gradient also applies at the macroscopic scale, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently small. Homogenization theory confirms the validity of the use of pore network models to describe flow of power-law fluids, although not necessarily of fluids of a more general rheology. Flow in pore networks is next used to explore various pore geometry effects. Numerical simulations show that approaches based on an effective medium or on the existence of a critical path, which carries most of the flow, are valid in narrow- or wide-pore-size distributions, respectively. The corresponding expressions agreed well with the numerical results in the respective ranges. An analysis presented for Bethe lattices leads to closed-form expressions in two limits: for an effective medium and near percolation. The behavior near percolation generalizes the results of Stinchcombe (1974) for the linear (Newtonian) case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410506
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    Convective diffusion and adsorption in a swarm of spheroidal particles (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1122-1134 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer from a Newtonian fluid to a swarm of spheroidal adsorbers under creeping flow conditions is considered using the spheroid-in-cell model to represent the swarm. The flow field within the fluid envelope for the Kuwabara type of boundary conditions is obtained form the analytical solution of Dassios et al. (1994). The complete convective diffusion equation is used to describe mass transport within the envelope so that moderate and strong diffusional terms can be taken into account. A new set of boundary conditions is used that respects mass flux and concentration continuity across the outer surface of the cell and maximizes the applicability of the spheroid-in-cell model in the convection-to-diffusion transition regime. The resulting elliptic problem in two dimensions is solved numerically. Results for the upstream and downstream concentration profiles reveal that tangential diffusion is very significant and should not be neglected for moderate and low Peclet number values. Also, the classical Levich-type of formulation, which is theoretically valid for very weak diffusional terms only, can in practice be modified to predict with fair accuracy the overall Sherwood number and the adsorption efficiency of prolate and oblate spheroids-in-cell even in moderate Peclet number cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410508
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    Role of porosity in filtration: XII. Filtration with sedimentation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1153-1164 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration on horizontal surfaces facing upward is accompanied by sedimentation. Material balances that are based solely on the volume of filtrate and neglect sedimentation flux lead to an understatement of the solids deposited in the cake and potentially large errors in calculated values of the average specific resistance αav. In a gravitational sedimentation experiment with kaolin, the value of αav neglecting sedimentation was 3.75 times greater than the value including the effect of sedimentation. In addition to errors due to neglect of sedimentation, CATSCAN studies show that the slurry concentration above the cake increases with time, contrary to usual assumptions. In a manner similar to batch sedimentation in a closed cylinder, characteristics of constant composition arose from the cake surface. Approximate predictions based on a combination of traditional sedimentation and filtration theory were in accord with the CATSCAN data. Existing filtration theory must be substantially modified to account for the effect of sedimentation.
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    Copper selective adsorption with a microemulsion-based resin (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1165-1170 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cross-linked terpolymers of allyl acetylacetone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized in the oil phase of a bicontinuous microemulsion stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The resulting material is porous, with a surface area of 58 m2/dry g. It selectively adsorbs copper, picking up 0.07 meq/dry g from a 0.1-M solution. This is less than the total apparent capacity of 0.65 meq/dry g inferred from titration with base and much less than the amount in conventional, nonselective resins, which is typically 5 meq/dry g. Breakthrough curves in packed beds and across membranes of this material seem consistent with uptake controlled by chemical reaction compromised by dispersion. Nonporous membranes of this material do not show facilitated transport.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Numerical studies of multicomponent chromatography using pH gradients (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1171-1183 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general numerical method is developed for multicomponent chromatography for the case where a pH gradient occurs and several buffering species are present that become adsorbed together with the components being separated through an ion-exchange mechanism. Acid-base equilibrium relations are used to determine the ionic compositions in the liquid and adsorbed phases and are solved using a single-variable Newton's method. The differential material-balance relations are integrated numerically using the method of characteristics. The transport relations are incorporated using a matrix analog of the linear-driving-force approximation. The resulting method accounts for the adsorption of each ionic form of each buffering species, for multicomponent diffusional interactions arising from induced electric fields, for volume and concentration overloading of proteins, and for changes in the adsorption capacity caused by pH variations. Numerical calculations illustrate factors govening the selection of the adsorbent and buffer components for use in separating mixtures of proteins using retained, internally generated pH gradients.
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    Numerical computation of turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a 90° bend (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2187-2197 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical computation of the LDV results of Kliafas and Holt is reported for a turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a square-sectioned 90° bend. A Eulerian model with generalized Eulerian solid surface boundary conditions for the particulate-phase momentum exchanges with solid walls are included. The turbulent closure is effected by using the gas-phase RNG-based k-∊ turbulence model, and the particulate turbulence diffusivity is related to the turbulent viscosity of the gas phase. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the mean streamwise velocities of both phases, the streamwise turbulence intensity of the gas phase, and the particulate concentration distribution in the bend. The localized high particulate concentration near the outer curve of the bend that occurs at large Stokes number is accurately predicted. Empirical computational evidence is presented for a relaxation of the minimum particle number density required to allow the use of a continuum model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411003
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    Multiple roll systems: Residence times and dynamic response (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
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    Analysis of multidimensional models of monolith catalysts for hybrid combustors (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2250-2260 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributed parameter models of the single channel of a monolith combustor have been derived from progressively simplified assumptions. Simulation results are compared to assess the importance of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring in the combustor and to identify the simplest adequate model. For typical operating conditions of the hybrid combustor (gas and wall temperature not exceeding 1,073 and 1,273 K, respectively, high flow rate and pressure, natural gas as fuel), the results show that variations of gas properties have to be considered while homogeneous combustion can be neglected. Assumption of the approximate radial profile of axial velocity with invariant parabolic shape, rather than the rigorous solution of momentum balance and the continuity equation, provides accurate results. Moreover, for simulation of ceramic monoliths, backward heat transmission by wall conduction can be neglected with a substantial saving of computational labor.
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    Wetting of fiber mats for composites manufacturing: II. Air entrapment model (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2274-2281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work the experimental observations are explained with the aid of a simple air-entrapment model based on the concept of two levels of porosity of fiber mats. A simple model that includes liquid bypassing with initial air trapping, subsequent capillary invasion of regular fiber bundles with air compression, and finally mobilization is proposed to explain air-entrapment phenomena. The simple model successfully rationalizes the observed air trapping and compression during initial liquid-fiber contact. An empirical equation for the mobilization efficiency is adapted to the model to estimate void content. The velocity dependence of the trapped void content predicted by the model is in good agreement with observations.
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    Nitridation and CVD reactions with hydazine (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2282-2291 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The low-temperature nitridation of gallium arsenide, silicon and transition metals was investigated using hydrazine. Gallium nitride films were grown on gallium arsenide (GaAs) by direct reaction of the semiconductor surface layers with hydrazine et 200-400°C. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses show that the films are primarily gallium nitride with a small oxide impurity. Thin nitride films (∼15 Å) were grown on silicon by reaction with hydrazine at 300-500°C. Ellipsometry results suggest that the film growth goes through different phases following linear, parabolic and logarithmic functions with time. XPS analysis shows that the nitride films could be formed at much lower temperatures than possible with ammonia (300 vs. 600°C). The formation of numerous transition metal nitrides (Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Si, Ta, Ti, V, and W) by reaction with hydrazine at 400°C is demonstrated, as well as the chemical vapor deposition of boron nitride films from diborane and hydrazine reactants. The temperature at the mixing point was critical in determining the final composition of the film. A 1-D transport model suggests that the reaction rate at 400°C was kinetically limited. The results also agree qualitatively with thermodynamic equilibrium calculations.
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    Second law analysis on fractal-like fin under crossflow (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2314-2317 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690411015
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    Analysis of fiber formation during air-gap wet spinning (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1281-1294 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady formation of fibers in the air-gap wet-spinning process is analyzed, in which solidification of the fiber material is brought about by the diffusional exchange of solvent and nonsolvent in a coagulation bath. The concentration profile within the fiber is determined, and a simple model is given for the change of the material behavior with changing concentration. The material behavior of the uncoagulated spinning solution is described by a constitutive model for viscoelastic liquids that allows the incorporation of a relaxation-time spectrum. The behavior of the solidified fiber is described by a model for rubberlike elastic solids. The effects of variable fiber temperature and skin friction on the fiber motion are also taken into account. The computed velocity profiles are compared to experimental data. These data were obtained by spinning three samples of nominally identical spinning solutions. Even though the theoretically predicted profiles agree well with those obtained with the first two samples, they completely fail to do so for the third. This failure is attributed to the unexpected extreme sensitivity of the model predictions to the width of the dynamic spectrum that is used to infer the relaxation-time spectrum. It is also found that the velocity profile depends rather strongly on the initial conditions for the stress.
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    Solvation effects on reactions of triplet benzophenone in supercritical fluids (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1306-1318 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laser flash photolysis of the hydrogen abstraction reaction of triplet benzophenone (3BP) from 2-propanol and 1,4-cyclohexadiene in supercritical ethane and fluoroform was investigate. Bimolecular rate constants based on bulk concentrations decrease with an increase in pressure along both isotherms studied. These results corroborate our previous studies in CO2 that show increased reaction rates due to enhanced local compositions of cosolvent around the 3BP solute. Analysis of the results includes prediction of the thermodynamic pressure effect on the rate constant, which suggests an increase in the rate constant with pressure, as well as the effects of increased local cosolvent concentrations about 3BP. Spectroscopic measurements of the local composition of 2-propanol about a solute in supercritical CO2 are used to explain the apparent discrepancy between experiment and prediction, providing reasonable evidence that the local environment can influence kinetically controlled reactions in supercritical fluids.
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    Direct observation of hindered brownian motion (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1324-1328 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Cautious on-line correction of batch process operation (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1337-1340 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convergence of a series of well-stirred reactors to plug-flow reactor (1995)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1346-1348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690410533
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