ALBERT

Description: A program designed to study the Antarctic ozone hole using ER-2 high-altitude and DC-8 aircraft was conducted out of Punta Arenas, Chile during August 17-September 22, 1987. Graphs are presented of ozone and chlorine monoxide when crossing the boundary of the chemically perturbed region on August 23 and on September 21. Interpretations of ClO, H2O, and N2O measurements are presented, indicating ongoing diabetic cooling and advective poleward transport across the boundary.

Description: Two data products from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (ADEOS/TOMS) have been archived at the Distributed Active Archive Center, in the form of Hierarchical Data Format files. The ADEOS/ TOMS began taking measurements on September 11, 1996, and ended on June 29, 1997. The instrument measured backscattered Earth radiance and incoming solar irradiance; their ratio was used in ozone retrievals. Changes in the reflectivity of the solar diffuser used for the irradiance measurement were monitored using a carousel of three diffusers, each exposed to the degrading effects of solar irradiation at different rates. The algorithm to retrieve total column ozone compares measured Earth radiances at sets of three wavelengths with radiances calculated for different total ozone values, solar zenith angles, and optical paths. The initial error in the absolute scale for TOMS total ozone is 3 percent, the one standard deviation random error is 2 percent, and the drift is less than 0.5 percent over the 9-month data record. The Level 2 product contains the measured radiances, the derived total ozone amount, and reflectivity information for each scan position. The Level 3 product contains daily total ozone and reflectivity in a 1-degree latitude by 1.25 degrees longitude grid. The Level 3 files containing estimates of UVB at the Earth surface and tropospheric aerosol information will also be available. Detailed descriptions of both HDF data files and the CDROM product are provided.

Description: The results of the ozone measurements taken during rocket-busted flights of the rocket ozonesonde Rocoz-A at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility from August 1983 to September 1985 are presented. Nineteen profiles were obtained using Rocoz-A and electrochemical concentration cell ozonesondes, standard U.S. meteorological radiosondes, and Super-Loki datasondes. The results were found to agree with the Krueger and Minzner (1976) midlatitude ozone model for the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere.

Description: Localized rapid reductions in total ozone (miniholes), which were observed during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, are studied with particular attention given to meteorological aspects. It is suggested that miniholes are forced by tropospheric weather features and that they are largely reversible distortions to the airflow around the vortex. The relationship between the miniholes and upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric synoptic-scale disturbances is studied. Trajectory calculations are presented which demonstrate the exchange of air from low latitudes with air from within the vortex, with the vortex air subsequently moving to lower latitudes.

Description: Two data products from the Earth Probe Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (EP/TOMS) have been archived at the Distributed Active Archive Center, in the form of Hierarchical Data Format files. The EP/ TOMS began taking measurements on July 15, 1996. The instrument measures backscattered Earth radiance and incoming solar irradiance; their ratio is used in ozone retrievals. Changes in the reflectivity of the solar diffuser used for the irradiance measurement are monitored using a carousel of three diffusers, each exposed to the degrading effects of solar irradiation at different rates. The algorithm to retrieve total column ozone compares measured Earth radiances at sets of three wavelengths with radiances calculated for different total ozone values. The initial error in the absolute scale for TOMS total ozone is 3 percent, the one standard deviation random error is 2 percent, and the drift is less than 0.5 percent over the first year of data. The Level-2 product contains the measured radiances, the derived total ozone amount, and reflectivity information for each scan position. The Level-3 product contains daily total ozone and reflectivity in a 1-degree latitude by 1.25 degrees longitude grid. Level-3 files containing estimates of LTVB at the Earth surface and tropospheric aerosol information are also available, Detailed descriptions of both HDF data-files and the CD-ROM product are provided.

Description: Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministers für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Wasser: Forschungsbericht 102 04 250

Description: A review of the NACA and NASA low-drag airfoil research is presented with particular emphasis given to the development of mechanical high-lift flap systems and their application to general aviation aircraft. These flap systems include split, plain, single-slotted, and double-slotted trailing-edge flaps plus slat and Krueger leading-edge devices. The recently developed continuous variable-camber high-lift mechanism is also described. The state-of-the-art of theoretical methods for the design and analysis of multi-component airfoils in two-dimensional subsonic flow is discussed, and a detailed description of the Langley MCARF (Multi-Component Airfoil Analysis Program) computer code is presented. The results of a recent effort to design a single- and double-slotted flap system for the NASA high speed natural laminar flow (HSNLF) (1)-0213 airfoil using the MCARF code are presented to demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of the code.

Description: Model simulations were used to investigate the seasonal and interannual behavior of ozone for different choices of initial odd nitrogen concentration in July and different assumptions on the heterogeneous reactions, with particular consideration given to the possible contribution of chlorine chemistry to the ozone hole phenomenon. The numerical experiments were selected based on the simulations of the observed trace gas concentrations during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment in 1987. In all cases considered, the catalytic cycle associated with the formation and photolysis of Cl2O2 could account for more than half of the photochemical removal of O3 within the Antarctic vortex through mid-September. The reaction of BrO with ClO, which accounts for 15-20 percent of O3 removal in the same period, tends to play a more important role toward the end of September, when the concentration of ClO is expected to decrease. No simple relationship was found between the increase in chlorine lavel and the interannual decrease in Antarctic O3.

Description: Measurements of the abundances of ozone over Antarctica in August and September 1987 obtained during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment are intercompared. These measurements of ozone concentrations and total column abundance were obtained by three satellite instruments, two IR and one UV column-measuring instruments aboard the DC-8, one in situ DC-8, and two in situ ER-2 instruments, an upward looking lidar aboard the DC-8, and ozone sondes from four sites in Antarctica. This paper presents a summary of the ozone data, using the data and accuracies given by the individual investigators in the individual papers in this issue, without any attempt to critically review or evaluate the data. In general, very good agreement (within about 10-20 percent, limited by natural variability) among the various techniques was found, with no systematic biases detected. These observations confirm the low ozone amounts reported in the Antarctic stratosphere.

Description: Two data products from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard Nimbus-7 have been archived at the Distributed Active Archive Center, in the form of Hierarchical Data Format files. The instrument measures backscattered Earth radiance and incoming solar irradiance; their ratio is used in ozone retrievals. Changes in the instrument sensitivity are monitored by a spectral discrimination technique using measurements of the intrinsically stable wavelength dependence of derived surface reflectivity. The algorithm to retrieve total column ozone compares measured Earth radiances at sets of three wavelengths with radiances calculated for different total ozone values, solar zenith angles, and optical paths. The initial error in the absolute scale for TOMS total ozone is 3 percent, the one standard deviation random error is 2 percent, and drift is less than 1.0 percent per decade. The Level-2 product contains the measured radiances, the derived total ozone amount, and reflectivity information for each scan position. The Level-3 product contains daily total ozone amount and reflectivity in a I - degree latitude by 1.25 degrees longitude grid. The Level-3 product also is available on CD-ROM. Detailed descriptions of both HDF data files and the CD-ROM product are provided.

Description: Data obtained with the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite are presented. An attempt is made to relate and synthesize TOMS data with conventional radiosonde analyses and with midtropospheric moisture data available from the VISSR onboard the GOES. Case studies are described which relate the potential vorticity structure of the upper troposphere to the total ozone distribution as measured by TOMS. Cyclogenesis, frontogenesis, and the formation of severe weather outbreaks are then related to jet streaks and their characteristic ozone signature. It is shown that the primary maxima of ozone and potential vorticity are associated with cold advection and subsidence in the main upper-air trough as suggested earlier. The secondary maxima of the three quantities diagnosed in the present work appear in the left front quadrant of a jet streak, revealing the importance of transverse, secondary motions induced by a jet streak above the level of maximum winds in further modifying the potential vorticity and ozone structures.

Description: Plasma-gas interaction was investigated and the basic mechanisms for energy and particle transport. The solution approach assumes cylindrical geometry and includes a multiplicity of atomic reactions, and the presence of a strong magnetic field is described. The principal reactions are electron and ion impact ionization, and charge exchange between hot ions and cold neutrals. Radial particle and energy transport is mainly by diffusion. A modified Bohm diffusion model for plasma in the core of the plume, and classical neutral particle diffusion in the cooler regions of the flow are presented. Neutrals are allowed to free stream in the low density regions, where the collision mean-free-path becomes comparable, or even larger than the characteristic dimensions of the system.

Description: An unswept, semispan wing model equipped with full-span leading- and trailing-edge flaps was tested in the Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel to determine the effect of high-lift components on the aerodynamics of an advanced laminar-flow-control (LFC) airfoil section. Chordwise pressure distributions near the midsemispan were measured for four configurations: cruise, trailing-edge flap only, and trailing-edge flap with a leading-edge Krueger flap of either 0.10 or 0.12 chord. Part 1 of this report (under separate cover) presents a representative sample of the plotted pressure distribution data for each configuration tested. Part 2 presents the entire set of plotted and tabulated pressure distribution data. The data are presented without analysis.

Description: PREFACE : The Laptev Sea System The Arctic Ocean, in particular the wide Eurasian shelf seas comprise some of the most sensitive elements of the global environment which are believed to respond at a very early time to Global Change. The renewed interest in the Arctic, the large scale international research efforts devoted to the Arctic, as well as the presently available new technology to carry out research in ice-infested areas, have opened many new avenues to conduct investigations On the variability of the depositional environments of the Eurasian shelf seas. The Laptev Sea is of particular importance in the string of the Eurasian shelf seas because feeding the Transpolar Drift of the Arctic sea-ice Cover it exports relatively the largest amounts of sea ice into the Open Arctic Ocean, because it is farthest away from the influence of the Atlantic and Pacific waters, and because it is under the influence of rapidly changing fresh water fluxes from the Siberian hinterland (Fig. 1, Sea ice drift paths in the Arctic Ocean). The morphology of the seafloor, the rapidly changing coast lines of the fragil Lena Delta Island frame work as well as the presence of submarine permafrost are examples for the dynamics of the entire Laptev Sea System. - Fig. 1 - In order to address the natural properties of the Laptev Sea System a joint research project is carried out between a number of Russian and German research institutions under the framework of the "Laptev Sea System Project" (Fig. 2, Research institutions under the framework of the "Laptev Sea System Project"). Every year expeditions are carried out in the area on Russian or German research vessels where multi-disciplinary and binational working groups are addressing some of the identified scientific themes. Results from these joint investigations are then discussed in a series of RussianIGerman workshops which are held alternatively in Russia or Germany. The second workshop 'Russian-German Cooperation: Laptev Sea System' was held in November 1994 in St. Petersburg in order to assess (1) the state of knowledge of the Laptev Sea and the adjacent continental margin of the deep Arctic, and (2) to develop a research strategy for the marine geosciences in the Laptev Sea and terrestrial werk in East Siberia. The workshop brought together more than 100 scientists, among them meteorologists, sea ice physicists, oceanographers, biologists, chemists, geologists and geophysicists from various Russian and German research institutions. The main goal of the workshop was to promote and coordinate scientific collaboration among scientists from Russia and Germany. Main emphasis have laid on first scientific results of the expeditions within the scope of the interdisciplinary Russian-German research project 'Laptev Sea System', that is present and past oceanography, ecology, and climatology of the Laptev Sea. The workshop was organized into serveral sessions which followed various themes of the environment of the Laptev Sea from their present situation to their geological record: (I) Ciimate and Ice (11) Modern Environment of the Laptev Sea (111) Environmental History of the Laptev Sea (IV) From Siberia to the Arctic Ocean: Land-Sea Connection (V) Strategy and Plans for Future Work (VI) Mid-long Term Perspectives The scientific content of this workshop is documented in this report containing most of the results and discussions. The publication of this volume serves various purposes. It is primarily a forum for scientists working in the Siberian shelf seas, in which the results of many years of research and preliminary shipboard results can be presented. In order to provide all the participants in the workshop with the opportunity for reporting their results, a speedy way of publication was chosen. Thus, each individual author has presented his opinions and views as he or she sees them, reflecting the diversity and complexity of the Laptev Sea system. On the other hand, this volume offers many researchers the possibility of acquainting themselves with methods and results of research into the East Siberian seas as carried out in other parts of the world. Finally, it is hoped that this collection of papers will function as another step toward joint research projects and are base for the expeditions to be carried out in 1995 and the following years. Many of the papers published identify major scientific problems, thus offering new perspectives for future scientific research in polar regions. The nature of the papers, the discussions and the disciplines of the attendees clearly demonstrate that the study of the Laptev Sea System is a multidisciplinary one in an interesting key area involving all branches of the natural sciences, such as ice physics, oceanography, biology and geology, in particular. It thus remains an important example for GLOBAL CHANGE and CLIMATE IMPACT research within international research efforts, e.g. International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), Arctic Ocean Sciences Board (AOSB) or the Nansen Arctic Drilling Programme (NAD). - Fig. 2 - The editors also made an effort, probably not wholly successful, to edit manuscripts by non-English-speaking authors to make them easier to understand. In this process, we hope we have not changed the meanings of the original papers. Above all we thank Bettina Rohr and Daniel Krüger who kindly assisted in editing the papers. The workshop has been sponsored by the German and Russian Ministries for Research and Technology and the meeting was held from the 21st to the 14th of November in 1994 in the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in St. Petersburg. We wish to thank these organizations for their financial and logistic support.

Description: The preliminary design for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), which has been selected by NASA for definition study for future flight as a second-generation instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), is presented. STIS is a two-dimensional spectrograph that will operate from 1050 A to 11,000 A at the limiting HST resolution of 0.05 arcsec FWHM, with spectral resolutions of 100, 1200, 20,000, and 100,000 and a maximum field-of-view of 50 x 50 arcsec. Its basic operating modes include echelle model, long slit mode, slitless spectrograph mode, coronographic spectroscopy, photon time-tagging, and direct imaging. Research objectives are active galactic nuclei, the intergalactic medium, global properties of galaxies, the origin of stellar systems, stelalr spectral variability, and spectrographic mapping of solar system processes.

Description: This reference publication presents selected results from space-time spectral analyses of 13 years of version 6 daily global ozone fields from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS). One purpose is to illustrate more quantitatively the well-known richness of structure and variation in total ozone. A second purpose is to provide, for use by modelers and for comparison with other analysts' work, quantitative measures of zonal waves 1, 2, 3, and medium-scale waves 4-7 in total ozone. Their variations throughout the year and at a variety of latitudes are presented, from equatorial to polar regions. The 13-year averages are given, along with selected individual years which illustrate year-to-year variability. The largest long wave amplitudes occur in the polar winters and early springs of each hemisphere, and are related to strong wave amplification during major warning events. In low attitudes total ozone wave amplitudes are an order of magnitude smaller than at high latitudes. However, TOMS fields contain a number of equatorial dynamical features, including Rossby-gravity and Kelvin waves.

Description: Results are presented on ozone measurements in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere over Antarctica, obtained by NASA DC-8 aircraft during the August/September 1987 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. The ozone mixing ratios as high as several hundred ppbv were measured, but in all cases these ratios were observed in pockets of upper atmospheric air, both in the vicinity of and away from the location of the ozone hole. The background ozone values in the surrounding troposphere were typically in the range of 20-50 ppbv. Correlation of tropospheric ozone observations with the boundaries of the ozone hole differed in the course of the experiment. During the August 28 - September 2 flights, encounters with ozone-rich air were limited, and the background tropospheric ozone appeared to decrease beneath the hole. For the later flights, and as the ozone hole deepened, the ozone-rich air was frequently observed in the vicinity of the hole, and the average ozone values at the flight altitude were frequently higher than the background values.

Description: A wind tunnel investigation was conducted on a generic, high-wing transport model in the Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel. This report contains pressure data that document effects of various model configurations and free-stream conditions on wing pressure distributions. The untwisted wing incorporated a full-span, leading-edge Krueger flap and a part-span, double-slotted trailing-edge flap system. The trailing-edge flap was tested at four different deflection angles (20 deg, 30 deg, 40 deg, and 60 deg). Four wing configurations were tested: cruise, flaps only, Krueger flap only, and high lift (Krueger flap and flaps deployed). Tests were conducted at free-stream dynamic pressures of 20 psf to 60 psf with corresponding chord Reynolds numbers of 1.22 x 10(exp 6) to 2.11 x 10(exp 6) and Mach numbers of 0.12 to 0.20. The angles of attack presented range from 0 deg to 20 deg and were determined by wing configuration. The angle of sideslip ranged from minus 20 deg to 20 deg. In general, pressure distributions were relatively insensitive to free-stream speed with exceptions primarily at high angles of attack or high flap deflections. Increasing trailing-edge Krueger flap significantly reduced peak suction pressures and steep gradients on the wing at high angles of attack. Installation of the empennage had no effect on wing pressure distributions. Unpowered engine nacelles reduced suction pressures on the wing and the flaps.