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  • Articles  (24,456)
  • Chemistry  (19,673)
  • Animals  (4,803)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (2,368)
  • 1995-1999  (11,865)
  • 1985-1989  (12,591)
  • Physics  (24,455)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (1)
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  • Articles  (24,456)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of chemical processing in the circumstellar environment (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 224 (1995), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Depletions ; Shocks ; IRAS 05338-0624 ; NGC 1333 IRAS 4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract High resolution interferometer and single-dish observations of young, deeply embedded stellar systems reveal a complex chemistry in the circumstellar environments of low to intermediate mass stars. Depletions of gas-phase molecules, grain mantle evaporation, and shock interactions actively drive chemical processes in different regions around young stars. We present results for two systems, IRAS 05338-0624 and NGC 1333 IRAS 4, to illustrate the behavior found and to examine the physical processes at work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00667826
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent mixing of reactive gases in the convective boundary layer (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000414710372
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of chemical data for the study of interstellar shocks (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 233 (1995), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Interstellar Medium ; Dark Clouds ; Chemistry ; Bistability ; C-shock Waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shock waves perturb the chemical state of the interstellar gas. We consider the effects of C-shocks on the composition of molecular clouds, for a range of values of the pre-shock gas density and magnetic induction. The time required to re-establish equilibrium in the post-shock gas depends on the initial conditions and can become very large. The significance of the two known chemical phases of dark clouds and of bistability is considered in this context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627340
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular diagnostics of diffusive boundary layers (1995)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 233 (1995), S. 161-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Stars ; Chemistry ; Diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have assessed the role of diffusion in determining chemical abundances in molecular interface regions. Chemical models have been developed which include the appropriate diffusion terms and that are appropriate to a narrow diffusion region (∼0.01pc) that may exist at the interface between a dark core and a hot, shocked T-Tauri wind. We have assumed pressure balance throughout and have calculated the chemical abundances as functions of time and position through the interface. The results show that significant enhancements of detectable molecules/transitions are expected (e.g. CO J=6→5, OH and CH). Using a realistic value of the diffusion coefficient a diffusive region of dimension 0.01pc may be established within about 104 years. In general it seems likely that diffusion processes are highly significant on these and smaller lengthscales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627344
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene surface slid against steel (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 150 (1987), S. 189-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A morphological study was made to examine the friction and wear mechanisms of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene in air and water by means of transmission electron microscopy of a carbon replica film of a very thin layer of the polymer surface slid against a steel ball. Electron diffractions revealed that a molecular orientation with a typical fiber pattern was formed in the friction in air, while thin ribbon-like crystals with particular crystal orientations were formed in water in a way that the sliding took place on the crystallographic a - c plane, giving rise to a low friction coefficient of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051500116
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of polypropylene: Effect of stabilizers (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 150 (1987), S. 137-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Es wurde der relative Wirkungsgrad von fünf handelsüblichen Stabilisatoren bei Photooxidation und thermischer Alterung von Polypropylen (PP) anhand der Änderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht. Es wurden Polypropylenproben mit unterschiedlichem Anteil an Cyasorb UV-531 hergestellt (bezeichnet als PC0.5-31, PC1-31, PC1.5-31 und PC2-31). Der Einfluß der Photooxidation auf das thermische Verhalten ist mit Hilfe der Differentialscanningkalorimetrie und durch thermogravimetrische Analysen untersucht worden. 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenon (2 Gew.-%) war am wirksamsten, Polypropylen, gegen Verfärbung und Brüchigkeit zu stabilisieren. Bei einer Probe mit 1% Stabilisatorzusatz fanden sich nach 32 h Bestrahlung noch 81% des ursprünglichen Wertes der Streckgrenze gegenüber 18% bei unstabilisiertem PP.
    Notes: The relative effectiveness of five commercially available stabilizers on the photooxidation and thermal ageing of polypropylene (PP) was investigated by following changes in mechanical properties. Samples of PP containing different percentages of Cyasorb UV-531 were prepared (designated as PC0.5-31, PC1-31, PC1.5-31, and PC2-31, respectively). The effect of photooxidation on thermal behaviour was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxy benzophenone (2% w/w) was most effective in stabilizing PP towards discolouration and brittleness. After 32 h irradiation, 81% retention in yield strength was observed in case of PC1-31 against 18% in case of PP.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051500111
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A contribution to the UV degradation of polyurethanesPaper presented at the 18th Colloquium of Danubian Countries for “Natural and artificial ageing of plastics” in Villach June 24-26, 1987. (Austria) (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of the nature of the polyols used in polyurethane (PUR) synthesis on the structural transformations after ageing by UV irradiation has been studied. The investigations were performed on PUR prepared from polyester and polyether diol oligomers.The characterization of the samples before and after ageing in view of the structural changes, which influence the course of the photooxidative degradation and photocrosslinking as well as in view of changes of mechanical properties has been done. Comparative investigations were performed by spectroscopic and viscometric measurements.The results show pronounced heterogeneity of the degradative reactions, including the existence of crosslinking processes and producing thus very inhomogeneous polymeric material. The course and the intensity of photooxidative degradation of PUR differ together with changes of mechanical properties depending whether polyester or polyether polyol have been used. The processes of photooxidative degradation is less expressed in polyesterurethane then in polyurethane based on polyether, under the same conditions of experiments. Different structures of polyester diols caused the various ageing behaviour of PUR too.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580114
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beurteilung von hals-verbindungenVortrag anlä-sslich des 18. Donäulandergesprächs über “Natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich), vom 24. bis 26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 283-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: QUALIFICATION OF HALS COMPOUNDSA complex method of examination has been developed suitable for the qualification of light stabilizers; by this method, according to experience, the efficacy of HALS compounds can be extensively and expediently characterized.Several light stabilizers of the HALS-type were examined and qualified, used alone or together with a UV-absorber.It has been found that, when selecting the appropriate structure for a given polymer, the weatherability of polyolefine foils is effectively increase to six-eightfold; the increase is even tenfold when the stabilizer is combined with a benzophenone-type compound.As a utilization of these experiences, a contract with the industry, led to the production of an LDPE based agricultural foil with a life-time of several years.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580116
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation des natürlichen hagelschlags an transparenten kunststoffplattenVortrag anläßlich des 18. Donäulandergesprächs über “Nattürliche und künstliche Alterung von Kunststoffen” in Villach (Österreich) vom 24. bis 26. Juni 1987. (1988)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 158 (1988), S. 301-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural hail impact tests are scarcely available because hailstorms are limited to a small area and cannot be predicted regarding time, place and intensity. Therefore we relied on laboratory tests simulating natural hailstones by polyamide balls (5-50 mm dia.) whose final velocity could be varied according to meteorological data. So the influence of diameter (weight) and velocity of the artificial hailstones could be taken into consideration independently.The energy of damage or equivalent natural hailstone diameter were determined for 16 mm double skin sheet from PMMA as 0.2 J (14 mm dia.) for star shaped cracks and 2 J (26 mm dia.) for holes. These values do not significantly decrease after 10 years weathering. 10 mm double skin sheets from PC show an extremly high energy of damage of abt. 10 J (38 mm dia.) which decreases to a medium level of 2 J (26 mm dia.) after several years weathering. This decrease is remarkably reduced by weather resistant protective coating.As hailstorms consist to more than 80% of hailstones below 10 mm dia. (0.04 J) the mentioned sheet materials are quite hail resistant also after long weathering periods, but they cannot withstand an extreme hail catastrophe as in Munich July 12, 1984.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1988.051580117
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