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  • Articles  (190)
  • Cambridge University Press  (190)
  • 1995-1999  (183)
  • 1985-1989  (7)
  • 1935-1939
  • Computer Science  (190)
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  • Articles  (190)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (183)
  • 1985-1989  (7)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1990-1994  (130)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 19-29 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: AbstractExperience in developing multimedia programs has found that reliance on commercial developers does not always produce suitable material in terms of pedagogic quality, whereas training content writers as programmers is costly. This paper examines attempts to solve this and illustrates important recent initiatives. The Open University is developing flexible activity-type shells which are content independent. This is matched by an object-oriented approach to the program itself for maximum re-usability. The MALTED project addresses the problem by providing sophisticated authoring tools, but also sets up an asset base to make available re-usable language resources, helping to avoid re-invention of too many wheels.
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  • 2
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 30-37 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper discusses the findings of an extensive survey of approaches to language teaching and learning via the WWW. Its aim was to find exemplars of best practice in stand-alone courses, integrated mixed-model courses (Web/CD-ROM/face-to-face), and interactive exercises for the development of all four language learning skills. The findings suggest that, in some languages, resources are already so plentiful that it would be more economical to integrate the best of them into existing courses and to focus energies on global co-operation in the production of new high quality materials.
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  • 3
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 58-64 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper looks at the design of a computing course for modern languages students. The goals of this course are to raise the level of IT skills with which modern languages students typically enter higher education; to ensure that students gain the maximum benefit and enjoyment from their programme of study; and to equip students with valuable transferable skills appropriate for a modern languages graduate of the twenty-first century. The rationable behind the key decisions affecting the design of the course is explained and practical suggestions for teaching the major topics are given. Particular attention is given to the sensitive issue of assessment which can have a powerful influence on student motivation.
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  • 4
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Language learning should be enhanced by information and communication technology (ICT). This article describe a foundation-year curriculum for future language teachers. In this curriculum the training in the use of information and communication technology tools was integrated with language learning and language teaching methodology. A learning environment ‘Professional Skills’ is described as well as the database applications ‘Wordbook’ and ‘Reading file’. Data of a summative evaluation are presented.
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  • 5
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 80-92 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Whereas improvements in CALL design are dependent on theories of language learning and acquisition, limitations to the former have arisen from widespread disagreements over the latter. This paper attempts to point towards a way forward using an evolutionary epistemological understanding of language learning, and some implications of such an approach for CALL. An evolutionary approach, involving trial and error elimination, requires a multi-dimensional learner-centred model that takes into account advancements in psychology, education and linguistics, areas that have often been ignored by CALL researchers and practitioners.
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  • 6
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 72-79 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the application of a computer mediated curriculum in the instruction of advanced written academic communication skills in a non-immersion situation. While previous studies have focused upon collaborative writing within a computer networked environment (Gregor & Cuskelfy 1994), the use of computer-tutorial programs (Warschauer, Turbee & Roberts 1996), or the additive effects of supplemental computer-based instruction (Chun 1994), the present study dealt with the implementation of a fully computer based EFL writing curriculum through the use of authentic electronic computer programs. The following research questions were posed at the outset of the study:1. To what extent does the use of authentic tools, tasks and environment encourage communicative competence in the computer networked EFL academic writing classroom?2. What is the effect of computer mediated instruction on teacher-student interaction, collaborative learning, and students' attitudes and motivation?3. What are the benefits gained from a computer-assisted portfolio assessment?The investigation design consisted of an experimental group which studied exclusively in the computerised lab and a control group which was taught in a regular classroom according to conventional teaching methods. Data collecting instruments comprised background and attitude questionnaires, on-site observations, informal interviews, and systematic evaluation and assessment. Findings indicate that authentic tools, tasks and environment are a strong motivating factor. While the compter-nelworked environment enhanced the teacher-student interaction, it diminished peer collaboration. Computer-assisted portfolio assessment appears to be advantageous to both the instructor and students.
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  • 7
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 111-116 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: A multimedia learning environment would appear to benefit from an intelligent tutoring system that draws on didactic expertise, knowledge of the program structure, and knowledge of the learner's previous activities. On the other hand, one may argue against a tutor because of the damaging effects on learner autonomy: the tutor may hamper genuine learning by taking the learner by the hand, whereas what the learner needs is to have sufficient space to move freely through material in an explorative rather than an executive mode, generating her own queries and finding her own solutions. It is argued that tutoring may be a necessary stage on the road to autonomy.
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  • 8
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 117-124 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper sketches the place and function of grammar in the context of language learning in general and attempts to show the relevance and usefulness of these formal concepts of grammar to Computer-Assisted Language Learning in particular. The approach to grammar described here will be illustrated through a brief discussion of a grammar checker for English learners of German, ‘Textana’, which is being developed at UMIST.
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  • 9
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 46-54 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: To respond to students' need for more speaking practice, the Open University's Centre for Modern Languages is currently investigating the benefits of using an Internet-based, real-time audio application in distance learning/teaching. During a four-month trial period, French and German students met at weekly intervals to use the target language and participated in role-plays or other pre-arranged learning tasks requiring collaborative interaction. This paper describes the FLUENT (Framework for Language Use in Environments Embedded in New Technology) project from the tutors' point of view, focusing on how learner autonomy and the tutor role were affected by the new learning environment.
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  • 10
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 38-45 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper takes the form of a proposal for a computer mediated language course delivered at a distance and administered jointly by two different institutions, the universities of British Columbia (UBC) and Auckland (UA). It examines the possible institutional context(s), the target group, gives a course description with a list of learning objectives, curriculum topics, a description of the course's epistemology, design, development plan, delivery methods and student support, and offers a justification for the development of the course. In conclusion, the paper looks into the possible strengths of such a course as well as the challenges of implementation.
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  • 11
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Distance learning courses have been developed at City University over the last eight years. Language Plus, a semi-distance scheme was designed around the MBA programmes, which have little timetable space to spare (Connell & Pollard 1993). At the request of the Institute of Linguists, special syllabuses and examinations were devised for the Background Studies module of the Instite of Linguists, special syllabuses and examinations were devised for the Background Studies module of the Institute's ELIC Diploma in 1991. It was also a means of satisfying demand from students located elsewhere in Britain or abroad wishing to prepare for this particular module, but for whom no local course was available.
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  • 12
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 55-60 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: The Open University (OU) is UK's largest modern foreign language learning provider with a current enrolment of approximetely 8000 students, all of whom study individually at home, at a distance from each other and their tutors. However, while most OU students work with trditional course material such as books, video- and audio-cassettes and face-to-face tutorials, research at the centre for Modern Languages (CML) has also investigated alternative methods in order to account for those learners who might be unable to attend face-to-face tutorials. The study described in this paper outlines work in progress that is part of a larger, long-term project seeking to establish a framework for the use of networking technologies in distance language learning with a particular emphasis onl the ldevelopment of scenarios – that is task design and learning environments – which will enable participants to improve their spoken and communication skills in the target language.
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  • 13
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 61-73 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper stems out of the author's work developed thanks to her secondment as the representative for Languages to the Task Force for Teaching, Learning and Assessment at Coventry University. The aim of the secondment is to disseminate a recognised model of good CALL practice, the FREE - Fluid Role-Exchange Environment (Orsini-Jones and Jones 1996, Orsini-Jones 1999), to other areas of Italian Studies, to languages other than Italian and to the rest of the university. This paper will show how the model was disseminated to the teaching of EFL and Italian translation studies via the use of the Web. The paper will finally consider a few issues relating to the impact of the implementation of C&IT change in Languages.
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  • 14
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 83-84 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 15
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 85-86 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 16
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Dans le tout recent ouvrage New Technologies for learning: contribution of ICT to innovation in education, les auteurs rapprochent les merveilles multimédiatiques du mythe de Sisyphe:“In the history of education the introduction of any new technological tool was accompanied with high expectations regarding its innovating power for learning and instruction. After a period of sporadic use, and some disappointment about the obtained learning outcomes, the arrival of any new technological tool generated a new set of expectations, limited use and resulting frustration. This is what we call the ‘Myth of Sisyphus’, the king of Corinth condemned for ever to roll his stone up a mountain in Hades only to have it roll down again when he neared the top.” (Dillemans, et al. 1998:41).
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  • 17
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 38-46 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper examines the range of different factors which in our experience contribute to student resistance to the use of computers for language learning. These problems relate to aspects of the computing environment, social and psychological factors and issues relating to the curriculum and teaching methods. We have made basic suggestions about ways of overcoming these resistances. However our principal finding is that the most effective and coherent way of fostering student adoption of CALL is to develop a computer based learning environment, which draws on the success of communications software and the Internet, based on the computer conferencing program First Class.
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  • 18
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: The Internet offers a wealth of information and unlimited resources that teachers can use in order to expose students to authentic language use. Exposure, however, is not enough to trigger language acquisition. Students need to be involved in tasks that integrate the use of computers and enhance language acquisition. This paper outlines an instructional system designed to guide English as a Second Language (ESL) students through their exploration of the Internet and carry out projects that will ultimately help them improve their reading and writing skills and enrich their vocabulary. Through this instructional system the benefits of using the Internet for ESL purposes with different types of students in different educational environments can be maximised.
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  • 19
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 125-132 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This article discusses strategies for creating a supportive grammar learning environment, which have been implemented in CALL packages for Dutch. They stem from recent advances in cognitive psychology and cognitive linguistics, as well as our own experience. The basic metaphor behind our conception of the ideal CALL package is that of a toolbox rather than a set of instructions. Users select a tool from a range of available instruments because they think it is the one that suits their purpose best. Different learners may pick out different tools and use them in different ways, even if their goals are the same.
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  • 20
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 21
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper reports on the experimental use of a broadband computer network hypermedia environment for language learning (French, English and Spanish). Using Web-based resources, students engage in a collaborative task over a network which offers high quality video-conferencing, application sharing and access to authentic multimedia resources. One of the main aims was to establish the practicalities of providing learners of languages with opportunities to engage in reciprocal peer tutoring. After outlining the pedagogical assumptions, and describing the set-up of the network-based learning environment, the trials are analysed, and the effectiveness of network-based language learning in supporting collaborative learning is discussed.
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  • 22
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 150-152 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 23
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 154-156 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 24
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 25
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 26
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 4-11 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper deals with the analysis of a communicative activity involving English learners of French, its advantages and drawbacks as well as the outcome that teachers can expect of such an activity. The first part examines some reasons, both theoretical and practical for using communication technology, particularly electronic mail, for promoting language acquisition and developing learner autonomy. The second pan of the paper deals with the theoretical framework within which the activity was carried out, that Is, Stephen Krashen's language acquisition theory which establishes a distinction between language acquisition and language learning. Email interaction offers the possibility of addressing both processes.
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  • 27
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This discussion paper outlines some of the decisions and issues involved in creating and using authoring tools for language learning through the World Wide Web. In it, we outline the development of Hot Potatoes, our suite of authoring tools, and attempt to draw conclusions from our experience that will be valuable not only to other developers but also to evaluators and users of authoring software. Areas addressed include exercise design, ability to customise and control the output, support for different browser versions, user-interface design, ancillary technology and technical support.
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  • 28
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 20-30 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: English listening ability has become increasingly important. Traditionally, the training of listening skills is mainly provided via tape-based language laboratories. However, the tape-based laboratory cannot cope with the rapid development of digital learning media. In addition, it fails to provide students with convenient access because of its limited space and opening hours. The faculty at National Taiwan Ocean University takes advantage of new Web technologies such as RealMedia and JavaScript to create a virtual language lab in the hope of helping students develop listening skills. This paper will discuss various problems and solutions in setting up a virtual language lab. It is expected that our experience will be useful for other language professionals.
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  • 29
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 5-6 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 30
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 7-12 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: AbstractThis paper argues that CALL practitioners need to remain constantly aware of the political context in which they operate, so that they can the better exploit opportunities to win funding, gain status for their activities and generally succeed more often in the prime aim of enhancing the practice of language learning. It seeks to situate EUROCALL's own activity as an organisation at an important point of convergence in the global context. It concludes with some quasi political advice both for individuals and for the organisation as a whole.
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  • 31
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 148-149 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 32
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 74-80 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Much has been published on the subject of the role of concordancing in foreign language teaching, most of itin the field of EFL. Of crucial importance is the corpus on which concordances are based. This article describes how a pedagogic corpus can be downloaded from the Web as well as its experimental exploitation with first and second year undergraduates.
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  • 33
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 81-82 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 34
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 35
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 3-4 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 36
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 93-110 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Dans le domaine de l'apprentissage, les attitudes et les représentations des apprenants jouent un rôle fondamental. La recherche exposée dans cet article met en évidence des différences sensibles de profil d'apprentissage chez des étudiants linguistes et non-linguistes. Elle montre également que les représentations de I'apprentissage des langues et celles des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (TIC) chez ces deux populations sont bel et bien des représentations sociales, qui montrent un remarquable recouvrement entre les deux domaines étudiés. Enfin, une étude longitudinale d'un échantillon de la population étudiée montre que les profils d'apprentissage et les représentations sont susceptibles d'évolution. La question reste posée de I'influence de I'environment multimédia d'apprentissage de la langue sur cette évolution constatée.
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  • 37
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 152-153 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 38
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 11 (1999), S. 158-160 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 39
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 10 (1998), S. 18-24 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This paper deals more with what is sent down the pipe than with the pipe itself. In other words our concern is more with the pedagogical quality of software than with hardware or structures. It simply aims at presenting several attempts to resolve problems of understanding and speaking English met by French students. In every one of these attempts we have resorted to information technology. More particularly we have used authoring toolkits in order to ‘feed’ computers with our teaching methods adapted to the students′ needs. We have fried to keep a critical eye on our practice, which has enabled us to find answers with a limited scope even though we hope they might be of interest as a starting point for new reflections. The software we have developed represents those answers.
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  • 40
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 10 (1998), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: The article provides a description of the ReLaTe (remote language teaching) project, to develop a working demonstrator using a multicast-based conferencing system (Mbone service), for distance foreign language tuition. It covers aspects of technical development for applications over SuperJANET and gives an overview of the trials and evaluation, including how students and teachers adjusted to the system; the advantages and drawbacks of the system; how the system affected learning and teaching in the context of acquisition and delivery of foreign languages. The ReLaTe project is a joint research project between the University of Exeter and University College London, involving the Foreign Language Centre and IT Services (Pallas) at Exeter and the Language Centre and the Department of Computer Science at UCL. The project began in September 1994, with funding from BT and JISC (Joint Information Systems Committee) of the Higher Education Council of the UK. mis article covers the work of the project from September 1994 until December 1995.
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  • 41
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 10 (1998), S. 55-56 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 42
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 10 (1998), S. 54-54 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: Summer 1998 was certainly an important one for those of us interested in the use of Teaching and Language Corpora. The third TALC conference was held at Keble College, Oxford, under the more than able auspices of Lou Burnard. Lou had carefully prepared a program of talks which challenged the TALC community, and moved on the TALC debate further.
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    Notes: This program is designed for improving student learning skills both in class and in independent learning mode in a number of areas: textual analysis, résumé work and vocabulary extension. It is not a concordance program, although it has some elements of a concordance, but seeks to provide a computerenhanced working environment for the pedagogy of textual study for advanced language learners. Unlike other text-based programs, which mainly deal with text enhancement, concordancing and the provision of exhaustive linguistic analysis of stylistic features, TAP (Text Analysis) is concerned to provide students with a pathway that will enable them to generate their own analysis of any text studied within the program.
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    Notes: This paper reports on work at the Open University's Centre for Modern Languages (CML) and Institute of Educational Technology (IET), on the use of technology to support language learners working at home and in virtual groups via the Internet. We describe the Lexica On-Line project, which created a learning environment for Open University students of French, incorporating computer-based lexical tools to De used at home, an on-line discussion forum, and guided access to the Francophone Web. We report on some of the outcomes of this project, and discuss the effectiveness of such a configuration for the promotion of reflective language-learning practices.
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    Notes: Has the time come to re-evaluate the role of the teacher in technology-enhanced language learning (TELL)? Studies into Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and TELL have tended to focus on issues relating to learner/computer interaction or learner/learner interaction mediated via the computer (eg Warschauer 1996: 7–26). Relatively little research has been undertaken to try and understand how technology can best be used for language acquisition (cf. Matthews 1994: 35–401a or Zähner 1995: 34–481b) particularly at a distance, to improve both the effectiveness of the learning and the learner's enjoyment of it. Indeed those studies which have been undertaken have tended to be inconclusive (cf. Pedersen 1987). This paper attempts to begin to redress the balance by focusing on teaching and learning issues related to technology mediated distance language acquisition, with particular emphasis on the role of the teacher. The findings in this paper are based on the pilot phase of the Language Learning Network, a project to design, deliver and evaluate a technology mediated-vocational distance language course. With distance learning, as with classroom-based courses, communication with and support from the tutor is considered paramount. The project has established models for regular synchronous and asynchronous contact with tutors, provided in the context of time and budgetary constraints. Having validated the courses for accreditation and wider distribution on a commercial and part-time studies basis, much attention has been paid to the questions of learner support, assessment and quality assurance.
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    Notes: Tandem language learning is based on a partnership between two people, each of whom is learning the other's language. Successful tandem partnerships observe the principle of reciprocity (“tandem learners support one another equally’) and the principle of learner autonomy (“tandem partners are responsible for their own learning”) (Little and Brammerts 1996: 1 Off.). This paper begins by exploring some of the theoretical implications of tandem language learning in general and tandem language learning via e-mail in particular. It then reports on the pilot phase of an e-mail tandem project involving Irish university students learning German and German university students learning English.
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    Notes: The paper describes how networked self-access EAP materials have been developed at Warwick University since 1992. The current package of materials (The CELTE Self-Access Centre) can be freely accessed from the World Wide Web, and aims to provide some basic training in Information Technology alongside more conventional language and study skills activities. Problems of development and distribution are discussed, including the resistance of those EAP practitioners who have little experience of the Internet in an educational context, and the unwillingness of users to interact with unknown task setters.
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    Notes: Recently we have seen a shift of focus in using the Internet from often inappropriate human-computer interactivity to human-human interaction, based on collaborative learning concepts like learner autonomy and tandem learning. The renewed discussion of interface design has provoked a reconsideration of me traditional graphical user interface and a shift towards more intuitive interfaces like virtual reality, mainly building on the concept of constructionism. The MOO (multi-user domain, object oriented) system provides a flexible, easy-to-use multiple user virtual reality that allows for the integration of language learning tools and resources in a common environment, a third place.
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    Notes: The role of the conceptual dictionary in CALL to enable both active learning and passive referencing is becoming well-established. The motivation for this work comes from the analysis of an existing conceptual dictionary that, whilst exhibiting many strengths, proved difficult to extend with multimedia capabilities. The focus of this paper is the design and development of a conceptual dictionary, incorporating a multimedia framework, by making use of established techniques from software engineering and computer science. The analysis, data design and interface design for the new system are discussed. A prototype system has been developed using Delphi and Paradox running on Windows 95.
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    Notes: It gives me pleasure to welcome this evening so many distinguished international scholars to this state reception in honour of EUROCALL. In particular I am very pleased to be able to acknowledge the role of Dublin City University in this conference. DCU is one of our most innovative and dynamic institutions and I think it is very fitting that they should be involved in an endeavour such as this.
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    Notes: This paper relates to the projected role of the new technologies in university teaching in the light of considerations of cost, context and culture. The author is currently engaged in a study of the successful application of the new technologies in university distance teaching, in North America and countries of the European Union.
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    Notes: This article will demonstrate the methodology behind the way in which two quite different tools were used to complement each other. By using a variety of authentic source materials, and carefully integrating this material into a second year French course, the authors believe they have provided a rich source of material which other universities might well be able to exploit. The article will explain the advantages and disadvantages of some aspects of each of the tools, talk about the difficulty of overcoming common problems such as giving good feedback, adequately exploiting authentic material, and finish by presenting the results of their work on evaluating this material with students. Based on a case study in the Centre for Applied Language Studies at the University of Dundee, the article looks at the problems involved in producing CALL material using two separate authoring packages. It explores the exploitation of authentic material in a multimedia environment, looks at the advantages and disadvantages of the tools used by providing a comparative evaluation, and discusses the complex problems faced by teachers in developing CALL and integrating it into their courses.
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    Notes: In spite of the increasing availability of highquality CALL material, it is a fact upported by Laurillard et al.'s (1993) survey of academics' use of courseware materials that many lecturers in higher education are more often put off rather than attracted by the completeness of the material available. They would prefer to have more control over both the orm and content of the CALL material they intro-duce into their own courses, courses hich are usually of their own design, sometimes based on research interests and which ave evolved from several years' refinement and fine tuning. The recent appearance of pecialised authoring templates such as The Poetry Shell (Timbrell 1994), designed for tudying poems of up to 20,000 characters in length, and several authorable products from he TELL Consortium including an authoring shell for the translation package Translt-TIGER (Thompson et al 1997), seems to indicate a continuing, if not expanding role for institution-based CAL development.
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    Notes: The topic of EUROCALL '97, ‘Where research and practice meet’, is perhaps the most provocative and complex one in all of higher education. It would be interesting to recast the assertion that EUROCALL '97 is where research and practice meet as a more probing question: Where do research and practice meet? Unarguably, yes, at this conference: our program – the variety of presentations on practice, and on the research done on practice, and on theoretical research and the nature of research – makes that clear. But it is not only at this yearly gathering; research and practice also meet in the organization of EUROCALL, and for many of us in our daily professional lives. But we could push the question further and ask: do research and practice meet regularly and inherently in the profession of CALL? In the multimedia classroom or language center? In our materials? In cyberspace? in the mind of the learner? To most of those questions we would probably have to give, reluctantly, a negative answer.
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    Notes: Au dix-neuvième coup du 6ème jeu de son match contre Deep(er) Blue, le 13 mai 1997, le grand maître Garry Kasparov déclare forfait pour éviter le déshonneur d'un échec et mat en bonne et due forme.Avant le match, la presse spécialisée, et l'autre déclaraient en substance: si la machine gagne e'en est fini du monde “moderne” tel que nous le connaissons depuis la Renais-sance; e'est le début d'une ère inconnue
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    Notes: In ReCALL 9 (2), in the article on page 8 the name of Paul Baker at the University of Lancaster was mis-spelled. Apologies for this.In the same issue, in the CALICO 97 report on page 64, Matthew Fox's affiliation was given as University of Southampton, whereas Matthew is at Southampton Institute.
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    Notes: When Susan presented this paper at EUROCALL 97 she was extremely ill. As Susan's PhD supervisor, I knew only too well what she was going through when she mounted the rostrum and nervously organised her notes, but I could not have imagined that in two short months her life would come to an end. Such was Susan's courage in her struggle against cancer that she gave few outward indications of her suffering and only looked to the future, continuing to teach, to research and to give her attention to her home and family.My last conversation with Susan centred on this paper and the trials she was about to conduct with her students in the new academic year. The paper is published here with the minimum of editing. It stands as a tribute to Susan's research but represents only a short summary of the vast amount of data that she had collected so meticulously, and it only hints at the interesting findings that were beginning to emerge. It is likely, however, that the mass of notes that Susan has left behind will yield further results.Susan is greatly missed by her colleagues and students at Middlesex University and by all her friends and family.
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    Notes: How realistic is it to achieve good quality language learning and teaching using technology? This paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of using CD-ROMs and Web-based materials in the quest for providing meaningful interactive language learning strategies to students. It will demonstrate that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, at least in terms of pedagogy, and that there is no need to reject technology despite difficulties and frustrations because the latest developments in technology, especially on the WWW, have significantly increased the potential for even more authentic interaction in the classroom. Illustrations from our Vietnamese course are included.
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    Notes: This paper looks at computer-mediated conferencing (CMC) in the international arena, and considers whether culturally influenced behaviour has an effect on communication online. There is consideration of the indicative areas for cross-cultural misunderstanding taken from research into management communication, and also from research into gendered difference in posting styles on newslists and in ‘netiquette’ guidelines. The results from a small sample of questionnaires exemplify the cultural attitudes towards learning of a UK-based group of respondents. Trie question is raised of whether the ‘reduced social dimension’ of CMC allows participants in a conference to overcome social barriers, or whether the lack of social clues present in face-to-face interaction leads to greater confusion.
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    Notes: Le projet SAFRAN a pour objectif le développement d'une interface dédiée à I'enseignement du français assisté par ordinateur, interface dans laquelle sont intégrés progressivement des outils de traitement automatique des langues naturelles. Ces outils, dans le cadre du projet SAFRAN, sont I'analyseur syntaxique et le synthétiseur vocal FIPSvox, le dictionnaire électronique conceptuel FR-Tool et le conjugueur FLEX, lls permettent I'accès à des ressources linguistiques riches et variées, favorisent I'expérimentation et enfin, offrent un support au diagnostic. Notre article fait le compte-rendu de deux années d'activités scientifiques pour lesquelles nos efforts ont porté sur le développement d'un module sur I'enseignement de la phonétique du français qui intègre les outils de TALN mentionnŕs supra.
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    Notes: Though it may not be expressed explicitly, any CALL design reflects a particular conception of teaching and learning. A broad division may be made between learning that focuses on the individual learner, and learning that emphasises social interaction. The first orientation is represented by the work of Piaget, whose conception of learning is individualistic, whereas Vygotsky is the prime example of a theoretician who has focused on social factors. The two perspectives imply widely differing classroom practices, research agendas and techniques. This paper will detail the theoretical underpinnings of the two approaches, and will explore their implications as they relate to research and practice in CALL, with a particular focus on the tertiary level.
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    Notes: As one branch of CALL research moves further into the analysis of software integration into second language courses, this paper deals with many of the issues involved in the successful integration of a piece of multimedia software into a language curriculum designed for non-specialist advanced undergraduate students of French. After discussing the background and context of the research, the paper describes the software used and the surrounding integration aspects as well as the future use and development of the software as adequate courseware and research material.
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    Notes: When we decided to put this issue together, we called for contributions from CALL researchers and practitioners who were ‘‥concerned with the teaching of grammar in the post-communicative world...’. We were aware of the contentious nature of such a description – it suggests that the communicative approach is not, perhaps, a complete answer to the question of how to teach languages. Amongst the correspondence we entered into, subsequently, were some exchanges with colleagues who believed we were advocating a retrogressive step. It is only comparatively recently, they pointed out, that language learners have been freed from the shackles of piece-meal learning, drilling, correction and self-monitoring, and allowed to focus on ‘the challenge of communication’
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    Notes: In this paper we consider how corpora may be of use in the teaching of grammar of the pre-tertiary level. Corpora are becoming well established in teaching in Universities. Corpora also have a role to play in secondary education, in that they can help decide how and what to teach, as well as changing the way in which puplis learn and providing the possibility of open-ended machine-aided tuition. Corpora also seem to provide what UK goverment sponsored reports on teaching grammar have called for – a data-driven approach to the subject.
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    Notes: The paper reviews selected Web sites for French grammar, from the student' point of view. The investigation looks at the content of sites and potential for learning.The conclusion is that the Web for French is both underused and chaotic but there is evidence that, with imagination, it could become a useful resource.
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: We argue that grammar is an important element of language learning and that adult learners need a combination of exposure and cognitive learning processes. We addres the pragmatics of reource driven grammar teaching and identify grammar as suitable for independent study if computer based. With reference to a hypertext grammar package developed at the University of North London, we argue that the interactivity of hypertext-based grammar bridges the gap between embedded grammar teaching and theoretical explanation of language. Which allow an intuitive gateway to grammar learning.
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  • 88
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: The genesis of the ASTCOVEA project for French and German grammar learning under Phase 2 of TLIP is explained and the paper goes on to describe the design and structure of the system, showing representative screen shots and giving an example of how the system may be used to explore a particular grammar point in German. The point is mode, in condusion, that the ASTCOVEA approach can readily be adopted for other languages, including EFL, without major new programming.
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  • 89
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 59-59 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 90
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: This article attempts to define Expert CALL, siting in between traditional data-based CALL and intelligent CALL (ICALL). It relies on the concapts of expert knowledge and expert interaction and feedback. These are explored in the context of inflexional morphology, using as reference the auther's own ‘The Spanish Verb’ program. An electic computational algorithm, rather than a fully-fledged linguistic for malism suffices to deliver a stable and reliable lingustic knowledge basa on which to base Expert CALL applications. A similar ‘intermediate technology’ approach to syntax may bypass current difficulties encountered by ICALL to deliver linguistic reliabity.
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  • 91
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
    Notes: RECALL aims at providing intelligent error feedback to learners' input in a role-play scenario. This is achieved by integrating three intelligent modules into into system: a Diagnosis Module which analyses the learners' input, a Learner Module which reocrds errors made by the learner, and a Tutoring Module which provides exercises and offers feedback. In this paper the functionality of the RECALL system is described and the approach to error classification as well as the actual implementation of this approach is discussed. A pedagogical perspective on the navigational and teaching capabilities of RECALL are considered.
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  • 92
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 60-61 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 93
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 61-62 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 94
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 62-64 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 95
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 64-64 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 96
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 65-67 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 97
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 67-68 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 98
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 69-70 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 99
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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  • 100
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Recall 9 (1997), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0958-3440
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , Computer Science
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