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  • Articles  (333)
  • Emerald  (333)
  • 1995-1999  (333)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (333)
  • 1
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Provides basic steps and general guidelines for the correct use ofplaster and render. Includes suggestions of several preparationsavailable to aid this process.
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  • 2
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the application and design of systems using sealedexpansion vessels from circa 1967 to the present day, incorporating alltypes of systems. Discusses the fundamental differences andcharacteristics between open vented and sealed expansion vessel systems,and also the attitudes of water authorities to both commercial anddomestic systems. Compares this with other western countries.Investigates whether there have been any inherent disadvantages of usingsealed systems and concludes by considering current appropriate Britishstandards and codes of practice together with the terminology used insome instances, which tend to create unfavourable impressions of sealedsystems.
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  • 3
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 22-24 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Government funding is directed towards the refurbishment ofrun-down high-rise blocks and estates of local authority housing throughEstate Action. While glossy annual reports advertise excellent results,what independent evidence is there to support the policies recommendedby PEP and Estate Action? The number of follow-up surveys is extremelylimited. When the sums of money spent annually through Estate Action areconsidered, this unaccountability is surely not acceptable.Additionally, on a local scale, individual local authorities should takethe time to discover whether or not their schemes have been assuccessful with the tenants as they were intended to be and to ensurethat any feedback is incorporated into future projects. Tenant surveysof two refurbished high-rise tower blocks have been undertaken. Theintention was to determine the levels of tenant satisfaction andrelative success of the two schemes. Were these schemes an effective andefficient use of funds? Have they solved at least some of the wide rangeof problems which tower blocks such as these typically experience?Additionally, estate managers were interviewed to determine their viewson the relative success of each scheme. Have these schemes indeedmanaged to "improve the quality of life of run down housingestates through refurbishment, tenant/ management initiatives andpartnerships with the private sector..." (Sir George Young, 1985speech as Minister for Housing and Planning, launching the Urban Housingand Renewal Unit (UHRU) later to become Estate Action).
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  • 4
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 28-29 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The first English House Condition Survey (EHCS) was carried out in1967. It was repeated in 1971, and since that time there has been asurvey every five years. The scale and complexity of the survey, thetechnical methods employed and the extent of its use by the Departmentof the Environment and other government departments have changeddramatically since the early days. Describes the history of the surveyand documents how EHCS has grown with increasing understanding of thehousing system, both leading and responding to concerns of the day. Alsodescribes how it has continually strived to improve its methods andmeasuring tools to match the demands for more detailed, accurate andreliable information.
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  • 5
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reports on a project to test and develop methods for improving the sound insulation of party floors in larger, older dwellings converted into flats. Investigates the effects on performance of poor workmanship during installation and gives some assessment of likely comparative costs to be incurred.
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  • 6
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 48-55 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that ruins have long held a fascination for those concerned with images of picturesque charm or sublime horror. Recent attitudes have broadened in an appreciation of the potential that standing ruins and their sites have for students of architecture, archaeology and landscape history, while many are now examining the roles that these remains might also have for the flora and fauna of a particular location. Examines the work that is being undertaken to consolidate and repair a number of ruined churches in the county of Norfolk and illustrates how such work can broaden the base from which other projects may be undertaken. Part I considered how a group of standing ruins had been seen to provide sufficient social and economic value to justify a significant investment of public money. Part II discusses the practical issues raised by such work.Quality indicators Research implications** Practice implications** Originality** Readability***
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  • 7
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Explores the development of ground floors in residential buildings. Highlights the lack of detailed studies into this aspect of construction technology. Suggests that a multidisciplinary approach is needed to clarify the chronology and form of ground floors in old buildings. Considers the various types and traces their evolution. Indicates that suspended timber ground floors became more common after the mid-nineteenth century.
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  • 8
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Five years have elapsed since the introduction of ISO 9000 Quality Assurance in Singapore's construction industry in 1992. By the end of 1996, more than 80 construction-related organizations had secured ISO 9000 certification. In 1995 the Singapore government announced that the larger construction and consultancy firms must secure ISO 9000 certification before 1999 if they are to bid for public sector construction projects. Proposes to determine whether or not local contractors believe that ISO 9000 would reduce the costs of doing business and raise the quality of construction works; and if local construction firms have any quality cost systems in place for the purpose of establishing the relationship between quality assurance and cost savings. Presents the findings of a survey as answers to these questions.
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  • 9
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Continues the investigation into the development of ground floors in residential buildings. Focuses on the constructional features of traditional ground floors, both solid and suspended. Describes the influences that constructional form had on the development of ground floors. Indicates that suspended timber ground floors became more common after the mid-nineteenth century.
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  • 10
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 166-171 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: States that over the last decade an increasing number of new buildings have become disfigured in the first few years of their use. Outlines a recent major study of this phenomenon and investigates the following areas: what premature staining is and what effects it can have; the mechanisms of the staining process; building features that commonly give rise to staining problems; strategies for remedial measures once staining has occurred. Presents unique yet practical solutions to this increasing problem and concludes that the key to avoiding staining is a detailed consideration of a broad range of issues at all stages of the design and construction process.
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  • 11
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Presents the findings from a preliminary survey of 180 firms which specialize in conservation and refurbishment work on historic structures. Recognizes the growing importance of this subsector of the construction industry in a period when refurbishment is seen as a more attractive option than demolition and planning boards are keen to protect their local heritage. In two parts, the survey covers 100 crafts based companies and 80 structural engineering firms with questions slanted accordingly. Concludes that crafts based companies are generally small, recent in origin, provide a range of skills and do not confine themselves solely to conservation work. The market for the structural engineer in conservation is smaller but lucrative, and firms work closely with the heritage bodies.
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  • 12
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Covers topics such as the method and order of inspection, use of checklists and inspection data sheets, team inspections and the roles of the various contributing consultants and duties of the team leader, condition consensus for team inspections and the requirements of both public and private sector clients. Uses case studies from Great Britain and Hong Kong to provide examples. The case studies have been selected because they are from condition inspections of high-rise buildings.
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  • 13
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In March, Construction Minister Nick Raynsford officially launched the biggest and most ambitious concrete research programme in the world. The European Concrete Building Project involves the construction of four full-scale concrete frame buildings at the BRE Large Building Test Facility at Cardington. The first of these, the in situ concrete building, is now nearing completion. Margo Cole's article describes the background to this project.
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  • 14
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 23-24 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many elderly people and people with disabilities, who form a significant part of society, are unable to use doors and windows due to the physical effort required. Research at BRE over the past two years has produced a guide for the specification of automatic controls for doors and windows in homes that aid access and improve facilities. The research began in April 1995 and has been undertaken as part of a DETR funded Partners in Technology project with support from numerous industry partners. To assist development of the guide, laboratory and field testing of prototype doors and windows with automatic controls has been undertaken. The results of these studies are described.
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  • 15
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Focuses on a new, low-energy, environmentally advanced building at the Building Research Establishment's (BRE's) site near Watford, UK. Notes that the building is part of an ongoing project between BRE, designers, manufacturers and other building professionals to investigate comfortable and healthy workplaces for the next century. Five monitoring programmes are presently under way. Describes the building's innovative design, its computerised management system and the use of recycled materials in its construction.
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  • 16
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 122-126 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In part I (Volume 14 Number 3) the author wrote generally about the various legal and practical issues to take into account in preparing or in defending against a Schedule of Dilapidations served in respect of commercial property. Part II examines some of the practical issues considered in the recent case Shortlands Investments Ltd v. Cargill plc and explains how valuations are made under Section 18(1) of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 in order to determine the cap on damages to be paid in settlement of a dilapidation's claim.
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  • 17
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 110-119 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Past and current uses of chemical treatments to control or eradicate fungal infections and/or insect infestations in buildings have led to a number of reported cases where occupants and users of these buildings have suffered various physical symptoms. The role of chemical treatments, whether as biocides, fungicides, insecticides or wood preservatives, has therefore come under scrutiny and various countries are now reviewing their use in favour of a more benign approach to the management of decay in buildings. Growing concern for the environment and the health of those treating or living in treated buildings has also led to changes in the way we perceive and deal with buildings and building defects. As a result, the conventional approach to survey, defect diagnosis and remediation has to be re-thought and placed in the context of a wider environmental agenda. This paper provides evidence for how historic chemical treatments can have effects on the health of the building and its occupants, and considers the implications of such treatments for those charged with specifying or undertaking works to the fabric of affected buildings.
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  • 18
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The investigation of root-induced clay shrinkage cases can be difficult. The soil suction technique is an invaluable aid to correct diagnosis, quickly and cheaply. Incorrect diagnosis can be costly. This paper explains how new methods of soil testing can help.
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  • 19
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 146-153 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper offers a brief review of the present use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in concrete studies, from the perspective of how research in materials science is translated into applications in construction engineering. It describes the scope of present use of the method, and attempts a prospective for the near future in areas where more work could make productive use of the technology. Selected case studies have also been discussed. The electron microscope has been used as a research tool in understanding the root cause of the differing performance of various types of concrete under various conditions, a development tool in making better concrete, and a diagnosis tool on problems like cracking of concrete. The paper also explains how sample preparation affects the type and quality of information which the SEM can produce.
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  • 20
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 76-80 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Continues to examine the provision of damp proofing in ground floors. Shows that damp proof membranes only became mandatory in floors laid after the mid-1960s. Examines the methods and location of damp proofing in ground floors. Considers the problems associated with dampness in, and damp proofing of, ground floors.
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  • 21
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 200-204 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The full document deals with strategic sustainable development issues which affect the whole country but using examples mainly drawn from England and Wales. Discusses what is meant by sustainable development and how this can be achieved, how progress can be tracked, managing the environment and its resources and its national co-operation. There will be a further consultation paper shortly covering Scotland.
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  • 22
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 12-17 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper highlights the significance of environmental effects and movements on the performance of tile adhesive. Discusses the selection of the appropriate tile adhesive for outdoor applications where the adhesive is subjected to thermal and moisture movements. The study has shown that the effect of temperature during and after application on the development of bond strength is significant. It was shown that adhesive with approximately 50 per cent of the water replaced by a polymer latex has the most consistent performance in the achievement of bond strength. Adhesive with 100 per cent of the water replaced by a polymer latex was found to dry up too rapidly to allow sufficient time for the adhesive to interact with the substrate at the adhesive/substrate interface. The results reflect the importance of a proper mix design, especially when work has to be carried out in hot and dry weather.
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  • 23
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 22-26 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Infrared thermography is said to be a technique that can detect external finishes defects. However, there exist numerous parameters that can affect the accuracy of this technique. Its use should be subject to strict control and the results cannot be considered as conclusive. This paper discusses the complications of the thermal signature and the possible procedures when carrying out the survey. It also indicates that such a technique may be useful to the building control authority for mass-screening of a large batch of buildings to justify the issuance of statutory orders.
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  • 24
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 36-41 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes the historical development of the Internet and World Wide Web as an information resource. Provides a guide for browsing, searching and capturing data and identifies some of the potential problems in accessing sites.
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  • 25
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 221-226 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the application of the law of negligence as it has been applied in building defect cases in England. The application of English law by Commonwealth countries is then considered. The particular situation of Singapore (where Commonwealth rather than English precedents have been followed) is then discussed.
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  • 26
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 227-230 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Britain and The Netherlands both have a large stock of historic buildings dating from pre-Roman to modern. Both provide some degree of state funding and each has a series of national bodies that concern themselves with historic building preservation both by the allocation of grants and the awarding of special "listing" status. In both cases the creation of societies to protect historic buildings dates to the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite these similarities, there are substantive differences in the current approach to the preservation of historic buildings. In terms of government intervention The Netherlands employs a far more localised approach than is found in Britain. Tax deduction and government subsidies provide a substantial incentive to building maintenance in contrast to the British laissez faire approach. The private sector in The Netherlands also contrasts substantively with that of Britain. Most conservation work is undertaken by a relatively small number of large firms who belong to a close-knit federation, in contrast to the British approach of a large number of small firms operating in a free market.
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  • 27
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 7-11 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Discusses the properties of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) concrete bothin its fresh and hardened states, with emphasis on aspects which arerelevant to warmer localities such as Hong Kong. Sufficient researchevidence, including surveys of existing structures, have been reviewedto conclude that PFA, when used correctly and properly, has thepotential to enhance the performance of good concrete. Analyses thecontribution of PFA in the enhanced performance of concrete. Cautionsthat much of the enhanced performance depends on the microstructure ofthe concrete, which in turn depends significantly on a proper mixdesign, with or without PFA. Proposes that water reduction is adesirable property of PFA. However, considers it possible to accommodatePFA characteristics in the mix design and by the use of plasticizer toproduce good quality PFA concrete. Briefly discusses the characteristicsof Hong Kong locally produced PFA.
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  • 28
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 4-5 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Advocates the use of lime in the repair of old buildings ratherthan the hard, but brittle, impervious materials used in cement mixestoday. Points out the advantages of lime in indoor and outdoor repairs.Describes the natural cycle of lime production and gives general advicenot only on how to use, store and identify the different types of limeon sale today, but also on the precautions to be taken when using lime.
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  • 29
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 13-15 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Highlights the need to inspect ventilation systems, which willbecome a legal requirement for all workplaces from 1996. Beneficialreasons are given, including maintaining the health and efficiency ofemployees, maintaining the quality of the indoor environment, andprotecting the safety and efficiency of plant. Inspection should alsoform part of refurbishment schemes to ensure a clean and healthy indoorenvironment. Describes the practical application of borescopes andinspection vehicles along with detailed procedures for ductwork, filtersand fire dampers. Concludes with protective measures for inspectionpersonnel, employees, workplaces and equipment.
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  • 30
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 21-25 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The first of a series of articles, outlines how the urban landscapeevolved. Attempts to untangle the welter of legal controls through whichthe small-scale urban landscape is currently protected, including:listed features; features not within the curtilage of listed buildings;conservation area controls; and scheduled ancient monuments andarchaeological areas.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Suspended timber floors are probably the most common form ofconstruction for ground floors in existing British housing, althoughthey exist in only a small proportion of newly built houses. If moisturebuilds up in the crawl space beneath the floor, wet or dry rot maybegin, leading to structural damage to the floor and foul smellsentering the living areas. The crawl space is ventilated by air bricksto prevent this happening, but this is often inadequate, and many housessuffer from damp conditions in the crawl space which are potentiallyharmful. These can be alleviated by increasing the ventilation, but theincreased flow of cool outside air beneath the floor leads to higherheat losses in winter. Examines the relationship between crawl spaceventilation rate and relative humidity.
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  • 32
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 28-35 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Aims to investigate the problems of subsidence and theirimplications for domestic buildings by addressing a number of questions.What are the main causes of land subsidence? What is the potentialdamage of subsidence, and how can this be prevented and reduced? Whatare the financial and legal implications for all those involved? Lookscritically at the effect of subsidence due to coal mining on residentialproperties and the particular problems encountered by valuationsurveyors. Briefly examines the history and past operation of thecompensation system to assess its effectiveness. Finally, considers thefears inherent following privatization, along with future proposals.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The main issues arising from the considerations on latent defectsliability in the Latham Committee consultation paper pertain to: jointand several liability; limitation periods and prescription of actions;and transfer of clients' rights. The Government is reluctant to bringabout compulsory insurance and this is considered justifiable. Discussesthe reasons. It is considered that an improved voluntary system is theonly and better way forward. Positive steps should be taken by theGovernment to put in place equitable conditions under which a voluntaryand improved building users' insurance against latent defects cover canemerge.
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  • 34
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Consulting engineers have, in the recent past, had to investigatenumerous claims for subsidence damage to residential buildings on behalfof insurance companies and/or their loss adjusters. In most cases, theyhave had to repudiate the claim, institute a monitoring programme,specify minor repairs, or recommend that the afflicted property beunderpinned. Factors often taken into account in arriving at any one ofthe above decisions include: the history of the foundation movement; thecausative agent(s); the severity of the damage, and the likelihood ofprogressive movement. When underpinning is recommended, the engineeroften has to specify whether underpinning of the whole property isrequired or whether partial underpinning (i.e. restricting the underpinto only a part - usually the damaged part - of the property)would suffice. Partial underpins also automatically result when asemidetached, a mid-terraced or an endterraced property is underpinned.Addresses the long-term effectiveness of partial underpins. Reviews thecircumstances that may favour a partial underpin and, using previouscase histories, develops guidelines for ensuring the appropriaterecommendation of partial underpins as a long-term solution tosubsidence problems.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Looks at ways of surveying small urban spaces and deals with how garden and enclosures can be investigated prior to restoration.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 14-20 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines recent forms of the listed building legislation in the context of alterations to listed parish churches. Identifies the effect of a church listing and notes the origins and legislative effect of the Ecclesiastical Exemption. Explains the workings of the Faculty Jurisdiction and summarizes the major changes introduced by the Care of Churches and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1993. Discusses the movement to abolish or reform the Ecclesiastical Exemption which culminated in the introduction of the Ecclesiastical Exemption (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Order 1994. Summarizes the effect of this order. Considers whether the process of reform is now complete and concludes that while continuing minor adjustments are likely no further major reforms can be expected within the foreseeable future.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 9-17 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This fifth article in the "small urban spaces" series deals with the gardens of squares, crescents and similar enclosures as landscape.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 26-34 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reports the results of a study carried out using interviews, household surveys, physical surveys, economic appraisal and observations of agencies' contacts with residents, to investigate whether rebuilding grants are viable as a complementary approach to urban renewal. Gives a detailed example of how to calculate a rebuilding grant. Concludes that rebuilding grants are a very valuable complement to urban renewal, with very few amendments required.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 17-21 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Provides information about the Brooking Collection of architectural details which is open for public consultation at the Dartford Campus of the University of Greenwich. The Collection contains original examples of windows, doors, fanlights, staircases, firegrates, rainwater heads and timber mouldings. These features date from the sixteenth century to recent decades. Suggests that this study collection can benefit professionals such as building surveyors and architects by facilitating the understanding of often hidden construction details, assisting the dating of a building and supplying patterns for replacement features.
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  • 40
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 4-9 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes methods used by the author for both preliminary and detailed surveys to detect and record building structure movement. Gives four case studies with diagrams.
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  • 41
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 9-13 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Explains ways to mitigate the effects of various species of pests in dwellings, dealing with three distinct groups - insects, rodents and birds. There are now many other species, apart from fleas, lice and bedbugs, which have evolved to capitalize on the more recent environmental modifications which man has undertaken. Looks at several objections, apart from the aesthetic, to the presence of pests in dwellings including significant risks to health, deterioration of the structure itself and economic loss. Examines potential pest problems which may arise in new designs/construction and suggest possible solutions.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 38-41 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Summarizes the main points from Badgers - Guidelines for Developers produced by English Nature. Believes that understanding some facts about badgers can help to identify ways in which badgers and developments may co-exist while meeting the welfare aspects of current badger legislation. Stresses that this is basic guidance for developers and should not be used as a substitute for professional advice where badgers are affected by development.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 32-46 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Details the restoration of Coalport Bridge Tollhouse in Shropshire, a historic building which had fallen into disrepair. Presents the historical and structural surveys carried out and lists the sources of information.
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  • 44
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 74-79 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: States that buildings may become unoccupied for a variety of reasons, and that some will be physically or functionally obsolete and may be beyond economic repair or adaptation. Explains that the best option in such cases will generally be complete or partial demolition and the redevelopment of the site. Shows that, for the vast majority of unoccupied premises, however, the best solution will be reuse, but until such time as a suitable use and occupier for the building can be found, the property must be properly managed. Presents a sensible approach to the inspection and evaluation of empty properties in order to formulate and implement an action plan to protect and maintain them in an appropriate condition suitable for future reoccupation. Concludes that without proper management, unoccupied buildings will deteriorate and become the target for theft, vandalism and arson. Apart from creating a potential eyesore, this will have liability implications for the building owner and wider implications for the environment.
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  • 45
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    Notes: Sets out to examine the need to educate professionals involved in all trades at all levels throughout the construction industry so that the industry as a whole becomes safety conscious. States that the European legislation governing the conduct of building operations from inception, through use and maintenance to demolition is now in place, and in the UK the CDM regulations came into effect in March 1995 and implement the European Community Temporary or Mobile Construction Site Directive. Says that many problems have been instigated by the CDM in the UK in smaller contractors on smaller jobs who may become the "principal contractor", without having the financial, managerial or technical resources of the larger contractor, yet having the same safety responsibilities. This would seem to potentially create a problem which affects the operation and validity of the regulations. Seeks to address these problems and inconsistencies in the knowledge and expertise gap concerning safety in the construction industry. Aims to address a number of questions: how can we ensure the long-term safety on site?; how can these problems be alleviated, while achieving in this case the worthwhile goal of safer building?; how can the problem of the small builder be addressed on a European basis?; can the training and education of those in the building trade be altered to improve safety awareness and procedures? Anticipates that feedback information will be generated regarding safety standards and their optimization throughout sectors of the industry. Recommends that all trades and professions must incorporate safety within their particular skill training and all persons involved should be licensed by the trade association and a consumer safeguard and the safety of persons in the industry.
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  • 46
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 27-39 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Looks at pavings and how they contribute to the character of villages, towns and cities. Surveys the history of pavings from Roman times, and discusses the different types of paving which can be found. Concludes with an outline of legal controls and planning policies.
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  • 47
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 7-14 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents the findings of a research project which investigates the market for the chartered building surveyor to act as the "panel expert" for insurance companies in domestic subsidence claims cases. The key players in the process of a claim are considered and hypotheses, that building surveyors are discriminated against in favour of engineers, and that this is due to the training of each profession, are stated. The hypotheses are tested by questionnaire studies of building surveying firms, insurance companies, loss adjusters and higher education institutions. The hypotheses are largely confirmed but the results throw interesting light on the subject. The paper concludes with recommendations for professional bodies and universities to assist those surveyors wishing to practise in an increasingly important area of work.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 25-33 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines modern roof coverings and their associated problems over the past decade. Discusses the designers' and suppliers' dependence on and compliance with British Standards. Provides details of the problems and their technical solutions.
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  • 49
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 67-75 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Much of the housing stock in the UK is built on shrinkable clay soils, particularly in the south-east of the country. When the moisture content of the clay soils is reduced the clay shrinks causing downward movement. This extraction of moisture from the clay may occur in a number of ways, but the main causes are either prolonged periods of dry weather (a combination of high average temperatures and low average rainfall) or tree roots extracting the moisture from the soil in close proximity to a property. The most extreme cases occur when a combination of the two causes is evident. Over the past few years the UK has seen some of the driest periods of weather on record which has meant that clay soils have not been able to replenish their seasonal moisture loss during the winter months. This has caused an increase in the number of cracks appearing in properties and a rise in the number of subsidence claims made against insurance companies. If climatologists are right about global warming, then subsidence damage has become an endemic hazard of home ownership. Prolonged periods of dry weather will continue to cause serious and very expensive damage to the country's housing stock. The annual subsidence bill of £300 million can only be reduced by improving education and communication within the construction industry and encouraging house owners to look after their investments more carefully. This paper attempts to identify how the cost of subsidence damage can be reduced despite the changes in climate conditions.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 61-66 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Realistic digital data entry and data handling is the key to unlocking the power of modern computer tools for all forms of building management functions. A survey system is needed to get the vital data about property collected and entered into any management database. Three discrete usage areas for computer technology are identified: data collection, manipulation and presentation. The key differences between the various types of building survey are outlined. The conceptual and actual challenges in each survey system area are explored. Past problems and mistakes in applying technology are discussed. Innovative automated, efficient, and integrated solutions are suggested. A new multi-media and completely digital approach is recommended for applying new computer-based tools to all kinds of property inspection. The future tools for super-efficient building surveys in the next century are considered and predicted.
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  • 51
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 81-86 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The applicability of infra-red thermography for assessing building façades was studied. Results from the laboratory experiments highlight the importance of the environmental conditions on the accuracy of technique. The thermograms were found effective in showing the simulated anomalies in test samples.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 120-124 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The writer draws on personal experience to suggest that theatres, as a building type, are particularly vulnerable to ill-advised alteration. He describes the peculiarities of design and construction which distinguish theatres from other types of public buildings and sets out a number of ways in which theatre operation can be damaged or even destroyed by seemingly unimportant interventions. The role of the Theatres Trust in protecting theatres not currently in use as such is detailed and justified, pointing out that many theatres have, in recent years, been returned to their designed use after decades in other employment. The importance, in this context (and having regard to modern theatre economics), of low-cost reversibility is emphasised. Finally, comments drily on the psychology of theatre operators and theatre purchasers.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 172-176 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the legislation and common law relating to responsibility for the safety of premises, and of those who visit them. It provides guidance for the professional surveyor in his roles as employer, employee and professional adviser.
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  • 54
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 177-179 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Postulates the metaphor of a "video camera" to discuss the way old structures accumulate physical signs of the events they have existed through. Outlines the nature and purpose of the RCHME, its constitution, size, and its obje ctives of: survey, curating and making available its archives, and recording of "threatened buildings". Suggests why the past is regarded as significant and how historical research operates by piecing together evidence. Explains how old structures contribute their stored evidence to this process.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 205-208 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This is the ninth and final article in the Small Urban Spaces series and describes by way of a case study the sort of approach and attention that some more modest, but nevertheless important, squares and gardens ought to be rewarded. The green places, as well as the "hard" spaces and little corners that surround our buildings may deserve, perhaps, as much consideration as the properties nearby. This case study may assist readers in developing their own techniques in appraising these valuable small open spaces.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 209-217 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The majority of the population in Hong Kong live in multi-storey high-rise buildings. The safety conditions of these buildings are a major concern of the Government and the public. Fire safety is one of the major concerns especially after several large fire tragedies in the past few years. The Hong Kong Government has introduced a mandatory safety assurance requirement which is called the "Building Safety Inspection Scheme". Under this scheme, building owners are required to appoint appropriate building professionals to assess the safety level of their buildings and to recommend appropriate actions. One of the major aspects relates to the fire safety. In order to ensure uniform standards and easy administration, the Hong Kong Government intends to publish a Code of Practice on the assessment for use by building professionals. This paper proposes a fire safety assurance approach including the fire safety assessment method which may form the basis of the Code of Practice.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 27-31 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A number of local authority-built properties in the Aberdeen area were found to display evidence of horizontal cracking. An investigation carried out on one of these properties suggested that this damage resulted from sulphate attack of the mortar joints and it was assumed that this was the cause of damage in similar properties at the same location. However, this paper argues that wall-tie corrosion is a more probable cause of the damage evident in these properties. It is suggested that the only effective and reliable method to establish an incidence of cavity wall-tie corrosion is to carry out a direct inspection through the removal of a sample of ties.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 74-81 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Summarises the evolution of underfloor heating in buildings. Examines the main types of underfloor heating systems in ground floors. Discusses the pros and cons of this method of heating buildings. Shows that with the introduction of flow-applied screeds and plastic piping, as well as improved installation and control procedures, underfloor heating is making a comeback in a growing number of new-build schemes in the UK. However, this study indicates that it will be many years before universal confidence in the system is achieved.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 82-88 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In order to improve efficiency and enhance the integration of information within the construction industry, it is necessary to establish an appropriate information structure using state of the art technologies. This paper reports on the modelling and integration of construction information within the context of integrated databases as a means of improving integration. The work is being undertaken by the OSCON (Open Systems for Construction) project at Salford University. The project aims to structure and model this information, providing a framework of information into which the modelling of different domains within the construction industry fits. The central idea in the establishment of the model is the ability to allow information to be viewed from different perspectives and different levels of abstraction depending on the requirements of the user. This leads to the necessity of integrating the models in order to permit the sharing of information. This paper also presents a model of transferring advanced technologies based on OSCON to the construction sector through lessons learnt from the research being undertaken.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 109-116 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Ground movement is responsible for over 60 per cent of structural defects in low-rise residential properties. Since 1971, insurance companies have been responsible for the significant rectification costs. Repair strategies are currently two-fold, being determined by whether or not the foundations are underpinned. The Hoopsafe system uses a grid of post-tensioned concrete beams, cast at foundation level, to restore the structural integrity of the property. The system can provide an alternative to traditional underpinning at an economic cost. Additional benefits include minimal disruption on site and short contract periods; the necessity for homeowners to vacate their properties is usually avoided. These benefits have been demonstrated by illustrative case studies. Professional consultants must consider all options to determine the most effective and appropriate repair technique. The Hoopsafe system can provide an alternative option in the selection process.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 143-153 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper examines some of the key aspects of the process of maintenance management of the built cultural heritage. It is primarily based on responses to a questionnaire from a number of maintenance managers all of whom are responsible for significant stocks of historic buildings within their portfolios. The research identifies two types of organisation; "heritage focused" and "non-heritage focused". It examines differences in approach between them in the following key areas: aims and objectives of the organisation, the use of external consultants and condition surveys, prioritisation and costs. The paper identifies areas for further research. It also suggests that the identification of cultural significance embodied in the fabric of historic buildings and consideration of its vulnerability should be a prerequisite for determining approaches to maintenance management.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 211-215 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper arises from findings which emerged during the preparation of the Good Practice Guide to Maintenance Cost Forecasting. This Guide was commissioned by the Housing Corporation to assist Registered Social Landlords forecast the future maintenance costs of their stocks. It became apparent during the work that client experiences of stock condition surveys had been far from satisfactory. The surveys had often been carried out by professional surveyors and yet many had fundamental weaknesses in their specification, execution and use of data. The level of dissatisfaction expressed, coupled with recent evidence regarding the quality of domestic building surveys, should give cause for concern to the surveying profession. The paper identifies some causes of this dissatisfaction and suggests lessons that can be drawn from the experience. Further investigation is recommended into this crucial area of practice.
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  • 63
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    Notes: To enhance and promote quality construction, the Construction Quality Assessment System (CONQUAS) was introduced in Singapore in 1989 to evaluate the quality performance of building contractors using numerical scores. Apart from the CONQUAS system, the ISO 9000 quality management standards were also introduced in the Singapore construction industry in 1991. Is there a relationship between certification to ISO 9000 standards and the achievement of higher construction quality standards as indicated by CONQUAS scores? As several years have passed since the introduction of the CONQUAS system and ISO 9000 in the Singapore construction industry, this paper aims to ascertain if the implementation and certification of quality management systems to ISO 9000 standards in construction firms has helped them to achieve higher construction quality standards through higher CONQUAS scores.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 154-159 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Government has recognised the significance of exposures in houses to the natural radioactive gas radon and has over the past decade initiated various campaigns in conjunction with NRPB, BRE and local authorities to mitigate its effects. This article explains the principal features of the programme to reduce radon exposures in existing housing, which is based on encouraging occupiers to measure radon levels in their homes and publicising the availability of cheap and effective remedies. The important role is noted of professional groups such as surveyors in the housing market and detailed descriptions provided of the main methods of reducing radon levels and their suitability for particular buildings. The importance of raising radon awareness amongst professionals is noted and sources of further information are provided including technical reports on remedial measures.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 170-178 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper sets out to analyse and interpret factors which bear upon building components and to explore underlying relationships among the number of building components forming a construction entity. The research hypothesis was set as follows: building surveyors do not agree in assessing the strength of each of design, construction, age, changing standards and vandalism as a causative factor for defects on building components. Previous studies have established the factors pertaining to defects in the building structure. What is in dispute is the extent to which these factors are important in causing defects. The objective of the study presented in this paper is therefore to assess the impact of each of five key factors - design, construction, standards, vandalism and age - on 28 selected building components with the aid of questionnaire information provided by 45 local authority building surveyors involved in the day-to-day diagnosis of defects in public housing stock. In so doing, the tangible influence of the factors in terms of how they affect defect causation in building components for the sample is established.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 216-220 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the development of ground floor constructions. Explores the reasons for insulating the various types of ground floor constructions. Discusses the reasons for and methods of enhancing the thermal efficiency of floors. Shows that the earliest type of insulated floor was of lime concrete construction. Modern ground floors, whether suspended or ground-supported, must be insulated to an adequate level to achieve a more sustainable construction.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 231-236 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper reports research on the human error causes of defects, which has important implications for design professions involved in supervising new and refurbished building work. Modern thinking on human factors related to failures is beginning to stress managerial forces influencing the event rather than concentrating on the individual actions of a single error perpetrator. The current work develops this thinking and applies it to the problem of avoiding defects in construction. Field research involving a survey of construction industry practitioners, a statistical study of 23 house-building sites and a further series of unstructured interviews reveals that: managerial influences underlie many errors leading to defects; the "pathology" of error occurrence exhibits systemic characteristics, with errors high in the managerial chain having a noticeable influence on errors committed by operatives; and the emphasis placed by publications on correct technical solutions is misplaced and factors related to managers (such as better management training and education) should be given greater emphasis.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 26-32 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines the new energy regulation proposals set out in the revisedApproved Document Part L of the 1995 Building Regulations. Assesses theways in which the New Requirement L1 calls for better standards ofbuilding fabric insulation, improved space heating and hot watercontrols and the limitation of heat loss. Also considers the morestringent method of calculating U-values and the attention given tolimiting air infiltration and potential thermal bridging effects aroundwindows, doors and other openings. Discusses the equations from theBuilding Research Establishment Domestic Energy Model (BREDEM) used tocalculate the space and ventilation heating requirements of a dwelling,together with a rationale for using a two-zone model. Assesses theconcept of an "energy label" and how this can be expandedusing software tools to give estimates of fuel use to an accuracy of±10 per cent with cost benefits of increased insulationstandards.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 5-8 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Lists groups to be considered at the start of a building project inorder to improve internal air quality. Provides several symptoms of sickbuilding syndrome, as described by the World Health Organisation, anddetails some regulations and certain recommendations as to the originaldesign. Considers some common indoor and outdoor pollutants, andconcludes that the workforce should contribute to a healthy environmentby reporting to management when dissatisfied.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 16-21 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The second part of the "Small urban spaces" seriescompares and contrasts the qualities of wrought iron, cast iron andsteel railings, from both the aesthetic and the practical point of view.Describes the composition and method of manufacture of the three typesof iron. Suggests the best methods of preservation, conservation andrepair for each type.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 4-12 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Thatch roofs are an important part of our heritage. Describes thehistory of thatch, the fire precautions necessary, its thermalproperties and life span. Many thatch roofed properties are supported bycob walls. Describes the history of cob walls, the repair of existingcob walls, new work and the building regulations. Suggests that theGovernment should give more incentive to the use of thatch and cobwalls, both for the purposes of construction and to keep alive the ruralcrafts associated with them.
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    Structural survey 13 (1995), S. 21-22 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Discuss the new face of building control which has led to a newbreed ot building control surveyor. Argues that the focus has becomemore centred on the customer in conjunction with the new managementculture. This has also led to an improvement in quality and value formoney.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 4-8 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines the effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) on health, in the light of recent arguments which say they are harmful and that surveyors and architects should be taking the issue very seriously in their building and cabling specifications. Takes a balanced view, defining EMFs, chronicling the history of the issue of fields and health and detailing the results of recent research into possible connections with cancer and leukaemia. Looks at the guidelines set by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and other national and international bodies, pointing out that government regulations on statutory EMF exposure limits have not been deemed necessary. Concludes that studies have proved inconclusive and that further high-quality biological research is required.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 31-37 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Deals with the surveying of stone slate roofs within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. Initially examines the history of stone slating in the area and then identifies problems today due to lack of new materials and loss of craft techniques. Gives practical advice on the surveying of the roof coverings and preliminary guidance on preparation and equipment. This is then followed by a standard format approach to the survey dealing with the coverings, ridge, verge and other details, followed by the internal inspection and condition of the slates, battens and fixings. Discusses costings and concludes that a standard format is the most suitable and that the building professional should be aware of regional variations when working with the material. Detailed surveys of the roof will allow repairs and replacement to be specified confidently.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 18-21 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Gives a personal opinion on the part that note taking plays in surveying and report writing, referring to a recent judgment critical of a surveyor who had no written site notes to produce to the court, having dictated a report on site. Also comments on defensive note taking, that is, notes not necessary to enable a report to be prepared but which are required to give protection in the event of the surveyor being wrongly accused of negligence.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 4-9 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Suggests that good forward planning in respect of dilapidations liabilities can make a tremendous difference for both landlords and tenants. It is therefore important for the practising surveyor to have a good working knowledge of the law and practice. Sets out pointers to good practice on the practical side. Discusses some important principles of law and draws examples from recent cases.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 35-40 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Presents the results of a survey of 501 traditionally-built residential properties in the East Midlands which identified and analysed the causal mechanisms of 844 specific structural defects to establish why each mechanism was allowed to develop. Reveals that only 16.9 per cent of the structural defects analysed were unavoidable, the remainder being attributed to ignorance, negligence and false economy on the part of designers, builders and owners. Reports that, although recent legislation has reduced the likelihood of some defects occurring as often in the future, there are still many bad practices which need to be eliminated. Confirms the importance of implementing a sensible programme of preventive maintenance for each building.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 22-26 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that many problems have arisen in the flat roofing industry as a result of the inadequacy of the earlier specification. In addition the suggested remedies bring many other difficulties in their wake. Aims to identify the pitfalls and suggest some solutions. Discusses different types of insulations with their advantages and disadvantages. Concludes by outlining the recommended upgrading specification for a flat roof.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 10-20 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This seventh article in the "Small urban spaces" series deals with the "hardware" of squares and similar enclosures including statues, seating and bollards. Railing and pavings have been covered in earlier articles.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 4-8 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Considers how the life expectancies of building components in a life cycle cost calculation can be determined. Makes comparisons with initial capital cost estimating, where forecasts or estimates of cost have been carried out for many years. By definition an estimate is unlikely to be spot-on. Also recognizes that life expectancy is not just a mathematical calculation but also requires the use of expert judgement. Any forecast of a future event, while utilizing previously recorded performance data, will always be influenced by prevailing conditions and future expectations. The initial quality and standards of the building project are important characteristics in determining component life expectancy as is the type of project itself. Identifies a range of different sources of published information on building component life expectancies. Different techniques are also discussed that have a potential in assisting with the prediction of the lives of building components.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 22-25 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Describes a computerized system of building appraisal - building quality assessment (BQA) - which has been evaluated by the Building Research Establishment. BQA is a tool for scoring the performance of a building, relating actual performance to identified requirements for user groups in that type of building. It can be used as an aid for portfolio or asset management, rent reviews, investment appraisals, purchasing or selling properties, defining quality at briefing stage for new build and refurbishment, and judging alternative design proposals. Gives examples of the category classification of user requirements; the sections into which those categories divide and also the factors that comprise each section, thereby providing a common basis for measurement by different people, in different places at any time.
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    Structural survey 14 (1996), S. 10-16 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Points out that ruins have long held a fascination for those concerned with images of picturesque charm or sublime horror. Recent attitudes have broadened in an appreciation of the potential that standing ruins and their sites have for students of architecture, archaeology and landscape history, while many are now examining the roles that these remains might also have for the flora and fauna of a particular location. Examines the work that is being undertaken to consolidate and repair a number of ruined churches within the county of Norfolk. Illustrates how such work can broaden the base from which other projects may be undertaken.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 80-86 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: States that trees often contribute to subsidence damage to low-rise buildings, particularly in areas with shrinkable clay sub-soils. Posits that engineers investigating subsidence cases have to determine the extent to which any trees in the vicinity of an afflicted property are contributing. Describes the approach adopted in the development of an object-oriented knowledge-based system which will, among other things, enable engineers to assess more accurately the influence of trees in such situations. Presents details of the implementation of objects, classes, sub-classes, messages, and the concept of inheritance within the system, and the operation of the system demonstrated using hypothetical examples as well as a real test case. Discusses the benefits and problems of the adopted approach.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 92-95 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reveals the outcome of research into thermal improvements in commercial office refurbishment, comparing practice between Amsterdam, Hamburg, London, New York and Toronto. Sought a deeper understanding of the reasons why thermal improvements may and may not be incorporated into refurbishment and took an analytical, rather than statistical approach. Found that similar practice occurs, with the status of thermal improvements low compared to other factors. Legislation is complied with, though it represents a minimum permissible standard. States that landlords pass on running costs to occupiers and incentives for reducing costs are minimal. Posits that refurbishment with thermal improvements as a priority are rare; however, all refurbishment involves some improvement, often incidentally, through improved technology.
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    Structural survey 15 (1997), S. 148-150 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the changing role of the field computer in the surveying profession and addresses the primary users and requirements of portable IT in geotechnical applications. Describes the growing trend towards GPS and concludes with a prediction of the design of the surveyors' mobile computer in the millennium.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 130-135 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The purpose of the article is to highlight for adjudicators key issues arising under the JCT 81 standard form of building contract which need to be understood in order to reach adjudicator's decisions. It discusses the responsibility for design and the certifying and valuing functions of the contract administrator and quantity surveyor under JCT 80 and compares them with the way they are dealt with in JCT 81. The employer's requirements, the contractor's proposals and the contract sum analysis together with the role of the employer's agent in JCT 81 are explained. The article concludes with advice to adjudicators and comments on the apparent reduction of disputes under JCT 81.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 18-22 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Continues to explore the development of ground floors in residential buildings and extends the study to other property types. Shows that the provision of damp proofing for ground floors is a relatively modern practice. Examines the introduction of the main materials used as damp proof membranes. Considers the newer types of damp proof membrane materials on the market. Confirms that polythene is now the most common type of damp proof membrane in domestic construction.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 34-38 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A popular façade treatment for buildings in Hong Kong is tile cladding. It is used for the majority of low and high-rise residential buildings and the less expensive office developments in lower grade business districts. Mosaic and ceramic tiles are generally durable, versatile, waterproof and need little maintenance. However, tile defects such as dislodgement and water penetration can affect buildings that are only a few years old. The paper examines the typical causes of tiling defects and the range of repair methods that are being adopted in Hong Kong.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 193-199 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Considers the development in construction of subfloors. Examines the various parts of the subfloor system. Discusses the need for and provision of subfloor ventilation. Shows that the main developments in subfloor ventilation have occurred in the last 30 years of the twentieth century. Highlights the dangers in overlooking the importance of subfloors to the performance of ground floors.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This building represents a major advance in the design of low energy buildings. It was designed to demonstrate techniques which can be used in future low energy and environmentally-friendly offices. The building is naturally ventilated and uses its thermal mass to moderate the high summertime temperatures. Water is abstracted from a borehole and used as a very energy-efficient source of additional cooling for the building. The offices have a high proportion of glazing to make maximum use of daylight, together with solar louvres to limit solar heat gain. Other features are a super efficient lighting system, sophisticated controls, photovoltaic panels and the extensive use of re-cycled materials.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 136-140 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Continues to examine the provision of damp proofing in ground-supported floors. Considers the problems associated with dampness in and damp proofing of floors in old buildings. Examines the options for replacing the original defective floor with a ground-bearing floor. Indicates that when a new DPM is installed, moisture can be diverted from the underside of existing ground floors to the external walls. Shows that in some instances the provision of a DPM may not be essential in replacement ground floor slabs provided that certain precautions are taken.
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    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 180-192 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Provides discussion points on the topic of perceived risk to surveyors, particularly when conducting building surveys on new houses, when there are no standard Terms of Engagement.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 6-11 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Highlights the importance, when undertaking survey work, of being aware of the potential damage to property from encroachment by tree roots. Reviews the general principles and legislation, citing specific cases of liability for damage, the question of foreseeability, other contributory factors and remedies.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 18-21 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent years have seen a growth in the importance afforded to environmental issues, including the environmental aspects of property. One manifestation of this growth is the emergence of the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) developed by the Building Research Establishment (BRE). Using a limited research vehicle, this paper examines the basic requirements for a BREEAM assessment and the skills required to undertake such an assessment. It compares these skills with those held by building surveyors and considers whether building surveyors are sufficiently well placed to offer BREEAM assessments as part of their portfolio of services. The conclusion is that BREEAM assessments do represent a potential market opportunity which merits consideration.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 32-35 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Singapore and the UK share the same common law heritage. English law was imported into Singapore through the colonisation of the island in the nineteenth-century. Singapore law developed in a similar manner to English law, subject to exceptions to reflect the different ethnic and religious identity of Singapore. It is not true to say that English law and Singapore law are identical, despite their common law roots. Since the passing of the Application of the English Law Act in 1993, English statutes are no longer automatically followed in Singapore; however, English common law principles reflected in case law continue to be important. This paper looks at applications in contract law of key areas relating to building defects, such as materials, workmanship and design, in the context of contract law in Singapore.
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    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 237-241 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This article discusses a surveyor's responsibility when reporting upon a system built property for mortgage valuation purposes. Recently the Court of Appeal has confirmed that a surveyor was negligent in not recommending further investigation prior to purchase. However conflicting views were expressed by the members of the Court of Appeal regarding the measure of damages payable and these are considered.
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    Facilities 13 (1995), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0263-2772
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Examines two aspects of facilities management work: the degree ofcustomization involved in professional services; and the skills neededin face-to-face interaction with a client. Suggests that these requirehighly-skilled individuals to provide an effective service. Concludesthat developing a partnership relation should be based on trust.
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    Facilities 13 (1995), S. 8-12 
    ISSN: 0263-2772
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Investigates information as the most important resource of thefacilities manager. Proposes that without up-to-date, accurateinformation, facilities managers would not be able to functioneffectively. Considers the role of information technology in thisprocess. Examines some of the benefits of network technology for thefacilities manager. Concludes that networking technology is altering theway that facilities management operates in practice, indicating that itis a positive innovation.
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    Facilities 13 (1995), S. 19-28 
    ISSN: 0263-2772
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is a diagnostic tool and systemwhich allows facility managers to identify and evaluate critical aspectsof building performance systematically. This system has been applied toidentify problem areas in existing buildings, to test new buildingprototypes and to develop design guidance and criteria for futurefacilities. Outlines the numerous benefits of POE, including betterspace utilization, as well as cost and time savings. Describes aconceptual framework and evaluation data-gathering techniques. Presentsexamples of the outcomes of a case study POE on a medical facility.Highlights the primary effect of a POE database development project onFM software and summarizes the outcomes of an IFMA Pilot Survey onAcademic Facility Performance Feedback.
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    Facilities 13 (1995), S. 7-11 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Argues that the majority of facilities managers are not supportedadequately in their roles of analyst, adviser and educator. The newbreed of facilities manager who works at the interface between anorganization's core and its workplace infrastructure needs a new form ofperformance knowledge. Organizations which can provide this will have acompetitive advantage over those which cannot.
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