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  • Articles  (217)
  • heavy metals  (102)
  • environment  (43)
  • agriculture  (41)
  • groundwater  (35)
  • 1995-1999  (188)
  • 1990-1994  (29)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (217)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Risk Assessment for Consumers of Mourning Doves (1998)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 18 (1998), S. 563-573 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Risk assessment ; mourning doves ; hunting ; radionuclides ; heavy metals ; lead shot ; cesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Recreational and subsistence hunters and anglers consume a wide range of species, including birds, mammals, fish and shellfish, some of which represent significant exposure pathways for environmental toxic agents. This study focuses on the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Savannah River Site (SRS), a former nuclear weapons production facility in South Carolina. The potential risk of contaminant intake from consuming mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), the most popular United States game bird, was examined under various risk scenarios. For all of these scenarios we used the mean tissue concentration of six metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, selenium, chromium, manganese) and radiocesium, in doves collected on and near SRS. We also estimated risk to a child consuming doves that had the maximum contaminant level. We used the cancer slope factor for radiocesium, the Environmental Protection Agencies Uptake/Biokinetic model for lead, and published reference doses for the other metals. As a result of our risk assessments we recommend management of water levels in contaminated reservoirs so that lake bed sediments are not exposed to use by gamebirds and other terrestrial wildlife. Particularly, measures should be taken to insure that the hunting public does not have access to such a site. Our data also indicate that doves on popular hunting areas are exposed to excess lead, suggesting that banning lead shot for doves, as has been done for waterfowl, is desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005931.39844.35
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total System Performance Assessment for Waste Disposal Using a Logic Tree Approach (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 915-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Yucca Mountain ; performance assessment ; logic tree ; high-level radioactive waste ; Monte Carlo ; expert judgment ; repository ; groundwater ; climate ; infiltration ; percolation ; hydrothermal ; corrosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has sponsored the development of a model to assess the long-term, overall “performance” of the candidate spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste (HLW) disposal facility at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The model simulates the processes that lead to HLW container corrosion, HLW mobilization from the spent fuel, and transport by groundwater, and contaminated groundwater usage by future hypothetical individuals leading to radiation doses to those individuals. The model must incorporate a multitude of complex, coupled processes across a variety of technical disciplines. Furthermore, because of the very long time frames involved in the modeling effort (≫104 years), the relative lack of directly applicable data, and many uncertainties and variabilities in those data, a probabilistic approach to model development was necessary. The developers of the model chose a logic tree approach to represent uncertainties in both conceptual models and model parameter values. The developers felt the logic tree approach was the most appropriate. This paper discusses the value and use of logic trees applied to assessing the uncertainties in HLW disposal, the components of the model, and a few of the results of that model. The paper concludes with a comparison of logic trees and Monte Carlo approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007018611145
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical Dimensions and Correlates of Trust (1999)
    Springer
    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Trust ; geography ; personality ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A sample of 323 residents of New Jersey stratified by neighborhood quality (excellent, good, fair, poor) was gathered to determine if trust in science and technology to protect public health and environment at the societal scale was associated with trust of the local officials, such as the mayor, health officer, developers, mass media, and legislators who are guardians of the local environment. Societal (trust of science and technology) and neighborhood (mayor, health officer) dimensions of trust were found. These societal and neighborhood trust dimensions were weakly correlated. Respondents were divided into four trust-of-authority groups: high societal–high neighborhood, low societal–low neighborhood, high societal–low neighborhood, and low societal–high neighborhood. High societal–high neighborhood trust respondents were older, had lived in the neighborhoods for many years, were not troubled much by neighborhood or societal environmental threats, and had a strong sense of control over their environment. In strong contrast, low societal–low neighborhood trust respondents were relatively young, typically had lived in their present neighborhood for a short time, were troubled by numerous neighborhood and societal environmental threats, did not practice many personal public health practices, and felt little control over their environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006913308651
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of hydraulic diffusivity of aquifers by spectral analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 13 (1999), S. 85-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hydraulic diffusivity ; groundwater ; spectral analysis ; stochastic boundaries.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: This study uses the cyclical frequency to develop the mathematical relationship between hydraulic diffusivity and spectral density functions calculated from groundwater level variation. Such relationship can be applied to (1) unsteady state, one-dimensional confined aquifer with time-dependent water level on both end boundaries, and (2) linearized unconfined aquifer with or without vertical recharge. The spectral density functions of groundwater fluctuations are largely affected by the spectral density functions obtained from time-dependent end boundaries and their cross-spectral density functions. Hydraulic diffusivity of an aquifer can be solved by type-curve matching technique at a specified frequency band under the conditions of (1) confined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends, (2) unconfined aquifer having equal time-dependent boundaries on both ends with surface recharge, and (3) unconfined aquifer subjected to surface recharge but neglecting the water table fluctuations on both end boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050033
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of bacteria with cadmium (1992)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 3 (1992), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; cadmium ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium pollution arises mainly from contamination of minerals used in agriculture and from industrial processes. The usual situation is of large volumes of soil and water that are contaminated with low — but significant — concentrations of cadmium. Therefore, detoxification of the polluted water and soil involves the concentration of the metal, or binding it in a way that makes it biologically inert. Cadmium is one of the more toxic metals, that is also carcinogenic and teratogenic. Its effects are short term, even acute (diseases like Itai-itai), or long term. The long term effects are intensified due to the fact that cadmium accumulates in the body. This paper describes a study involving several hundred cadmium-resistant bacterial isolates. These bacteria could be divided into three groups—the largest group consisted of bacteria resistant to cadmium by effluxing it from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups were capable of binding cadmium or of detoxifying it. We concentrated on one strain that could bind cadmium very efficiently, depending on the bacterial biomass and on the pH. This strain could effectively remove cadmium from contaminated water and soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129081
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization and maintenance of soluble methane monooxygenase activity inMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b (1994)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 5 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Methylosinus trichosporium ; methanotroph ; trichloroethene ; methane monooxygenase ; maximization of enzyme activity ; groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) maximization studies were carried out as part of a larger effort directed towards the development and optimization of an aqueous phase, multistage, membrane bioreactor system for treatment of polluted groundwater. A modified version of the naphthalene oxidation assay was utilized to determine the effects of methane:oxygen ratio, nutrient supply, and supplementary carbon sources on maximizing and maintaining sMMO activity inMethylosinus trichosporium OB3b.Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b attained peak sMMO activity (275–300 nmol of naphthol formed h−1 mg of protein−1 at 25°C) in early stationary growth phase when grown in nitrate mineral salts (NMS) medium. With the onset of methane limitation however, sMMO activity rapidly declined. It was possible to define a simplified nitrate mineral salts (NMS) medium, containing nitrate, phosphate and a source of iron and magnesium, which allowed reasonably high growth rates (μmax 0.08 h−1) and growth yields (0.4–0.5 g cells/g CH4) and near maximal activities of sMMO. In long term batch culture incubations sMMO activity reached a stable plateau at approximately 45–50% of the initial peak level and this was maintained over several weeks. The addition of d-biotin, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) increased the activity level of sMMO in actively growing methanotrophs by 25–75%. The addition of these growth factors to the simplified NMS medium was found to increase the plateau sMMO level in long term batch cultures up to 70% of the original peak activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695208
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Research implications of the 1988 Canadian prairie provinces drought (1992)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 6 (1992), S. 109-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Drought ; agriculture ; hydrology ; monitoring ; research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The 1988 drought conditions, which prevailed over the southern portion of the Canadian prairie provinces, resulted in severe impacts on agriculture, water resources, forestry, and waterfowl production. In this paper, the climatological aspects of the drought are reviewed and the impacts of the drought are described. In addition, a number of the environmental factors that may have aggravated the drought's impacts are discussed. Processes contributing to the 1988 drought are considered in terms of their scales, relative importance and possible effects. It was evident from the information needs of government agencies and private businesses which had to cope with the effects of the 1988 drought, that studies are needed to effectively monitor drought and adjust to its impacts. In this paper, these needs are discussed; several specific hypotheses concerning drought-related processes are advanced and a framework for addressing the scientific aspects of droughts on the Canadian prairies is proposed. It is anticipated that many of these identified research needs and opportunities are applicable to other drought-prone areas of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124619
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overview of the SEAFP and SEAL Studies (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 16 (1997), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Fusion ; safety ; environment ; accidents ; waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The SEAFP (Safety and Environmental Assessment of Fusion Power) and SEAL (Safety and Environmental Assessment of fusion power, Long-term) programs form part of the ongoing effort in the European Fusion Programme to consider the safety and environmental aspects of fusion power. SEAFP was undertaken in the period 1992–1994. The assessment started with the development of two conceptual power plant designs, each of 3000 MW of fusion power, termed Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 used vanadium alloy, helium cooling, and lithium oxide for tritium generation. Model 2 used a reduced-activation martensitic steel, water cooling, and a lithium–lead alloy for tritium generation. Both Models were designed for passive safety. The SEAFP analyses included detailed consideration of effluents, occupational doses, accidents (concentrating on the worst possible accidents), and waste management. The key results are summarized in this paper. SEAL was launched in 1995, with the aims of broadening the scope of SEAFP, and of elaborating selected aspects of SEAFP in more detail. The SEAL analyses include studies which extend the results of SEAFP to a wider class of blanket designs and material choices, improved assessments of the quantities of activated materials which may be exempted from regulatory control or recycled, improved modeling of occupational doses, and work in many areas to improve relevant data, modeling and analyses, or consider design improvements. Much of this work is ongoing, but key results from completed work are summarized in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021851522269
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tritium environmental transport studies at TFTR (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: tritium ; transport ; monitoring ; environment ; model ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Environmental tritium concentrations will be measured near the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) to help validate dynamic models of tritium transport in the environment. For model validation the database must contain sequential measurements of tritium concentrations in key environmental compartments. Since complete containment of tritium is an operational goal, the supplementary monitoring program should be able to glean useful data from an unscheduled acute release. Portable air samplers will be used to take samples automatically every 4 hours for a week after an acute release, thus obtaining the time resolution needed for code validation. Samples of soil, vegetation, and foodstuffs will be gathered daily at the same locations as the active air monitors. The database may help validate the plant/soil/air part of tritium transport models and enhance environmental tritium transport understanding for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059370
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doses from accidental releases of tritium and activation products into the atmosphere (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 12 (1993), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: environment ; tritium ; activation products ; dose calculations ; NET, ITER
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In view of public acceptance and the licensing procedure of projected fusion reactors, the release of tritium and activation products during normal operation as well as after accidents is a significant safety aspect. Calculations have been performed under accidental conditions for unit releases of corrosion products from water coolant loops, of first wall erosion products including different coating materials, and of tritium in its chemical form of tritiated water (HTO). Dose assessments during normal operation have been performed for corrosion products from first wall primary coolant loop and for tritium in both chemical forms (HT/HTO). The two accident consequence assessment (ACA) codes UFOTRI and COSYMA have been applied for the deterministic dose calculations with nearly the same input variables and for several radiological source terms. Furthermore, COSYMA and NORMTRI have been applied for routine release scenarios. The paper analyzes the radioation doses to individuals and the population resulting from the different materials assumed to be released in the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01059371
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implementation of natural attenuation at a JP-4 jet fuel release after active remediation (1997)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 8 (1997), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: natural attenuation ; biodegradation ; hydrocarbon ; groundwater ; BTEX ; MTBE ; site characterization ; fate and transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract After eighteen months of active remediation at a JP-4 jet-fuel spill, aresidual of unremediated hydrocarbon remained. Further site characterizationwas conducted to evaluate the contribution of natural attenuation to controlexposure to hazards associated with the residual contamination in thesubsurface. Activities included the detailed characterization ofground-water flow through the spill; the distribution of fuel contaminantsin groundwater; and the analysis of soluble electron acceptors moving intothe spill from upgradient. These activities allowed a rigorous evaluation ofthe transport of contaminants from the spill to the receptor of groundwater,the Pasquotank River. The transport of dissolved contaminants of concern,that is benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers (BTEX) andmethyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), into the river from the source area wascontrolled by equilibrium dissolution from the fuel spill to the adjacentgroundwater, diffusion in groundwater from the spill to permeable layers inthe aquifer, and advective transport in the permeable layers. The estimatedyearly loading of BTEX compounds and MTBE into the receptor was trivial evenwithout considering biological degradation. The biodegradation ofhydrocarbon dissolved in groundwater through aerobic respiration,denitrification, sulfate reduction, and iron reduction was estimated fromchanges in ground-water chemistry along the flow path. The concentrations oftarget components in permanent monitoring wells continue to decline overtime. Long term monitoring will ensure that the plume is under control, andno further active remediation is required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008212127604
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integrated algal sulphate reducing high rate ponding process for the treatment of acid mine drainage wastewaters (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; algae ; heavy metals ; high rate algal ponds ; sulphate reducing bacteria ; waste stabilisation ponds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acid mine drainage pollution may be associated with large water volume flows and exceptionally long periods of time over which the drainage may require treatment. While the use and role of sulphate reducing bacteria has been demonstrated in active treatment systems for acid mine drainage remediation, reactor size requirement and the cost and availability of the carbon and electron donor source are factors which constrain process development. Little attention has focussed on the use of waste stabilisation ponding processes for acid mine drainage treatment. Wastewater ponding is a mature technology for the treatment of large water volumes and its use as a basis for appropriate reactor design for acid mine drainage treatment is described including high rates of sulphate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulphides. Together with the co-disposal of organic wastes, algal biomass is generated as an independent carbon source for SRB production. Treatment of tannery effluent in a custom-designed high rate algal ponding process, and its use as a carbon source in the generation and precipitation of metal sulphides, has been demonstrated through piloting to the implementation of a full-scale process.The treatment of both mine drainage and zinc refinery wastewaters are reported. A complementary role for microalgal production in the generation of alkalinity and bioadsorptive removal of metals has been utilised and an Integrated 'Algal Sulphate Reducing Ponding Process for the Treatment of Acidic and Metal Wastewaters' (ASPAM) has been described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008352008353
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfur metabolism in higher plants: potential for phytoremediation (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: glucosinolates ; gypsum ; heavy metals ; phyto-extraction ; phytoremediation ; sulfate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulfur is a major nutrient for all organisms. Plant species have a high biodiversity in uptake, metabolization and accumulation of sulfur so that there are potentials to use plants for phytoremediation of sulfur-enriched sites. A survey of soils enriched with sulfur either naturally or by human activities shows that a surplus of sulfur is mostly accompanied with a surplus of other chemical elements which may limit phytoremediation because these co-occurring elements are more toxic to plants than sulfur. In addition, the accumulation of the other elements makes the plant material (phyto-extraction) less suitable for the use as fodder and for human consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008250827209
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospects for in vivo NMR methods in xenobiotic research in plants (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 411-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: agrochemicals ; heavy metals ; NMR imaging ; NMR spectroscopy ; subcellular compartmentation xenobiotic metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The application of non-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods in xenobiotic research is reviewed in relation to: (i) the characterisation of the effects of xenobiotics on the metabolism of plants and plant cell suspensions; (ii) the direct detection of xenobiotics and their degradation products in vivo; and (iii) the spatial localisation of xenobiotics and their derivatives at the subcellular and tissue levels. Novel information has been generated by in vivo NMR studies of both agrochemicals and heavy metals, but a lack of generality in the methods makes it difficult to extrapolate from one successful application to the next. In vivo NMR spectroscopy is shown to be informative when a xenobiotic perturbs metabolic pathways that are accessible to the technique, and it is useful for probing the partitioning of paramagnetic metal ions between the cytoplasm and the vacuole. The successful application of 19F NMR to the analysis of plant tissue extracts also suggests that in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopy may have a role in biotransformation studies of fluorinated xenobiotics. In contrast NMR imaging techniques have been little used for xenobiotic research in plants, and while the method has been shown to be capable of monitoring the uptake and translocation of paramagnetic ions in plants, the potential use of high resolution 1H and 19F NMR imaging for mapping agrochemicals in tissues is still in its infancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008372107739
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the detection of environmental effects on complex matrices combining off-line liquid chromatography and 1H-NMR (1998)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 9 (1998), S. 513-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: automation ; environment ; fingerprinting ; GLP ; LC ; NMR ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An off-line combination of 400 MHz proton (1H)-NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography (LC) has been used for the multi-component comparison of low-molecular weight compounds (i.e., chemical fingerprinting) in model fluid broths and (processed) tomato. The focus of the research described is on (i) devising GLP-like methods for sample handling and NMR measurements that will ensure reproducibility, (ii) an automated handling of data, (iii) validity of the designed methodology and (iv) the interpretation of large amounts of data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008398321079
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Research Trends and Opportunities in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 383-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: economics ; environment ; natural resources ; research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The research questions and topics most likely to emerge in the near term future are assessed. A common theme is that policy issues will be an important driving force, as has generally been true in the past. More specifically, future theoretical advances are expected to occur in the treatment of uncertainty, the incorporation of stock service flows into natural resource analysis, and the incorporation of institutional considerations into models of resource exploitation. Research on valuation is expected to remain vigorous, primarily in the testing of basic assumptions and reconciliation of existing inconsistencies. Opportunities in renewable resource economics center on the incorporation of richer behavioral and technological detail in the general frameworks that already exist. A better understanding of what drives technology, and how environmental agreements can be negotiated and enforced among sovereign nations, are two topics likely to shape future research on global externalities. Finally, questions related to spatial aspects of natural resource use, and matters of land use more generally, seem likely to emerge as important topics on the profession's future research agenda.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008247412458
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  • 17
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    Road Transport Externalities (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 335-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environment ; external costs ; policy, transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract During the last decade much progress has been made in defining & measuring the external costs of transport. As the cost of tolling equipment falls, the set of realistic policy options to internalise these externalities will continue to grow. This will determine the research and policy agenda. We make three points. Firstly, empirical work is still necessary to better identify marginal external costs, including congestion, accident and environmental costs. Secondly, any assessment of policy options should treat externalities simultaneously. The use of pricing instruments and emissions standards are discussed within this framework. Thirdly, we emphasise the role of government. Designing the optimal road-pricing institutions requires consideration of horizontal and vertical tax competition, while double-dividend arguments are central to the question of securing public support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008267917001
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  • 18
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    Factor biases and promoting sustainable development: Adaptation to drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455057
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    Adapting to Climate Change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000004663.31074.64
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    Adapting to climate change in Africa (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 2 (1997), S. 19-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; Africa ; agriculture ; climate change ; vulnerability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The intersection of present vulnerability and the prospect of climate change in Africa warrants proactive action now to reduce the risk of large-scale, adverse impacts. The process of planning adaptive strategies requires a systematic evaluation of priorities and constraints, and the involvement of stakeholders. An overview of climate change in Africa and case studies of impacts for agriculture and water underlie discussion of a typology of adaptive responses that may be most effective for different stakeholders. The most effective strategies are likely to be to reduce present vulnerability and to enhance a broad spectrum of capacity in responding to environmental, resource and economic perturbations. In some cases, such as design of water systems, an added risk factor should be considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437055
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    Soil sensitivity due to acid and heavy metal deposition in East Central Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 737-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; heavy metals ; cadmium ; soil contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous soil acidification and deposition of heavy metals is a major concern for forest and agricultural soils of the Black Triangle region of East Central Europe including southern former East Germany, northern Bohemia of the Czech Republic, and southern Poland. The objective of this project was to develop historical and future projections of acid and heavy metal deposition to soils (As, Cd, Pb, Zn) and to produce a preliminary map of soil sensitivity to cadmium pollution and uptake by crops. Ultimately, we wish to assess the relative hazard and recovery times of soils to metals deposition in the region. Emission and deposition data bases obtained from several models developed at IIASA were linked using the Geographical Information System ARC/INFO to produce soil maps of sensitivity to cadmium mobility based on metals deposition, soil type, soil texture, organic matter content, and acid deposition. RAINS 6.1 (Alcamo et al., 1990) was utilized to produce maps of acid deposition for EMEP grids (150 km x 150 km). The largest amount of acid load is deposited in southern East Germany. Sulfur deposition in that area was 10–12 gS/m2/yr in 1990, and S+N deposition exceeded 8000 eq/ha/yr. But the “hot spot” for metals deposition is further to the east, in the Silesia area of southern Poland. The TRACE2 trajectory model of Alcamo, Bartnicki, and Olendrzynski (1992) was used to estimate cumulative metals deposition since 1955 with scenarios to 2010. Pb has improved over Europe since 1970 when depositions in the Ruhr River Valley of West Germany exceeded 60 mg/m2/yr. But cadmium deposition in southern Poland (Katowice and Krakow) has now accumulated to 60–70 mg/m2 by atmospheric deposition alone. During base case simulations from 1955–87, approximately 1.8 mg/kg Pb and 0.12 mg/kg Cd have been added to the mixed plow-layer of ∼30 cm. If these emissions continue indefinitely, the accumulation of metals will become problematic for agriculture and the food chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476917
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    Influence of humic substances on photolysis of divalent mercury in aqueous solution (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 789-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Mercury ; photochemistry ; reduction ; humic substances ; environment ; natural water ; kinetic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury (II) solutions were irradiated by a simulated sunlight in the presence of humic acid (HA) or fulvic acid (FA). Results show that, under the experimental conditions and the FA and HA chosen, less than 20% of the Hg in solution was photolysed with a rate of (1.63±0.29)×10−2 s−1 (n=23) and the rest of (2.38±0.40)×10−4 s−1 (n=23) depending on the substitutes of humic substances to which Hg were bond. The sunlight photolysis lifetimes were estimated to be 4 and 250 sunlight hours respectively under summer conditions at Stockholm latitude.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01189730
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    Groundwater acidification at Birkenes, southern Norway: Comparing trends of chemical composition of precipitation, throughfall, soilwater and groundwater (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1861-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; buffering ; groundwater ; monitoring ; precipitation ; seasalt ; soil ; soilwater ; throughfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical time trends for precipitation, throughfall, and soilwater (1986–1992), and groundwater (1980–1993) at Birkenes, southern Norway, are compared to gain insights into possible causes for the recent increase in groundwater acidification there. Precipitation and throughfall trends do not show evidence for an increase in anthropogenic acids (e.g. sulphate), but seasalt deposition (e.g. chloride) has been marginally greater in 1990–1992 than in most previous years on record. Soilwater composition partly indicates increasing acidification in recent years (pH, Al and ANC), but hardness and sulphate content are decreasing. Soilwater ANC became negative in 1989, revealing a lasting deficit in its potential to buffer acidity. Groundwater shows clear signs of intensifying acidification (pH, Al, ANC, hardness and sulphate), and this may result partly from climatic conditions (mild winters, ‘seasalt episodes’) and partly from the deterioration of an acid buffering system within the soil cover. Acidification via sulphate deposition certainly is not a direct cause. The declining hardness of soilwater suggests that the ion-exchange buffer in the soil may have ceased to function properly. The necessity for obtaining long-term time-series of water chemistry is underscored by this study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477251
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    Chemical characteristics of leachate from pulp and paper mill residuals used to reclaim a sandy soil (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 167-187 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Pulp and paper mill sludge ; nitrogen ; DOC ; heavy metals ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Primary sludge, secondary sludge, and wood ash from a pulp and paper mill were combined with sand to create a synthetic topsoil (C:N ratio of 18:1) to restore an abandoned gravel pit. Synthetic topsoil was applied to field microcosms at rates equivalent to 0, 2170, 4341, or 6511 kg N/ha; each was seeded with grass. Fifteen chemical constituents in leachate were measured during two field seasons. Cadmium, Ni and Zn were mobilized rapidly by soil disturbance. Chloride and SO4-S eluted rapidly from the sludge along with Na. Nitrate leached with Ca late in each field season when sludge N-mineralization and nitrification exceeded plant uptake and microbial immobilization. Ammonium elution was negligible. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mobilized by decomposition of organic matter in the sludge, as were Mg and K. Copper eluted with DOC, probably as an organic ligand. Lead and ortho-P were below our detection limits. We concluded that a synthetic topsoil with a 30:1 C:N ratio applied at a rate of 2100-4300 kg N/ha should provide adequate plant nutrition while minimizing water quality hazards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300429
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    Feasibility of a counter-current extraction procedure for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 317-335 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Soil remediation ; extraction ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effective remediation and sanitation technologies for soils contaminated with heavy metals are limited. We investigated the feasibility of a counter-current metal extraction procedure for the removal of selected heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ph, and Zn) from two contaminated soils. The process involved a decarbonation (removal of carbonates), acid solubilisation, washing, and liming step. Results from batch equilibration experiments simulating the counter-current process showed more than 85% of the Cd present to be removed. Removal efficiencies for Cu and Pb were limited to approximately 15%, this mainly due to resorption of these elements during the decarbonation step. As most Zn was found to be present in a more difficult acid-extractable solid phase, its extractability accounted for only 25%. While reaction (pH) conditions of both decarbonation and solubilisation determined removal efficiencies, washing the extracted soil with deionized water only slightly increased the amount of metals removed. Metal distribution among solid phases — exchangeable, carbonate, reducible, organically bound, and residual — was affected by the different treatments. The amount of metals contained in the exchangeable and residual fractions determined their extractability. Except for Cu, the reducible and organically bound fractions were less important. After solubilisation 13 to 70% of the metals were present in an exchangeable solid phase. This implicates that washing the solubilized soil with a salt may increase the extractability of metals, especially for Zn and Pb. Based on our results the process is critically evaluated and possibilities for optimization formulated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00171639
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    Forms of Cu, Ni, and Zn in soils of sudbury, ontario and the metal concentrations in plants (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; smelting ; soil contamination ; plant contamination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forms of Cu, Ni, and Zn in the contaminated soils of the Sudbury mining/smelting district were studied to assess metal mobility and plant availability. Soil, tufted grass (Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv.), tickle grass (Agrostis scabra Willd.), dwarf birch (Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regel) and white birch (Betula paprifera Marsh.) leaf and twig samples were taken from 20 locations around three Cu-Ni smelters. The sampling sites were collected to cover a wide range of soil pH and soil Cu and Ni concentrations. The water-soluble, exchangeable, sodium acetate-soluble, and total concentrations of the metals in the soils were analyzed. The soils were contaminated with Cu and Ni up to 2000 µg g−1. Zinc concentrations were also elevated in some samples above the normal soil level of 100 µg g−1. The mobility of Cu and Zn, expressed as the proportion of metals in Fl and F2 forms, increased with soil pH decrease. A strong positive correlation was found between the soil exchangeable (F2) Ni and the soil pH. Concentrations of Cu and Ni in birch twigs showed a good linear relationship with exchangeable forms of the metals in soils. A highly significant correlation was also found between total Ni in soils and the metal content of the twigs. No significant correlation was found between Zn concentrations in the soils and plants. Birch twigs are a good indicator (better than leaves) of Cu and Ni contamination of the Sudbury soils. The mobile forms of Cu and Ni and low pH seem to be the main factors that will control the success of revegetation. Strong variability of the soil metal mobility requires any reclamation effort be site-specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282667
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    Solubility of heavy metals in a contaminated soil: Effects of redox potential and pH (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 543-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; solubility ; redox potential ; pH ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To assess the mobilities of Pb, Cd, and Zn from a contaminated soil, the effects of redox potential and pH value on metal solubilities were investigated. Both redox potential and pH were found to greatly affect heavy metal solubility in the soil. Results showed that the soil suspension under continuous oxygen aeration for 21 days resulted in increases of redox potential from 290 to 440 mV and pH value from 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Soluble concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn varied with time, and were all lower than 1 mg kg−1. When the soil suspension was aerated with nitrogen, final redox potential was −140 mV and pH value of 7.1. The soluble metal concentrations were slightly higher than those aerated with oxygen. The equilibrium solubility experiments were conducted under three different pH values (3.3, 5.0, 8.0) and three redox potential (325, 0, −100 mV). Results showed that metals were sparingly soluble under alkaline conditions (pH = 8.0). Metal solubilities were higher when under slightly acidic conditions (pH = 5.0), and increased drastically when pH was kept at 3.3. When solubilities were compared under same pH values, it was observed that metal solubilities increased as redox potential decreased. Generally speaking, acidic and reducing conditions were most favorable for metal solubilization, and the effect of pH was more significant than that of redox potential. It was proposed that heavy metals were mostly adsorbed onto Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides. The pH-dependent metal adsorption reaction and the dissolution of Fe-Mn oxyhydroxides under reducing conditions was the mechanism controlling the release of heavy metals from soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282668
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    Unsaturated zone pore water chemistry and the edge effect in a beech forest in Southern England (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 421-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest edge ; forest gaps ; beech ; scavenging ; groundwater ; nitrate leaching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Twenty one pore water chemistry profiles were obtained for a range of inorganic solutes from the Chalk unsaturated zone in or adjacent to Black Wood, a 2.4 kM2 mature beech wood in southern England. The depth sampled was normally 10 m, but some boreholes were shallower and one was deeper (30 m). Towards the centre of the wood, average pore water concentrations were: Cl (17–25 mg l-1), SO4 (20–40 mg l-1) and NO3-N (5–10 mg 1-1). In small clearings within the wood, concentrations of Cl (12–20 mg l-1) and SO4 (27–36 mg 1-1) were somewhat lower but the average concentration of nitrate-N was higher (16 mg 1-1). Pore water chloride and nitrate concentrations under a small area of ash were lower than under the beech. There was a significant increase in the concentration of a number of solutes, especially Cl, Na, Mg and SO4, close to the exposed western edge of Black Wood. This ‘edge effect’ decreased exponentially with a half distance of about 9 m. The effect was less consistent at the more sheltered eastern edge. Average pore water concentrations of up to 310 mg 1-1 Cl and 312 mg 1-1 SO4 were found at the western edge. Paradoxically, close to the western edge pore water nitrate concentrations were often very low, frequently less than 1 mg 1-1 NO3-N. Using the parameters derived from a simple exponential model of the Black Wood data, calculations suggested that the edge effect would lead to significantly enhanced Cl and SO4 pore water concentrations in forests of a few hectares, a size typical of many of those currently being planted. The consistently lower moisture content of the Chalk close to the forest edges suggested that groundwater recharge may have been lower there.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283571
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    Sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in Scots pine bark in northern Finland and the Kola peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsula were surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kola smelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Ni concentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. There was a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distance from the emission sources. The effects of emission from the Kola Peninsula were evident in Finland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland) where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur and heavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were the concentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissions from the Tornio refined steel plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404769
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    The influence of heavy metals on carbon dioxide evolution from a typic xerochrept soil (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: CO2 evolution ; heavy metals ; loading effect ; metal equivalent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory study the effects on soil respiration of trace metals (Ni, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn) added at loading rates ranging from 0 to 1000μg g−1 were determined. Differences in toxicity with respect to the type of metal salt added were also evaluated. The inhibitory effect on soil respiration differed considerably among the heavy metals and increased with the increasing loading rate. No linear relationships were found between the degree of inhibition and the levels of total and available metals. Toxicity evaluation at 20 and 50% inhibition of soil respiration showed Cu as the most toxic and Mn as the most tolerable metal. A ‘metal equivalent’ was calculated as the sum of the amounts of the available metals weighted to their relative toxicity with respect to the least toxic one: Mn equivalent=Mn+1.9Pb+2.1Ni+2.5Zn+6.7Cd+6.7Cu. The ionic potential of the heavy metals was found to be positively related to the percent inhibition of soil respiration. Chlorides and sulphates appeared to depress soil respiration more than nitrates, the latter counter-balancing the toxic effect of the heavy metals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404770
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    HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATED SOILS IN AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AREA OF WALES, GREAT BRITAIN: SOURCE IDENTIFICATION THROUGH STATISTICAL DATA INTERPRETATION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 94 (1997), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil ; pollution ; heavy metals ; smelters ; factoranalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A combined statistical and computergraphic approach is proposed for apportionment and attribution of soil contaminants in complex areas. The field test site lies north of Swansea, south Wales and contains two major pollutant sources, an active nickel refiner and (4 km away) the site of major base metal smelting in the nineteenth century (the Lower Swansea Valley reclamation study area). Soil samples (70 samples, 0–15 cm) were collected on a regular grid of 1000 m interval. They were extracted using 0.05 M diammonium EDTA and the extracts analysed for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Soil pH and %organic content were also determined. Factor analysis yielded three groups which explained 73.8% of the data variance (1: Cd, Cu, %OM, Pb, Zn, Ni; 2: Cd, Zn, Mn, pH; 3: Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Fe). Isoline plots were classifiable into the same three groups. It was concluded that factor 3 contained those elements associated with smelter emissions, factor 1 with contamination from the Lower Swansea Valley and in factor 2 pedogenetic processes control the occurrence of the elements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026478427782
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    Pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface in the venice canals (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 255-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; sediments ; pollution ; resuspension ; release processes ; bioavailability ; anthropogenic ; metal ; residual inetal ; geochemical phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The space-time distribution of some pollutants (Cu, Ph, Zn, Cd, Fe, Mn, V, Ni, Cr) in the sludge of the canals of Venice was studied. The contamination levels were comparable to, or higher, than those measured in the most polluted sediments of the Lagoon of Venice Sediments were collected by two different sampling techniques I ) collection of sediment cores (upper 5 cm) by a syringe-type corer, 2) collection by traps, placed on the bottom of the canal Traps pennitted the sampling of sediments essentially resuspended by overlying water turbulence This sediment fraction is subjected to variations of its physicochemical parameters (principally change of redox conditions) and therefore to pollutant exchange at the water/sediment interface The metals principally exchanged during sediment resuspension were Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu These metals have principally an anthropogenic origin and are bound to the most labile geochemical phases of the sediment (such as sulphides), which can be oxidised during sediment resuspension, releasing metals into the water Fe, Cr and Ni were only partially exchanged, while Mn and V were generally not exchanged, a significant fraction of these metals is of natural origin and is bound to the most refractory phases of the sediment.
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    LONG-TERM TRANSFORMATIONS AND REDISTRIBUTION OF POTENTIALLY TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN ARID-ZONE SOILS INCUBATED: I. UNDER SATURATED CONDITIONS (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 399-423 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fractionation ; redistribution ; saturation ; kinetics ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Solid-phase transformations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, added as soluble salts at several levels to two arid-zone soils, were studied over a period of one year. The soils were maintained under a saturated-paste regime and sampled periodically. A selective sequential dissolution procedure was employed to determine the changes in metal distribution among six operationally defined solid-phase fractions. A function, Uts was introduced to measure the fractional attainment of equilibrium of the soils following a perturbation. The direction and rate of redistribution of the added metals in the soils were affected by the nature of the metal, the soil properties and the metal loading level. Cd added to the soils was transferred from the exchangeable (EXC) into the carbonate (CARB) fraction. When soluble Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn were added at low loading levels, metals were transferred from the reducible oxides(RO) bound and easily reducible oxides (ERO) bound fractions and the EXC fraction, into the CARB fraction. However, at the higher loading level, metals were transferred from the EXC and CARB fractions into the organic matter bound (OM), ERO and RO fractions. The Uts function approached lower values as incubation continued but remained removed from 1. The overall flux of metals among fractions was the combined result of the readjustment of the metals in the native soil to changing conditions due to saturation, and the transfer of added soluble metals to the less labile fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026450118082
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    Effect of copper smelting air pollution on the mites (ACARI) associated with young scots pine forests polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, Poland. II. Soil mites (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 287-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acari ; bioindicators ; Gamasida ; heavy metals ; Oribatida ; Scots pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The soil mites were investigated in the areas covered with dead needles in young Scots pine forests (plant associationLeucobryo-Pinetum), polluted by a copper smelting works at Głogów, and in a control plot. The concentration of heavy metals, mainly copper and lead, was the lowest in the control plot, and increased towards the pollution source. A high concentration of these metals reduced the density of mites and species number of Oribatida and Gamasida, while small concentrations were associated with the increasing abundance of mites and species number of Oribatida. Among mites, the following categories were distinguished: a) sensitive to heavy metals, b) sensitive to a high concentration, but tolerant of small concentrations, and c) tolerant of these metals. The changed vertical distribution of mites in the most polluted soil was also observed, due to accumulation of heavy metals in the Of/h horizon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407467
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    Accumulation of inorganic and organic pollutants by biofilms in the aquatic environment (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 651-659 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: River sediments ; biofilms ; organic micropollutants ; heavy metals ; temporal variations ; biosorption ; accumulation processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In a partly urbanized catchment to the south of Trier, Germany, short term variations in river sediment compounds as well as the bioaccumulation of pollutants on surface associated microbial coatings (biofilms) were investigated weekly during a period of six months. Concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and for microbial characterisation protein, carbohydrate and uronic acid were analyzed. Sorption processes on biofilms were determined by temporal variations in pollutants and microbial parameters and through the comparison of sorbed substances in biofilms and sediments. The results show, that sorption events on biofilms play an important and dynamic role in spring and summer for transport and accumulation of the investigated pollutants in the aquatic environment. The amount of pollutants sorbed on sediment particles is not only dependent on the particulate bound or solved pollutants in the river water, but is strongly controlled by the changing conditions of the biofilms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02406904
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    The Influence of Age on Cadmium Concentrations in Seabirds (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 50 (1998), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: age ; biomonitoring ; heavy metals ; seabirds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of age on cadmium concentrations was investigated in Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea, Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus, and great skuas, Catharacta skua. There was no evidence for the continued accumulation of cadmium with increasing adult age. Adult shearwaters did have higher concentrations of cadmium compared to young fledglings, but there was no significant difference between cadmium concentrations in adult and sub-adult gulls. In addition, the sample of great skuas were of known age (3–22 yrs old) and showed no evidence of increasing cadmium concentrations with adult age in liver or kidney. However, it is possible that age accumulation of cadmium in great skuas was masked by individual dietary preferences overriding the effects of increasing age. It is often assumed that cadmium concentrations continue to accumulate with increasing adult age, but seabirds may have evolved some as yet unknown mechanism for excretion or more rapid turnover of cadmium than previously thought. The implications of this for the use of seabirds as biomonitors is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005764008119
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    PESTICIDE OCCURRENCE IN GROUNDWATER IN TULARE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 45 (1997), S. 101-127 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: groundwater ; pesticide contamination ; Goss model ; leaching potential ; Pesticide Contamination Index ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical methodswere used to identify the major factors affecting pesticideleaching in groundwater from agricultural fields in TulareCounty, California. Residues of bromacil, diuron, and simazineincreased in groundwater during the 1980s. Bromacil, diuron,and simazine contamination were positively correlated to cropdiversity and water demand. Diuron and simazine were positively correlated to groundwater depth and negatively correlatedto soil water-holding capacity. DBCP concentration in groundwater was related to the crop coverage. The Goss model wasused to examine soil-pesticide interactions and a PesticideContamination Index (PCI) was developed. Areas having highleaching potentials were mainly associated with citrus andorchards and coarse-textured sandy soils along the SierraNevada foothills, while areas having low leaching potentialswere associated with field crops and clay soils of the southwest region. The PCI was largest for DBCP during the 1980s,suggesting that it was the most significant contaminant before1977 when it was widely used; however, wells were not testedfor this pesticide during that period. Twelve years after DBCPwas banned, it was still the most significant health riskcontaminant. Spatial maps showing the distribution of leachingpotentials and soil interactions for these pesticides canprovide useful information to regulatory and planning agenciesfor land use planning and pesticide management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005734610694
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    Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 55 (1999), S. 389-399 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: accumulation ; heavy metals ; mine spoils ; vegetation ; soil-plant relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005982915175
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    Groundwater NO3 and F Contamination Processes in Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan as Reflected from 18O Isotopic Signature and 3H Recharge Studies (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 56 (1999), S. 209-219 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: contamination process ; δ18O ; fluoride ; groundwater ; nitrate ; Rajasthan ; recharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Agricultural activity in the Pushkar Valley, Rajasthan is constrained due to limited availability of good quality water. In this context, occurrence of nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater was investigated and reported. Integration of stable isotope (δ18O) data with recharge characteristics (based on 3H-tracer studies) helps in clearly characterizing the processes controlling contamination by point and non-point sources. High nitrate and fluoride groundwaters are associated with high δ18O waters. This indicates that significant quantities of evaporated (isotopically enriched) surface run-off water and rain water infiltrate along with nitrate and fluoride salts in the soil. The applicability of this approach under different hydrometeorological conditions is also confirmed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005903619718
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    Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on Industrial Waste Water Effluents: A Case Study of Warri Refining and Petrochemical Industry (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 249-256 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: alum ; effluent ; environment ; hydrogen peroxide ; oxygen demand ; suspended particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper assessed the composition of waste water effluent generated by a Petrochemical industry and a treatment system developed to improve the quality of the discharge water. Parameters as pH, COD, TSS chloride and lead ions were analysed and treated comparatively using hydrogen peroxide. At pH 8.0 post treatment analysis showed a COD – 96 mg/l TSS – 48 mg/l Cl – 798.75 mg/l and Pb2+ – 2 mg/l for treatment D where 40 g/l of alum was used on 30% solution of H2O2 compared to systems A-C. Process treatment included activated clay with sodium ion resin which at pH 6.8 had COD – 52 mg/l, TSS – 10 mg/l, Cl – 510 mg/l and Pb2+ – 0.070 mg/l. This system has an overall efficiency of 79.0% TSS, 45.83% COD, 97.5% Pb2+ and 36.1% Cl reduction. Characteristics obtained for the study has a higher efficiency compared with FEPA and WHO standard for similar industrial water treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006181719784
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  • 41
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    Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 343-358 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: birds ; environmental pollutants ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p〈0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006134125236
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    Groundwater Quality Assessment of Tehsil Kheragarh, Agra (India) with Special Reference to Fluoride (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 275-285 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: correlation ; district Agra ; factor analysis ; fluoride ; groundwater ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fluoride concentration and other parameters in groundwater from 261 villages in Tehsil Kheragarh of District Agra were assessed and attempts were made to observe the relationship between fluoride and other water quality parameters. Of 658 groundwater samples (collected from separate sources) analysed for fluoride, 27% were in the range of 0–1.0 mg/L, 25% in 1.0–1.5 mg/L, 32% in1.5–3.0 mg/L and 16% above 3.0 mg/L. The highest fluoride concentration recorded was 12.80 mg/L. Significant correlation of fluoride with pH, alkalinity, Na, SiO2 and PO4 were observed. Factor analysis was also attempted in order to identify the contributing sources.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006117604763
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    Heavy Metal Tolerance in Chromogenic and Non-Chromogenic Marine Bacteria from Arabian Gulf (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 59 (1999), S. 321-330 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: agar diffusion assay ; Arabian Gulf ; chromogenic bacteria ; heavy metals ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A simple method – direct agar diffusion assay – was optimised for rapid assessment of heavy metal toxicity to marine chromogenic and non-chromogenic bacteria. The procedure involved spotting of a 10 microliter test solution on the seeded agar plate and incubation of the plates at 30°C to accelerate bacterial growth. Under optimum conditions, test results were obtainable within 12–18 hr instead of 96 hr incubation time generally required for a marine bacterial assay by conventional agar plate methods. A range of sixteen heavy metals, each at 5 different concentrations was tested. Toxicity was demonstrated by the formation of a clear zone of growth inhibition around the point of application. Toxicity of tested chemicals could be easily demonstrated at concentrations as low as 0.1 μg per spot on the agar plate. A dose dependent relation between metal concentration (μg/spot) and the diameter of the clear zone on agar plate was observed, suggesting potential of this method as an easy and economical tool in quantitative toxicology studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006173722510
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    Quantifying the influence of the cultivated plant species on the occurrence of carabid beetles within certain species using contingency table analysis (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 4 (1997), S. 321-336 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: agriculture ; ecology ; Carabidae ; contingency tables ; partial association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the cultivated plant stand, subject to the timing of sampling, on the occurrence of selected carabid species is investigated for three years running. Due to the nominal character of the factors (cultivar, timing, carabid species and year) we used log-linear models of four dimensional contingency tables under certain hypotheses of independence. A coefficient of contingency is calculated for characterizing the partial association between two factors respectively. The difference in G 2 's between two nested models is used to test if there are differences between the three years concerning the strength of partial association between the number of beetles in the selected species and the cultivar or the sampling time respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018543000013
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    Ethanol fuels: Energy security, economics, and the environment (1991)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 4 (1991), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: ethanol ; food ; energy ; environment ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Problems of fuel ethanol production have been the subject of numerous reports, including this analysis. The conclusions are that ethanol: does not improve U.S. energy security; is uneconomical; is not a renewable energy source; and increases environmental degradation. Ethanol production is wasteful of energy resources and does not increase energy security. Considerably more energy, much of it high- grade fossil fuels, is required to produce ethanol than is available in the energy output. About 72% more energy is used to ‘produce a gallon of ethanol than the energy in a gallon of ethanol. Ethanol production from corn is not renewable energy. Its production uses more non- renewable fossil energy resources in growing the corn and in the fermentation/distillation process than is produced as ethanol energy. Ethanol produced from corn and other food crops is also an unreliable and therefore a non-secure source of energy, because of the likelihood of uncontrollable climatic fluctuations, particularly droughts which reduce crop yields. The expected priority for corn and other food crops would be for food and feed. Increasing ethanol production would increase degradation of agricultural land and water and pollute the environment. In U.S. corn production, soil erodes some 18- times faster than soil is reformed, and, where irrigated, corn production mines water faster than recharge of aquifers. Increasing the cost of food and diverting human food resources to the costly and inefficient production of ethanol fuel raise major ethical questions. These occur at a time when more food is needed to meet the basic needs of a rapidly growing world population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02229143
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    Ethical issues concerning potential global climate change on food production (1992)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 113-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: climate change ; food ; agriculture ; ethics ; technologies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Burning fossil fuel in the North American continent contributes more to the CO2 global warming problem than in any other continent. The resulting climate changes are expected to alter food production. The overall changes in temperature, moisture, carbon dioxide, insect pests, plant pathogens, and weeds associated with global warming are projected to reduce food production in North America. However, in Africa, the projected slight rise in rainfall is encouraging, especially since Africa already suffers from severe shortages of rainfall. For all regions, a reduction in fossil fuel burning is vital. Adoption of sound ecological resource management, especially soil and water conservation and the prevention of deforestation, is important. Together, these steps will benefit agriculture, the environment, farmers, and society as a whole.
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    Environmental and social implications of waste in U.S. agriculture and food sectors (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 3 (1990), S. 5-20 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agriculture ; waste ; environment ; economic ; social ; costs ; erosion ; pesticides ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Because the agriculture/food sectors appear to be driven by short-term economic and political forces, cheap energy, and agricultural-chemical technologies, waste and environmental/social problems in the agricultural/food sectors are estimated to cost the nation at least $150 billion per year. Most of the waste and environmental/social problems can be eliminated through better resource management policies and the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02014477
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    Economics and energetics of organic and conventional farming (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agriculture ; organic ; energy ; economics ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The use of organic farming technologies has certain advantages in some situations and for certain crops such as maize; however, with other crops such as vegetables and fruits, yields under organic production may be substantially reduced compared with conventional production. In most cases, the use of organic technologies requires higher labor inputs than conventional technologies. Some major advantages of organic production are the conservation of soil and water resources and the effective recycling of livestock wastes when they are available.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965614
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    Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 7 (1994), S. 157-172 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: press ; agriculture ; ethics ; newspapers ; farm magazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.
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    Biotechnology is compatible with sustainable agriculture (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 112-125 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agribusiness ; biotechnology ; crop adaptation ; crop diversity ; crop management ; crop varieties ; disease resistance ; environment ; genetic engineering ; holistic agriculture ; insect resistance ; new technology ; plant breeding ; societal responsibility ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Biotechnology can provide appropriate new tools for use in solution of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. Its usefulness will depend in large part on the degree to which sustainable agriculturists understand the utility of biotechnology and apply it toward ends they deem important. Biotechnology can give little assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term. It can be more useful in the medium term, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems.
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    We should allow dissection of animals (1995)
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    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 8 (1995), S. 190-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: dissection ; ethics ; academic freedom ; autonomy ; environment ; science education
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The focus of the paper is the ethical issues associated with the practice of dissecting animals in lower level college biology classes. Several arguments against dissection are explored. Furthermore, the issue is examined from the point of view of the instructor's academic freedom and the point of view of a student's moral autonomy. It is argued that even though the arguments against dissection fail, it is very important to respect the moral autonomy of students who oppose the practice. Often this can be accomplished in a manner that is consistent with academic freedom and good science education.
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    The evolution of sustainability (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 5 (1992), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: sustainability ; environment ; ecology ; development ; resources ; carrying capacity ; eco development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Six separate but related strains of thought have emerged prominently since 1950 in discussions of such phenomena as the interrelationships among rates of population growth, resource use, and pressure on the environment. They are the ecological/carrying capacity root, the resources/environment root, the biosphere root, the critique of technology root, the “no growth”/“slow growth” root, and the ecodevelopment root. Each of these strains of thought was fully developed before the word “sustainable” itself was used. Many of the roots are based on fundamentally opposing assessments of the future of mankind. Many of the roots, such as the ecology/carrying capacity root, are based on physical concepts, and they exclude normative values. Others, such as the ecodevelopment root, include such values as equity, broad participation in governance, and decentralized government. When the word “sustainability” was first used in 1972 in the context of man's future, in a British book,Blueprint for Survival, normative concepts were prominent. This continued to be the case when the word was first used in 1974 in the United States to justify a “no growth” economy. “Sustainability” was first used in a United Nations document in 1978. Normative concepts, encapsulated in the term “ecodevelopment,” were prominent in the United Nations publications. After about 1978, the term “sustainability” began to be used not only in technological articles and reports but also in policy documents culminating in the use of the term in the report of the summit meeting of the Group of Seven in 1989. The roots of the term “sustainability” are so deeply embedded in fundamentally different concepts, each of which has valid claims to validity, that a search for a single definition seems futile. The existence of multiple meaning is tolerable if each analyst describes clearly what he means by sustainability.
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    Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient (1997)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 1 (1997), S. 117-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: decomposition ; heavy metals ; litterbags ; nitrification ; nitrogen mineralization ; urbanization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We investigated litter mass loss and soil nitrogen (N)-transformation rates in oak stands along a 130-km, urban-rural transect originating in New York City to examine the relationship between changes in these parameters and previously documented differences in soil temperature, heavy metal and total salt concentrations, and soil biota. Reference litter from a rural site was placed in litterbags, and rates of mass loss and changes in N concentration in litter residues were measured over a 6-month period. Net N-mineralization and nitrification rates were measured in A horizon soils using laboratory incubations under constant moisture and temperature. Both mass loss (76%) and N release (65%) from litterbags reached their maximum in urban stands, whereas net N-mineralization rates were 2.3-fold higher than in rural A horizon soils. Litter fragmentation by earthworms and higher soil temperatures are potential causes of the higher mass loss rates observed in urban stands. The higher releases of N measured in the urban litterbags could be a result of their faster mass loss rates, exogenous inputs of N from atmospheric deposition, a relatively low heterotrophic demand for N, or a combination of these factors. The results of this study suggest that in comparison with rural stands, urban forests are characterized by comparatively high rates of litter decomposition, and may also be characterized by comparatively high rates of N mineralization. Additional studies are needed to test whether these effects are common to urban environments in general.
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    Quality of life and comparative risk in Houston (1999)
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    Urban ecosystems 3 (1999), S. 113-129 
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    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: environment ; risk ; economics ; process ; methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Houston Environmental Foresight, an urban region comparative risk assessment, demonstrated the importance of process as well as analytic methodology. These features are best illustrated in the work of its Socioeconomic Subpanel, which assessed environmental risks to economic well-being and quality of life. Several issues are raised by the process and methods used by the subpanel. Some of these issues could be addressed through national research on comparative risk methods; other issues are most likely to be addressed through the incremental improvements of future projects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009575813596
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    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
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    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
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    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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    Adoption of improved irrigation and drainage reduction technologies under limiting environmental conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 373-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Adoption ; irrigation technology ; environment ; drainage pollution ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Modern irrigation technologies have been suggested as a means of conserving scarce water and reducing environmental pollution caused by irrigated agriculture. This paper applies an economic model of technology selection that provides a general framework to analyzing adoption of irrigation technologies under various environmental conditions. Data from the San Joaquin Valley of California is used to verify the theoretical relationships. Results suggest key variables to be considered by policy makers concerned with adoption of modern irrigation technologies. Among these variables are crop prices, water technology costs, farm organization characteristics, and the environmental conditions of the farm or the field. Policy implications were discussed and analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304968
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    Abatement of agricultural pollution and economic incentives: The case of intensive livestock farming in France (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution control ; nitrogen taxation ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Amongst possible economic incentives to encourage reduced nitrate contamination of water, this paper emphasizes a nitrogen tax as a possible solution. This finding is based on models estimated from panel data for 100 intensive livestock farms. For each farm a threshold is established (nitrogen units which can be spread per hectare without damage) above which there is an excess of nitrogen. The 100 farms can consequently be classified into two subsamples. The demand for nitrogen is derived for each sub-sample using the dual approach. Both categories are pooled together and a tobit model is estimated. This is used to derive total nitogen demand if all farms were under the threshold. A mineral nitrogen tax would lead to a reduced nitrate concentration in water supplies, because of a more efficient use of organic nitrogen together with a reduction in the use of mineral nitrogen in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313163
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    Poverty, Income Distribution and Policy Making (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 11 (1998), S. 459-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: environment ; incone distribution ; poverty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the key distributional issues arising from the regulation of the environment and the management of natural resources. The paper is divided into a section dealing with poverty and a section dealing with broader income distribution effects. Although there is much discussion of the linkages of poverty to environmental degradation, empirical studies establishing these linkages are few. The relationship is critically dependent on the institutional structures in the countries concerned and how they respond to changing environmental pressures. On the broader distributional impacts, the papers focusses on the analysis of ganiers and losers from environmental regulations. The analysis is complex because the direct incidence is not the same as the final incidence. Much of the work has looked only at the former. In addition, the political economy of regulation needs to pay greater attention to impacts on key and vulnerable groups; more so than can be done by looking at broad income bands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008209712672
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    Price policy and returns to soil conservation in semi-arid Kenya (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 8 (1996), S. 225-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Price distortions ; government policy ; Kenya ; land degradation ; soil conservation ; environment ; economics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper develops an approach that uses relatively easily-available data to examine empirically how policy-induced price changes affect the incentives of farmers in developing countries to adopt soil conservation measures. The model shows that there is no simple relationship between price distortions created by government policies and farmers' incentives to adopt conservation measures. Policy-induced price changes could lead to either more or less conservation, depending on site-specific conditions. Data from a semi-arid region in Kenya are used to illustrate the magnitude and direction of changes in price policy on returns to terracing and to show how results are affected by the nature of the conservation technology. In the study area, higher commodity prices increase incentives to adopt conservation measures on steep slopes, but lower them on shallower slopes. If terraces were to require more land to be taken out of production than assumed in the calculations, higher commodity prices would tend to discourage farmers from adopting them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339077
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    World Population Projections for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scenarios (1998)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 3 (1998), S. 133-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; environment ; fertility rates ; greenhouse gas emissions scenarios ; IIASA ; IPAT ; IPCC ; IS92 ; population ; population projections ; United Nations ; U.S. Census Bureau ; World Bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A survey is made of the latest world population projections issued by the United Nations, World Bank, U.S. Census Bureau, and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Medium variants from all the organizations show excellent agreement with respect to many features of future world population growth. It appears that little would be gained by obtaining additional regional projections made by governments or organizations other than those listed above. In general, the new range of population projections that are candidates for forthcoming IPCC emissions scenarios are narrower and lower than the previous IPCC IS92 population range: a reflection of updated information on the decline of fertility rates in developing countries and the incorporation of a plausible correlation between mortality rates and fertility rates within the IIASA ‘rapid’ and ‘slow’ demographic transition variants. Comments are made on the schematic approach of forecasting CO2 emissions using multiplicative identities such as ‘IPAT’ (impact/emissions = population × affluence × technology). Although the unqualified IPAT model suggests that emissions should scale linearly with population, a number of caveats to this exist, the most important of which may be factor interactions. A brief review is made of conventional thinking about interactions between population growth and economic development. Correlation studies and theory suggest that population growth has a neutral or, at most, weak negative effect on economic growth. Conversely, it is well established that higher per capita incomes are well correlated with lower fertility and mortality rates in developing countries. Therefore, a plausible first-order relationship worth exploring in the next generation of IPCC scenarios is that scenarios with higher average economic growth rates in the developing world should be associated with lower fertility and mortality rates there. Calculations are presented that illustrate the effect this negative correlation could have had on the range of the older IS92 emission scenarios, assuming that all other factors are unchanged. Finally, some policy issues concerning population and global warming are reviewed in connection with the IPCC’s omission of population policy discussion in its 1995 Second Assessment Report.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009637812445
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    An evaluation of adaptation options for climate change impacts on agriculture in Kazakhstan (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; Kazakhstan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Agriculture in Kazakhstan is sensitive to climate, and wheat yields could be reduced up to 70% under climate change. With the transition from a socialist economy to a free market economy, decisions are being made now that will affect Kazakhstan's ability to cope with climate change. A team of Kazakh and American researchers examined the cost-effectiveness and barriers to implementations of adaptation options for climate change. Twelve adaptation options that increase flexibility to respond to climate change were identified using a screening matrix. Four options, forecasting pest outbreaks, developing regional centers for preserving genetic diversity of seeds, supporting a transition to a free market, and reducing soil erosion through the use of changed farming practices, were examined. The Adaptation Decision Matrix (ADM) was then applied to estimate benefits using expert judgment (using an arbitrary numerical scale, not monetary values) and benefits estimates were compared to costs to determine cost-effectiveness. The ADM uses subjective measures of how well adaptation options meet policy objectives. Controlling soil erosion was estimated to have the highest benefits, but the high costs of implementation appears to make it relatively cost-ineffective. Supporting a transition to a free market was ranked as the most cost-effective measure, with regional centers second. However, use of different scales to quantify benefits or different weights can result in regional centers being more cost-effective than the transition to a free market. Regional centers was also judged to have fewer barriers to implementation than a transition to a free market. These results will be incorporated in Kazakhstan's National Action Plan. The ADM and other tools are relatively easy to apply, but are quite subjective and difficult to evaluate. The tools can be quite useful by decision makers to analyze advantages and disadvantages between different adaptation options, but should be supplemented with additional, particularly quantitative analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009626526883
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    Scale, context, and decision making in agricultural adaptation to climate variability and change (1999)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 4 (1999), S. 137-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; decision-making ; variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This work presents a framework for viewing agricultural adaptation, emphasizing the multiple spatial and temporal scales on which individuals and institutions process information on changes in their environment. The framework is offered as a means to gain perspective on the role of climate variability and change in agricultural adaptation, and developed for a case study of Australian agriculture. To study adaptation issues at the scale of individual farms we developed a simple modelling framework. The model highlights the decision making element of adaptation in light of uncertainty, and underscores the importance of decision information related to climate variability. Model results show that the assumption of perfect information for farmers systematically overpredicts adaptive performance. The results also suggest that farmers who make tactical planting decisions on the basis of historical climate information are outperformed by those who use even moderately successful seasonal forecast information. Analysis at continental scales highlights the prominent role of the decline in economic operating conditions on Australian agriculture. Examples from segments of the agricultural industry in Australia are given to illustrate the importance of appropriate scale attribution in adapting to environmental changes. In particular, adaptations oriented toward short time scale changes in the farming environment (droughts, market fluctuations) can be limited in their efficacy by constraints imposed by broad changes in the soil/water base and economic environment occuring over longer time scales. The case study also makes the point that adaptation must be defined in reference to some goal, which is ultimately a social and political exercise. Overall, this study highlights the importance of allowing more complexity (limited information, risk aversion, cross-scale interactions, mis-attribution of cause and effect, background context, identification of goals) in representing adaptation processes in climate change studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009636607038
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    Factor Biases and Promoting Sustainable Development: Adaptation to Drought in the Senegal River Basin (1996)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1996), S. 139-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: Adaptation ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; climate change ; drought ; ecological degradation ; factor bias ; Senegal ; sustainability ; social relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract The ongoing drought in the Sahel region of West Africa highlights the vulnerability of food-producing systems to climate change and variability. Adaptation to climate should therefore increase the sustainability of agriculture under a long-term drought. Progress towards sustainability and adaptation in the the Senegal River Basin is hampered by an existing set of social and ecological relationships that define the control over the means of production and how people interact with their environment. These relationships are sensitive to the technological inputs and the administration of food production, or the factor bias in the different policy alternatives for rural development. One option is based on state-controlled, irrigated plantations to provide rice (Oryza) for the capital, Dakar. This policy emphasizes a top-down management approach, mechanized agriculture and a reliance on external inputs which strengthens the relationships introduced during the colonial period. A time series decomposition of the annual flow in the Senegal River at Bakel in Senegal suggests that water resources availability has been substantially curtailed since 1960, and a review of the water resources budget or availability in the basin suggests that this policy's food production system is not sustainable under the current climate of the basin. Under these conditions, this program is exacerbating existing problems of landscape degradation and desertification, which increases rural poverty. A natural resource management policy offers two adaptation strategies that favour decentralized management and a reduction of external inputs. The first alternative, “Les Perimetres Irrigués”, emphasizes village-scale irrigation, low water consumption cereal crops and traditional socio-political structures. The second alternative emphasizes farm-level irrigation and agro-forestry projects to redress the primary effects of desertification. The water requirements of both the rice import substitution program and the natural resource management program are calculated. A water resources simulation model/optimization analysis using dynamic programming is used to compare these two alternatives to the rice import substitution programs. Results indicate that the natural resource management policy could potentially bring a large area into production while using far less water than the rice import substitution program. The natural resource management policy, in particular the second alternative with its emphasis on individual ownership and ecological rehabiliation, defines a different set of social and ecological relationships that appear to enhance the sustainability of food production under a long-term drought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027382.26287.8c
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    Impacts of Global Climate Change on Mediterranean Agrigulture: Current Methodologies and Future Directions. An Introductory Essay (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018269.58736.82
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    Modelling Crop-Climate Interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and Adaptation of Different Agricultural Systems to Climate Change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018139.42373.f1
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    Impact of Climate Change on Possible Scenarios for Egyptian Agriculture in the Future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000018270.16497.39
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    Impacts of global climate change on Mediterranean agrigulture: Current methodologies and future directions (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 219-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; mediterranean region ; agriculture ; cereal production ; impact assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Current trends in Mediterranean agriculture reveal differences between the Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries as related to population growth, land and water use, and food supply and demand. The changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by general circulation models for the Mediterranean region will affect water availability and resource management, critically shaping the patterns of future crop production. Three companion papers analyze in detail future impacts of predicted climate change on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in Spain, Greece, and Egypt, and test farm- level adaptation strategies such as early planting and cultivar change with the aid of dynamic crop models. Strategies to improve the assessment of the potential effects of future climate change on agricultural production are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517804
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    Impact of climate change on possible scenarios for Egyptian agriculture in the future (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 233-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaption ; agriculture ; Egypt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract If no timely measures are taken to adapt Egyptian agriculture to possible climate warming, the effects may be negative and serious. Egypt appears to be particularly vulnerable to climate change because of its dependence on the Nile River as the primary water source, its large traditional agricultural base, and its long coastline, already undergoing both intensifying development and erosion. A simulation study characterized potential yield and water use efficiency decreases on two reference crops in the main agricultural regions with possible future climatic variation, even when the beneficial effects of increased CO2 were taken into account. On-farm adaptation techniques which imply no additional cost to the agricultural system, did not compensate for the yield losses with the warmer climate or improve the crop water-use efficiency. Economic adjustments such as the improvement of the overall water-use efficiency of the agricultural system, soil drainage and conservation, land management, and crop alternatives are essential. If appropriate measures are taken, negative effects of climate change in agricultural production and other major resource sectors (water and land) may be lessened.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517805
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    Modelling crop-climate interactions in Spain: Vulnerability and adaptation of different agricultural systems to climate change (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 273-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: climate change ; vulnerability ; adaptation ; agriculture ; Spain ; wheat ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This study evaluates the theoretical impact of climate change on yields and water use of two crops with different responses to increased CO2 and which represent contrasting agricultural systems in Spain. In all cases the simulated effects of a CO2-induced climate change depended on the counteracting effects between higher daily ET rates, shortening of crop growth duration and changes in precipitation patterns as well as the simulated effects of CO2 on the water use efficiency of the crops. For summer irrigated crops such as maize, the yield reductions and the exacerbated problems of irrigation water availability simulated with climate change may force the crop out of production in some regions. For winter dryland crops such as wheat, productivity increased significantly in some regions, suggesting a northward shift of area suitable for wheat production in future climates. The study considered strategies for improving the efficiency of water use based on the optimization of crop management decisions in a CO2-driven warmer climate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00517807
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    Metabolic diversity of aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 4 (1993), S. 249-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: aromatic hydrocarbons ; biodegradation ; bioremediation ; denitrification ; groundwater ; Pseudomonas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We characterized bacteria from contaminated aquifers for their ability to utilize aromatic hydrocarbons under hypoxic (oxygen-limiting) conditions (initial dissolved oxygen concentration about 2 mg/l) with nitrate as an alternate electron acceptor. This is relevant to current intense efforts to establish favorable conditions forin situ bioremediation. Using samples of granular activated carbon slurries from an operating groundwater treatment system, we isolated bacteria that are able to use benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, orp-xylene as their sole source of carbon under aerobic or hypoxic-denitrifying conditions. Direct isolation on solid medium incubated aerobically or hypoxically with the substrate supplied as vapor yielded 103 to 105 bacteria ml−1 of slurry supernatant, with numbers varying little with respect to isolation substrate or conditions. More than sixty bacterial isolates that varied in colony morphology were purified and characterized according to substrate utilization profiles and growth condition (i.e., aerobic vs. hypoxic) specificity. Strains with distinct characteristics were obtained using benzene compared with those isolated on toluene or ethylbenzene. In general, isolates obtained from direct selection on benzene minimal medium grew well under aerobic conditions but poorly under hypoxic conditions, whereas many ethylbenzene isolates grew well under both incubation conditions. We conclude that the conditions of isolation, rather than the substrate used, will influence the apparent characteristic substrate utilization range of the isolates obtained. Also, using an enrichment culture technique, we isolated a strain ofPseudomonas fluorescens, designated CFS215, which exhibited nitrate dependent degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under hypoxic conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695973
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    Overview of Safety and Environmental Issues for Inertial Fusion Energy (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of fusion energy 16 (1997), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Inertial fusion ; tritium ; activation products ; safety ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes safety and environmental issues of Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE): inventories, effluents, maintenance, accident safety, waste management, and recycling. The fusion confinement approach among inertial and magnetic options affects how the fusion reaction is maintained and which materials surround the reaction chamber. The target fill technology has a major impact on the target factory tritium inventory. IFE fusion reaction chambers usually employ some means to protect the first structural wall from fusion pulses. This protective fluid or granular bed also moderates and absorbs most neutrons before they reach the first structural wall. Although the protective fluid activates, most candidate fluids have low activation hazard. Hands-on maintenance seems practical for the driver, target factory, and secondary coolant systems; remote maintenance is likely required for the reaction chamber, primary coolant, and vacuum exhaust cleanup systems. The driver and fuel target facility are well separated from the main reaction chamber.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022581400624
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    Energy and the Environment in the 21st Century: The Challenge of Change (1998)
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    Journal of fusion energy 17 (1998), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: energy ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The availability of affordable energy is an essential element to global economic development. Energy is needed for virtually every important function in modern society from growing and cooking food, to manufacturing, the heating and cooling of buildings, and transportation. The interruption of supplies by storms, earthquakes, wars, or other disasters quickly demonstrates how totally dependent we have become on the energy-consuming machines that shape and support our lives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021873521786
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    External Factors Affecting Fusion Energy Development (1999)
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    Journal of fusion energy 18 (1999), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 1572-9591
    Keywords: Fusion energy ; environment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A number of external factors affecting the pace and direction of fusion energy development are reviewed and discussed. These include the changing electric utility marketplace environment, the availability of fossil fuels, competing power sources, and environmental issues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018890131503
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    Groundwater contribution to the nutrient budget of Tomales Bay, California (1990)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1990), S. 199-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: coastal water quality ; groundwater ; land-sea interface ; nutrient cycling ; Tomales Bay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomales Bay, a graben structure along the San Andreas Fault, was selected for modeling ecosystem nutrient dynamics because of its linear, one-dimensional morphology and relatively pristine state. Groundwater is a potentially important term in the nutrient budget. The geologic complexities created by the San Anreas Fault, however, complicate the hydrogeology and require the area to be subdivided into three regions: granite to the west, Franciscan Formation to the east, and alluvial fill in the trough. Nutrient concentrations in the groundwater were determined through extensive well sampling; groundwater discharge was estimated using both Darcy's Law calculations and a soil moisture budget. Results indicate that groundwater discharge is of the same order of magnitude as summer streamflow into the Bay, while being significantly less than other freshwater inputs in winter. Dissolved nutrient (phosphate, nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, silica and DIC) concentrations in groundwater were consistently higher (by as much as an order of magnitude) than in surface water discharges. During the summer months, groundwater flow contributes about as much nutrient load to the bay as does streamflow. During the winter, the groundwater contribution to nutrient loading is about 20% of the streamflow contribution. Our findings indicate that groundwater is a significant component of terrestrial nutrient and freshwater loading to Tomales Bay, particularly so during the summer months. However, neither groundwater nor streamflow nutrient fluxes are large in comparison to the mixing flux at the bay mouth or the flux of N2 gas across the air-water interface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003144
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    The influence of tidal marshes on upland groundwater discharge to estuaries (1990)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1990), S. 217-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: groundwater ; hydrology ; pore water chemistry ; salt marshes ; solute transport ; tidal freshwater marshes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated subsurface hydrology in two fringing tidal marshes and in underlying aquifers in the coastal plain of Virginia. Vertical distributions of hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head and salinity were measured in each marsh and a nearby subtidal sediment. Discharge of hillslope groundwater into the base of the marshes and subtidal sediment was calculated using Darcy's law. In the marshes, fluxes of pore water across the sediment surface were measured or estimated by water balance methods. The vertical distribution of salt in shoreline sediments was modeled to assess transport and mixing conditions at depth. Hydraulic gradients were upward beneath shoreline sediments; indicating that groundwater was passing through marsh and subtidal deposits before reaching the estuary. Calculated discharge (6 to 10 liters per meter of shoreline per day) was small relative to fluxes of pore water across the marsh surface at those sites; even where discharge was maximal (at the upland border) it was 10 to 50 times less than infiltration into marsh soils. Pore water turnover in our marshes was therefore dominated by exchange with estuarine surface water. In contrast, new interstitial water entering subtidal sediments appeared to be primarily groundwater, discharged from below. The presence of fringing tidal marshes delayed transport and increased mixing of groundwater and solute as it traveled towards the estuaries. Soil-contact times of discharged groundwater were up to 100% longer in marshes than in subtidal shoreline sediments. Measured and modeled salinity profiles indicated that, prior to export to estuaries, the solutes of groundwater, marsh pore water and estuarine surface water were more thoroughly mixed in marsh soils compared to subtidal shoreline sediments. These findings suggest that transport of reactive solutes in groundwater may be strongly influenced by shoreline type. Longer soil-contact times in marshes provide greater opportunity for immobilization of excess nutrients by plants, microbes and by adsorption on sediment. Also, the greater dispersive mixing of groundwater and pore water in marshes should lead to increased availability of labile, dissolved organic carbon at depth which could in turn enhance microbial activity and increase the rate of denitrification in situations where groundwater nitrate is high.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003145
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    Nitrogen inputs to a marine embayment: the importance of groundwater (1990)
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    Biodegradation 10 (1990), S. 309-328 
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    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: estuaries ; groundwater ; nitrogen ; nitrogen cycle ; nitrogen loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the importance of nitrogen inputs from groundwater and runoff in a small coastal marine cove on Cape Cod, MA, USA. We evaluated groundwater inputs by three different methods: a water budget, assuming discharge equals recharge; direct measurements of discharge using bell jars; and a budget of water and salt at the mouth of the Cove over several tidal cycles. The lowest estimates were obtained by using a water budget and the highest estimates were obtained using a budget of water and salt at the Cove mouth. Overall there was more than a five fold difference in the freshwater inputs calculated by using these methods. Nitrogen in groundwater appears to be largely derived from on site septic systems. Average nitrate concentrations were highest in the region where building density was greatest. Nitrate in groundwater appeared to behave conservatively in sandy sediments where groundwater flow rates were high (〉 11/m2/h), indicating that denitrification was not substantially reducing external nitrogen loading to the Cove. Nitrogen inputs from groundwater were approximately 300 mmol-N/m3/y of Cove water. Road runoff contributed an additional 60 mmol/m3/y. Total nitrogen inputs from groundwater and road runoff to this cove were similar in magnitude to river dominated estuaries in urbanized areas in the United States.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003150
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    Reconsidering the green revolution: Diversity and stability in cradle areas of crop domestication (1992)
    Springer
    Human ecology 20 (1992), S. 145-167 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; development ; diversity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper reconsiders two widely held hypotheses about the effects of the green revolution, that it led to biological simplification and instability. The hypothesis of biological simplification (genetic erosion) is tested with evidence from Andean agriculture, where farmers maintain a significant degree of crop diversity even as they adopt modern crop varieties. The hypothesis of increased instability is tested with evidence from Asia where wheat and rice yields show no general pattern of increased instability. Neither of these hypotheses is confirmed. The conventional wisdom about the green revolution should be reconsidered with emphasis on resilience and variation in modernizing farming systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889077
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    The frontier problem in incipient groundwater management regimes in Balochistan (Pakistan) (1995)
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    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 53-74 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: groundwater ; resource management ; Balochistan ; Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Using case material on the exploitation of groundwater in Balochistan Province in Pakistan, the article studies how resource management regimes evolve or fail to evolve. Incipient resource management regimes face two problems: the definition of access rights and the lack of knowledge on the limits and regenerative capacities of the resource as well as on the behavior of the co-users. These problems will usually be addressed as soon as increased exploitation makes itself first felt in declining groundwater exploitation, though this does not necessary mean that the resource is exploited at levels that are not sustainable. As exploitation will continue to increase however the point of overexploitation may be reached, beyond which it will be much more difficult for a resource management regime to evolve.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190098
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    “Predatory Sedentism”: Intimidation and Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 223-242 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; population ; settlement ; land tenure ; conflict ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract While many studies have explored how agriculture changes when population density rises, this paper examines actions farmers may take to control whether population density rises. Using information from ethnographic fieldwork, colonial archives, and air photography, two agricultural groups migrating into an agricultural frontier in the Nigerian savanna are compared. Population density in Kofyar communities has risen to over 100/km 2 ; Tiv communities, although older, have maintained population densities of around 50/km 2 , in part through intimidation of encroachers. This use of intimidation is a component of a distinctive adaptive strategy that includes settlement stability, high population mobility tied to witchcraft accusations, relatively extensive cultivation allowing considerable off-time, and reliance on social networks to facilitate residential mobility and land access. Population pressure must be seen as an integral part of this adaptive strategy, rather than as cause or consequence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021974122578
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    Tapirs, Tractors, and Tapes: The Changing Economy and Ecology of the Xavánte Indians of Central Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 545-566 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: South American Indians ; Brazil ; Amazonia ; development ; human ecology ; land use ; Xavánte ; agriculture ; land use ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the process of change in a Brazilian indigenous community, relating it to historical, economical, and political forces at the regional and national levels, as well as to environmental variables. In the light of current fieldwork, we examine the predictions of a model constructed 20 years ago based on fieldwork in this and three other Indian communities of Central Brazil by Daniel Gross and collaborators. This model ascribed involvement in the market economy of small-scale communities primarily to land circumscription and resulting environmental degradation, increasing the labor cost of subsistence food production. We find that in the case of the Xavánte community entry into the market was more the result of a top-down government plan to implement mechanized rice production on Xavánte reservations. With the collapse of the project the Xavánte have, on the one hand, returned to a more “traditional” economy based on hunting, gathering, and swidden agriculture and, on the other hand, are innovating by marketing their cultural image through connections with national and international environmentalist organizations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021881823603
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    The tradition of groundwater irrigation in Northwestern India (1993)
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    Human ecology 21 (1993), S. 51-86 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: groundwater ; irrigation ; Rajasthan ; Aquifer Recharge ; complexity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Ethnographic research in the central Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan documents a coherent system of groundwater irrigation distinctively different from the system of dams, wiers, and perennial canals redesigned for India by the British during the early nineteenth century and continued by contemporary Indian governments. This paper articulates these indigenous principles and practices and contrasts them with those found in the scholarly literature on irrigation in Rajasthan which follows modern engineering concerns. Our analysis indicates a difference set of questions to guide future research on surface impoundments and groundwater management. Furthermore, this study has broader implications for an understanding of the human-shaped hydrology of northwestern India, where the earlier system has been overlaid, but not fully displaced by subsequent irrigation projects. Indeed, indigenous practices involving groundwater recharge and retrieval may have continued to flourish and expand, achieving a new order of hydrologic and adaptive complexity, through the local initiative of the peasantry to adapt to the unintended spillage, soakage, and siltage from the grand system of dams and perennial canals constructed by the state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00890071
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    Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: Searching for appropriate paradigms (1995)
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    Human ecology 23 (1995), S. 291-334 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; sustainability ; Africa ; crop pests ; crop diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor. Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modern technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01190135
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    Ecological dimensions of Appalachian agricultural diversity, 1880–1910 (1990)
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    Human ecology 18 (1990), S. 105-130 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; forest farming ; social history ; Appalachia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This research uses aggregate statistical sources to describe agricultural diversity in a 31 county area of Appalachian Kentucky over the period 1880–1910. In particular, it considers the distribution and duration of forest farming in this region. It examines the causes of agricultural diversity by testing a series of hypotheses conceptually based in ecological theory. For 1880, counties differed in the degree to which they had the characteristics expected for forest farming. This variation was geographically patterned. While there was still geographical variation in county agricultural characteristics in 1910, sufficient change had occurred so that none of the counties continued to closely conform to the pattern expected for forest farming. Variation and change in county agricultural characteristics were found to be related to population density and growth, soil quality, the presence of railroads, and the development of commercial coal mining.
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    Land use change in the Amazon estuary: Patterns of caboclo settlement and landscape management (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 249-278 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: land use ; land cover ; Amazon ; estuary ; flooded forest ; aÇai ; palms ; agriculture ; pastures ; swidden ; slash-and-burn agriculture ; succession ; remote sensing ; GIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Landsat TM scenes for 1985 and 1991 are used to produce a georeferenced map of land cover and land use for an area of the Amazon estuary inhabited by three populations of caboclos with distinct patterns of land use. This information is combined in a geographic information system with ethnographic and survey research carried out over the past 5 years to develop representative spectral “signatures” which permit measurement and differentiation of land uses and the detection of change even between small areas of managed floodplain forest and unmanaged forest, and between three distinct age/growth classes of secondary succession following deforestation. Implementation of these procedures permit the scaling up or down of research at different resolutions. Three distinct patterns of land use are examined with differential impact on the environment. Mechanized agriculture at one site has eliminated virtually all the mature upland forest and is now dominated by secondary successional vegetation. The more traditional system of diversified land use at the next site shows a subtle cycling of flooded forest to managed palm forest through time in response to the price of palm fruit and cycling in the use of fallow land. A third site, based on palm fruit extractivism, shows minimal changes in land cover due to persistent specialization on management of flooded forest extraction. There is little evidence that the community with the greatest impact on forest cover is any better off economically than the two communities which have minimal impact on the landscape. This study suggests how a balance between use and conservation in Amazonia may be achieved in floodplain and estuarine areas, and the effectiveness of monitoring these types of land cover from satellite platforms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168853
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    The Value of Forests to World Food Security (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 91-120 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: forests ; food ; economics ; environment ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract We assembled information on the contribution and value of forests to world food security. An assessment was made of the role of forests and non-timber products in the food system of developing countries. We estimated that upwards of 300 million people annually earn part or all of their livelihood and food from forests. A total of about $90 billion in non-timber products are harvested each year. Forests also help to protect land, water, and biological resources, and they play an important role in maintaining the productivity of agricultural and environmental systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021987920278
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    The international politics of national parks (1996)
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    Human ecology 24 (1996), S. 521-539 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: development ; environment ; national parks ; state policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract National parks are the keystone institutions of environmental conservation. Because national parks make certain lands part of the state itself, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations that promote national parks propose, in effect, to alter the state, as well as the local economy and state relations with social groups. Has international political pressure caused states to create national parks? I consider whether countries highly involved in international politics have the largest proportions of land in national parks. I conclude that many states create minimal park systems as symbolic gestures to the international community. Field researchers may find it easier to explain the success or failure of parks if they identity why state officials decide that adopting international conservation norms will enhance state authority over people and state sovereignty over land.
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    Soil water chemistry dependence on water pathways and turnover (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1695-1700 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; groundwater ; hydraulic conductivity ; leaching ; tracer ; transit time ; till ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Water flow and transit in the soil are important to water supply and transport of chemical compounds. Flows through forested till soils are by vertical percolation in the upslope areas, groundwater flows along the slope to discharge in downslope sites. The flow is divided into slow and fast parts both in the unsaturated percolation and the saturated groundwater. Soil development influences the flow and in coarse grained and well drained soils groundwater flow is stable but in finer grained physically stratified soils, variations in flow are considerable. Large flows occur in the upper soil layers and small flows in deep layers. Chemical composition of soil water varies in a similar way. In the upper layers, water is more acid and has a lower content of base cations compared to deeper layers. In downslope areas discharging deep groundwater contributes to less acidic conditions also in the upper soil layers. This discharge and a dominating lateral water flow in the upper layers partly protect deep layers from acidification which is emphasised by slow water turnover in these layers.
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    Copper in Scots pine forests around a heavy-metal smelter in south-western Finland (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1727-1732 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: copper ; element flux ; heavy metals ; Pinus ; soil pollution ; understorey vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Distribution and fluxes of copper within Pinus sylvestris stands were studied during 1992–1994 along a heavy-metal pollution gradient in south-western Finland. The stands are situated at distances of 0.5, 4 and 8 km from a copper-nickel smelter that started operating in 1945 at Harjavalta. According to the results, copper concentrations in the soil, in the understorey vegetation and in the trees increased steeply towards the smelter. Almost 50 years' accumulation of heavy metals in the soil has caused direct toxic effects to soil microbes, thus decreasing decomposition and nutrient mineralisation. During the past few years, sulphur and heavy metal emissions from the copper and nickel smelter have been radically decreased. However, the heavy metals which have been accumulating in the soil for decades continue to affect the vegetation for a long time through soil processes. Consequently, long-term accumulation in the soil has to be taken into account when determining the critical loads of forest ecosystems for heavy metals.
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    Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1891-1896 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emissions ; nitrogen ; ammonia ; agriculture ; integrated assessment modelling ; abatement strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186110
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    Methods for treating acid groundwater results and evaluation of long-term tests (1995)
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    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1849-1854 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; groundwater ; countermeasures ; liming ; filters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Acid groundwater can corrode plumbing systems and solubilize metals in the soil or in the plumbing systems. Since the soluble forms of some metals are toxic, concerns regarding the effects of groundwater acidification on human health have been raised. A number of new methods for treating acidified groundwater have been developed and tested during the last decade. In addition conventional filter devices have been tested and evaluated. Seven methods of in situ alkalization, i.e. treatment of the soil around the well with an alkalizer, have been tested for 1–8 years. These methods involve the application of limestone or slaked lime in the recharge area of the well or in/near the well. Target values set for the tests were: pH〉6,5 and alkalinity 〉60 mg/l. Almost all of these methods have led to improvements in water quality, but in some cases target values were not reached. Most of the treatments have resulted in significant reductions in iron and aluminium contents in drinking water. Eight types of more conventional devices for processing acidified well water have been tested for a couple of years. These de-acidification filters are installed indoors or in some cases inside the well. The majority of them performed well, providing acceptable values of pH and alkalinity under normal water flows. However,after periods of more intense water flushing, some of the filters showed a decreased capacity to neutralize the water. Inexpensive types of equipment, e.g. some of the filters placed inside the well, performed just as well as the more expensive types.
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    HEAVY METALS IN ALLOTMENT GARDENS CLOSE TO AN OIL REFINERY IN PŁOCK (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
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    ACCUMULATION OF CADMIUM AND ZINC FROM DIFFUSE IMMISSION ON ACID SANDY SOILS, AS A FUNCTION OF SOIL COMPOSITION (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131 μg g-1 zinc and 1.6 μg g-1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989 μg g-1 respectively 16.3 μg g-1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    Accumulation of cadmium and zinc from diffuse immission on acid sandy soils, as a function of soil composition (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sandy soils ; zinc smelter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sandy soils, in the border area of Belgium and the Netherlands (the Kempen region), are heavily contaminated by atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc from nearby smelters. Groundwater contamination by leaching from these low retention soils is subject of study. There are reports of high cadmium and zinc concentrations in groundwater in the area, but in most cases the direct sources are unknown. In an attempt to predict present or future risk of groundwater contamination by soil leaching, metal binding processes (retardation) were studied that are specific for these soil types under the existing acidifying conditions. From four fields nine contaminated profiles were sampled and analyzed for cadmium and zinc. Average concentrations of 131μg g−1 zinc and 1.6μg g−1 cadmium with maximum values of 2989μg g−1 respectively 16.3μg g−1 were found. In addition pH and contents of organic matter, aluminium, iron, and manganese were determined. The relative importance of these soil parameters for metal retardation is derived from the profiles. The data show that organic matter is the most important soil component for binding cadmium and zinc. Adsorption of cadmium and zinc on aluminium, iron and manganese (hydr) oxides appears to be of minor importance at low pH (〈5.5).
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    Partitioning of heavy metals in podzol soils contaminated by mine drainage waters, Dalarna, Sweden (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 39-59 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; heavy metals ; jarosite ; soils ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The discharge of acidic mine drainage waters onto a hillslope in Dalarna, central Sweden, has lead to the contamination of the podzol soils with Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn and sulfate. Samples from contaminated and reference soils have been collected for chemical and mineralogical analyses. Jarosite is identified by x-ray diffraction analysis as a precipitate in the upper horizons (A, E, B) of the contaminated soils, where the soil acidity (pHKCl∼2.6) promotes jarosite stability. The sequential chemical extraction of soil samples indicates that, in the reference A horizon, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn are bound primarily to cation exchange sites and organic matter. In the A horizon of the contaminated soils closest to the rock dump, metal partitioning is dominated by the Fe oxide fractions, despite the high organic matter content; Pb is almost completely bound to crystalline Fe oxides, possibly adsorbed to Fe oxides or occuring in a jarosite solid solution. In the reference B and C horizons, Cu, Ni and Zn are primarily adsorbed/coprecipitated in the Fe oxide fractions, while Pb remains with a large fraction bound to organic matter. In the Fe-rich B horizon of the contaminated soils, the partitioning of the metals in cation exchange sites and to organic matter has greatly increased relative to the reference soils, resulting from the mobilization of organo-metal complexes down the profile.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407195
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  • 95
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    Heavy metals in allotment gardens close to an oil refinery in Płock (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 96 (1997), S. 61-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: allotment gardens ; dustfall ; ground water ; heavy metals ; oil refinery ; soil ; vegetables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1984–1990 the following vegetables were grown: red beet, carrot and parsley in four allotment gardens of Płock city (Central Poland), situated near the refinery and petrochemical works. Cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, zinc and manganese concentrations were determined in the leaves and roots of vegetables. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil, dustfall (measure of air pollution), and ground water was determined. The quality of the vegetable yield, notably of the leaves, was low. This was mainly due to the excessive chromium and cadmium content in the leaves. Accumulation of heavy metals was relatively low in the soil, rather high in the ground water and variable in the dust.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407196
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Vulnerability of rice and corn to climate change in the Philippines (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Philippines ; agriculture ; rice ; corn ; CCCM ; CERES-Corn ; CERES-Rice ; GFDL ; GISS ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The potential impact of climate change on rice and corn crops in the Philippines was assessed using preliminary results from four general circulation models and the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer. The results showed both increases and decreases in the yield of two rice varieties. The results for corn showed a consistent decrease in yield. The decrease in crop yield may be due to a shorter maturity period and an increase in potential evapotranspiration as a result of increased daytime and nighttime temperatures, which are critical to dry matter production. Rainfall in tropical areas such as the Philippines is generally high, and so a decrease in rainfall of only 10% may not affect the water supply significantly, but an increase of the same magnitude may affect crop production tremendously because of frequent occurrences of floods. One potential negative impact not included in this analysis is the effects of strong winds due to typhoons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175551
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in Asia and the Pacific: Workshop summary (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Asia ; Pacific island nations ; adaptation ; agriculture ; forest ; coastal resources ; water resources ; sea level rise ; national action plans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Regional Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment in Asia and the Pacific metto present and discuss assessments of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in agriculture, forests, coastal resources, and water resources. Discussions were held in breakout and plenary sessions about the state of the science for vulnerability and adaptation assessment, conclusions that can be drawn about the vulnerability of the region to climate change, and where future research efforts should be directed. The workshop concluded that sea level rise is of greatest concern to island and coastal nations in the region, climate change will have a significant effect on agriculture, water resources are sensitive to changes in average climate conditions and to tropical monsoons and cyclones, and forests could be significantly affected by climate change. The workshop recommended that efforts to improve general circulation models continue and that countries in the region cooperate on the analyses of vulnerability and addressing adaptation measures. The workshop also concluded that results of vulnerability and adaptation assessments should be presented to policy makers and the public and that assessments continue to be undertaken to improve our understanding of the issue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175548
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia (1996)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 92 (1996), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Indonesia ; Java ; agriculture ; rice ; drought ; El Nino ; GFDL ; GISS ; UKMO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract About 60% of the nearly 40 x 106 t of rice produced in Indonesia are from the island of Java. However, the rice self-sufficiency that has been attained and maintained since 1984 could be threatened by changing climate, and has been affected by the climate variability effects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. To aid policy makers and planners in formulating strategic policy options, the effects of recurring droughts and possible climate change on rice yields were studied using climate and crop models. Three models were used to simulate climate change: those of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. Several climate scenarios were generated for Ngawi, in East Java, and Sukamandi, in West Java. These models indicate that doubling greenhouse gases would increase solar radiation by 1.2–2.1%, minimum and maximum temperatures by 7.6–16.8°C, and precipitation by 20.5–91.7%. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies transient climate change scenarios indicate that maximum and minimum temperatures would increase by 3.5 and 4.9%, respectively, in 2010, 6.9 and 9.8%, respectively, in 2030, and 11.1 and 15.7%, respectively, in 2050. The rainfall Agrotechnology Transfer crop model slightly under-predicts lowland rice yields of several experimental plots in three sites in Java and one site in Sumatra, but the results are almost equal to or a little higher than farm level yields. Nevertheless, the simulation outputs and experimental plots yields are closely related with a coefficient of determination value of 87%. Changes in climate in the decades of 2010, 2030, and 2050 could drastically reduce rice yield: the rice yield is estimated to decrease by about 1 % annually in East Java and less in West Java. Currently, the rice yields in dry
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175550
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and Temporal Variability of Total Non-Residual Heavy Metals Content in Stream Sediments from the Suquia River System, Cordoba, Argentina (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: heavy metals ; TNR ; stream sediments ; Suquía River
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Suquía is a semiarid (rainfall, 700-900 mm y-1), medium-size (7700 km2) riversystem located in central Argentina. Its mountainous upper catchment includes pristine areas aswell as a variety of human settlements and a reservoir lake. A large city (Córdoba, ca. 1.3million inhabitants) and a terminal hypersaline lake are included in the middle and lower basin.Total non-residual (TNR) heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, and Fe) have been determined inriver bed sediments in two seasons (spring and autumn), seeking to establish the factors whichcontrol the temporal and spatial variability. The major findings were: a) concentrations of TNRmetals were, in general, higher during springtime than during autumn, particularly downstreamfrom the city of Córdoba; b) organic matter played a significant role as a controlling factorwherever it defined reducing conditions, lowering the concentrations of Mn and Fe hydrousoxides; c) a higher organic load (e.g., downstream the city) and more pronounced reducingconditions could be the causes for the increased Fe concentration, probably precipitated assulfides; d) organic matter exhibited a closer correlation with some TNR metals in autumn,probably caused by a larger capacity for complexation in the biologically-processed organicdebris; and, e) the existence of pristine areas in the drainage basin allowed for the calculation ofenrichment factors (EF) which show the significance of several environmental impacts in theSuquía system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022113330970
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulphur and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Scots Pine Bark in Northern Finland and the Kola Peninsula (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; pine bark ; sulphur ; pH ; conductivity ; heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur and heavy metal deposition in northern Finland (= in Lapland) and the Kola Peninsulawere surveyed using Scots pine bark samples. Sulphur concentrations in bark close to the Kolasmelters were on an average twice as high as on the Finnish side of the border. The Cu and Niconcentrations near the smelters were almost 100-fold the mean values in northern Finland. Therewas a marked decrease in the sulphur and heavy metal concentrations with increasing distancefrom the emission sources. The effects of emissions from the Kola Peninsula were evident inFinland only close to the border, especially in the eastern parts of Inari (NE corner of Lapland)where the Cu and Ni concentrations were 2- to 6-fold those in western Lapland. The sulphur andheavy metal concentrations in most of northern Finland were low. However were theconcentrations of Cr in bark in the SW corner of Lapland considerably high, due to the emissionsfrom the Tornio refined steel plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022160930526
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