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  • Artikel  (28.943)
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  • Artikel  (28.943)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from multiple protein data sets (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 41 (1995), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Cellular slime molds ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plantae ; Maximum-likelihood method ; Evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The phylogenetic position of Dictyostelium inferred from 18S rRNA data contradicts that from protein data. Protein trees always show the close affinity of Dictyostelium with animals, fungi, and plants, whereas in 18S rRNA trees the branching of Dictyostelium is placed at a position before the massive radiation of protist groups including the divergence of the three kingdoms. To settle this controversial issue and to determine the correct position of Dictyostelium, we inferred the phylogenetic relationship among Dictyostelium and the three kingdoms Animalia, Fungi, and Plantae by a maximum-likelihood method using 19 different protein data sets. It was shown at the significance level of 1 SE that the branching of Dictyostelium antedates the divergence of Animalia and Fungi, and Plantae is an outgroup of the Animalia-Fungi-Dictyostelium clade.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170678
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evolutionary relationships of eukaryotic kingdoms (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 42 (1996), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Small-subunit ribosomal RNA ; Phylogeny ; Animals ; Fungi ; Plants ; Alveolates ; Heterokonts ; Stramenopiles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The evolutionary relationships of four eukaryotic kingdoms—Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista—remain unclear. In particular, statistical support for the closeness of animals to fungi rather than to plants is lacking, and a preferred branching order of these and other eukaryotic lineages is still controversial even though molecular sequences from diverse eukaryotic taxa have been analyzed. We report a statistical analysis of 214 sequences of nuclear small-subunit ribosomal RNA (srRNA) gene undertaken to clarify these evolutionary relationships. We have considered the variability of substitution rates and the nonindependence of nucleotide substitution across sites in the srRNA gene in testing alternative hypotheses regarding the branching patterns of eukaryote phylogeny. We find that the rates of evolution among sites in the srRNA sequences vary substantially and are approximately gamma distributed with size and shape parameter equal to 0.76. Our results suggest that (1) the animals and true fungi are indeed closer to each other than to any other “crown” group in the eukaryote tree, (2) red algae are the closest relatives of animals, true fungi, and green plants, and (3) the heterokonts and alveolates probably evolved prior to the divergence of red algae and animal-fungus-green-plant lineages. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the branching order of the eukaryotic lineages that diverged prior to the evolution of alveolates may be generally difficult to resolve with the srRNA sequence data.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02198844
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Segmentation and tracking of piglets in images (1995)
    Springer
    Machine vision and applications 8 (1995), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Schlagwort(e): Tracking ; Segmentation ; Pigs ; Animals ; Computer vision
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik
    Notizen: Abstract An algorithm was developed for the segmentation and tracking of piglets and tested on a 200-image sequence of 10 piglets moving on a straw background. The image-capture rate was 1 image/140 ms. The segmentation method was a combination of image differencing with respect to a median background and a Laplacian operator. The features tracked were blob edges in the segmented image. During tracking, the piglets were modelled as ellipses initialised on the blobs. Each piglet was tracked by searching for blob edges in an elliptical window about the piglet's position, which was predicted from its previous two positions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01215814
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Schlagwort(e): Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Energietechnik , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft , Philosophie
    Notizen: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regiochemical Trends in Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions of 6-(prop-2-enyl)cyclohex-2-enones and 5-(prop-2-enyl)cyclopent-2-enonesDedicated to Prof. H. F. Mark, Brooklyn, in admiration and reverence on the occasion of his 95th birthday (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 288-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The effect of substituents (X = H, Me, or F at C(6), R = H or Me at C(2′) of the allyl side chain) on the photoisomerization (λ = 350 nm) of 6-allylcyclohex-2-enones 1 in MeCN is studied. Substituents X control the overall efficiency of intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadduct formation (Φ: Me 〉 F 〉 H) but do not exercise an influence on the orientation of addition of the exocyclic double bond to the enone C=C bond. In contrast, replacement of the prop-2-enyl (R = H) by a 2-methylprop-2-enyl (R = Me) side chain causes a change in the tricyclo[3.3.1.02,7]nonan-6-one 4 vs. tricyclo[4.2,1.03,8]nonan-7-one (5) product ratio from 100:0 (R = H) to roughly 2:1 (R = Me) but has almost no bearing on the relative rates of conversion of 1 to products. For C(6)-unsubstituted enones 1aa and 1ba (X = H), the efficiency of cyclization becomes low enough so that lumiketone rearrangement to bicyclohexanones 6 and 3-isopropylcyclopent-2-enones 9 becomes competitive. Enones 9 undergo consecutive intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition to tricyclo[3.2.1.03,6]octan-2-ones 7 and to tricyclo[3.2.1.03,6]octan-7-ones 8, compounds 8 only being formed when R = Me.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730208
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effets de substituant, d'hétéroatome et de solvant sur les cinétiques de décoloration thermique et les spectres d'absorption de photomérocyanines en série spiro[indoline-oxazine] (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 303-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Substituent, Heteroatom, and Solvent Effects on the Thermal-Bleaching Kinetics and Absorption Spectra of Photomerocyanines Issued from Spiro[indoline-oxazines]Quantitative information useful for the development of new photochromic systems is obtained from the study of heteroatom and substituent effects on the thermal-bleaching kinetics and the absorption spectra of the photomerocyanines issued from spiro[indoline-oxazines]. The effect on photochromic properties of the presence of N-atoms either in the dimethine bridge or in the aromatic rings has been investigated through the comparison of spiro[indoline-naphthopyrans] C with spiro[indoline-naphthoxazines] A and with spiro[indoline-quinolinoxazines] B. Besides the occurrence of biexponential thermal-bleaching kinetics in non-polar solvents is observed: a tentative explanation for this observation is given which involves the formation, in either sequential or parallel steps, of energetically distinct stereoisomers of the opened form.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730210
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stereoselectivity and Chiral Recognition in the Electron-Transfer Reaction between Spinach Ferredoxin and Optically Active Cobalt(III) ComplexesPart XIII of the series ‘Stereoselectivity in Reactions of Metal Complexes’. For Part XII, see [1]. (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 346-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The kinetics of the electron transfer between reduced spinach [2Fe-2S]-ferredoxin and the optically active complexes [Co((R,R)- or (S,S)-alamp)py]+ (I), [Co((R,R)- or (S,S)-promp)H2O]+ (IIa), and [Co((R,R)- or (S,S)-promp)py]+ (IIb) have been investigated. The reactions are stereoselective, and for I and IIa, the Stereoselectivity strongly depends on temperature due to large differences in the activation enthalpy between enantiomeric reagents. Isokinetic behaviour is observed between enantiomers, the ΔΔHΔ-Λ# values being largely compensated by the ΔΔSΔ-Λ# values. The compensation behaviour is explained by the combination of stereochemical interactions and desolvation processes on formation of the precursor complex or the transition state.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730214
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Facile Synthesis of Optically Pure (-)-(S)-Ipsenol Using a Chiral Titanium ComplexPart 6 of ‘Enantioselective Syntheses with Titanium-Carbohydrate Complexes’; part 5, see [1]. (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A stereocontrolled synthetic route to optically pure (-)-(S)-ipsenol (1), the pheromone of Pityokteines curvidens and various other bark-beetle species is described. Key step of the synthesis is an enantioselective aldol reaction using a chiral titanium-carbohydrate complex (Scheme 1). The carboxylate function of the optically pure β-hydroxy acid 5 thus obtained in mol quantities is then elaborated to the diene moiety by standard methodology (Scheme 2).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730215
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Synthese von 2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-Carboxylat-Derivaten (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Synthesis of 2-Oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate Derivatives3-Substituted diethyl pent-2-enedioates are easily formylated by means of ethyl formate/TiCl4/4-methylmorpholine to produce the ethoxymethylene derivatives, which are smoothly cyclized either with HCOOH or PPA to corresponding 2-oxo-2H-pyran-5-carboxylate derivatives.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730220
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Potential antipsychotic agents. Part 8Part 7: [1].. Antidopaminergic properties of a potent series of 5-substituted (-)-(S)-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-dimethoxybcnzaimides. Synthesis via common lithio intermediates (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 73 (1990), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A series of 5-substituted (-)-(S)-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-diniethoxybenzanndes were made by reaction of the corresponding benzoyl chlorides with (S)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-2-methylaruine (→ 14-16, 18-21). The acids required were prepared in a regiospecific manner from 5-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid which was protected as dihydrooxazole (→ 4-8), metalated, reacted with various electrophiles (MeI, EtI, BuBr, CC13CCl3 or MeSSMe), and hydrolyzed (→9-13). Alternatively, (-)-(S)-5-bromo-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-2,3-di-methoxybenzamide was treated with KH followed by BuLi and an electrophile (I2 or Me3SiCl) to give the 5-iodo and 5-(trimethylsilyl) derivatives 17 and 22, respectively. All 5-substituted amides were highly potent inhibitors of [3H]spiperone binding in rat striatal membranes with IC50 values of 0.5 to 5 nM (Table 3). Thus, a relatively large steric bulk can be accomodated in the position para to the 2-MeO group. This work also supports the notion that a positive as well as negative electrostatic potential can be located in this position. A selected number of derivatives were also investigated in vivo and found to inhibit apomorphine-induced behavioural responses in the same dose range as haloperidol and raclopride (Table 4). This new group of benzamides is suitable for investigations of dopamine D-2 receptors in labelled or unlabelled form.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hlca.19900730221
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