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  • Articles  (1,867)
  • Springer  (1,867)
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  • Information Science and Librarianship  (1,867)
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  • Articles  (1,867)
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  • Springer  (1,867)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 5-13 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital images ; digital image copyright ; digital visual collections ; authoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Digital documents in the networked information environment fundamentally change the ways that visual materials can be used in education and scholarly discourse. These new uses raise questions about research library strategies with regard to digitized visual materials as a part of their collections, challenge assumptions underlying intellectual property rights for images and their scope, and offer ways in which visual literacy can become a more integral part of the common educational experience.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: standards ; copyright ; intellectual property rights ; European Commission ; Memorandum of Understanding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Over 200 institutions have recently signed the European Commission's Multi-Media Access to Europe's Cultural Heritage: A Memorandum of Understanding and European Charter, an initiative launched by Directorate Generales (DG's), DG XIII (Telematics, Information Market and Exploitation of Research) and DG X (Information, Communication, Culture and Audio-Visual Media). This report summarises the goals of the Memorandum and offers thoughts on its implications and potential.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 65-66 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: anaphora〉 ; artificial intelligence ; coherence ; hypertext ; labels ; simulated museum tour ; text generation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The first phase of the Intelligent Labelling Explorer project has built the ILEX-1.1 system, which uses artificial intelligence technology to generate descriptions of objects displayed in a museum gallery. Each description appears on a World Wide Web page, and the user can move from page to page, viewing the objects in any order, mimicking the experience of someone walking through the museum. Crucially, these descriptions aren't simply retrieved from a storage space, but are generated on demand by combining canned text with fully generated text in a coherent way. This use of dynamic hypertext allows ILEX-1.1 to generate descriptions appropriate to the expertise level of the user and to refer back to objects the user has already seen or to suggest objects the user might be interested in based on what objects they've chosen to look at so far. This paper discusses the advantages of dynamic hypertext and issues related to generating a text that hangs together well.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 165-179 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: licensing ; rights ; reproduction ; policy ; use fees and prices ; museums ; image ; art ; on-line publications ; World Wide Web ; digital content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Museums' rights and reproduction departments are overwhelmed by and underprepared for requests for image use in electronic media. This article will evaluate related models for pricing and fees used by non-art industries, and provide some interim guidelines for museums while they make the transition to supplying requests for electronic media.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 117-146 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 9
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 197-199 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 10
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: scholary publication ; online database services ; end users ; subsidizes ; cost models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews work of the Getty Art History Information Program (AHIP, recently renamed the Getty Information Institute) over the past decade to subsidize end user on-line access to scholarly research databases. A brief history of AHIP's work in the area is followed by a summary of a study of subsidized access to Dialog databases by Getty Center resident scholars which was reported in a series of papers by Marcia Bates, professor of Library Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. This study provided a touchstone for an assessment of the relative merits and opportunities associated with the various contractual arrangements and incentive strategies employed by AHIP with vendors such as Dialog, consortia such as the Research Libraries Group, and a CD-ROM publication program. The effectiveness of each of these methods in reaching the user is compared to print publications and the experimental offer of access to some of the AHIP databases over the World Wide Web.
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  • 13
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 15-37 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival electronic records ; archival appraisal ; archival theory ; David Bearman
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay is a preliminary assessment of David Bearman as the leading archival thinker of the late twentieth century. Bearman has revolutionized thinking in archival circles around the world by offering a defence of traditional archival notions of provenance, evidence, recordness, and contextuality that equals the noblest statements of a Hilary Jenkinson, and by positing a relevant, dynamic, engaged future for archivists to transform the Information Age into a Record-Keeping Age. The essay is both a personal reflection and critical analysis. There are three main themes: an assessment of Bearman's ideas and their overall importance to general archival theory; a more specific exposition of the nature and importance of the University of Pittsburgh Project and of where Bearman sees that its results are leading archivists and their profession and institutions in future; and a critique of some of the implications, if not the conscious intentions, of his ideas and methods that seem to exclude the cultural, historical, and heritage dimensions and uses of archives, public or private. The overall aim of the essay is to push the archival discourse to the next stage by challenging and constructively critiquing as well as extolling the work of this archival pioneer.
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  • 14
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 15
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 87-105 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archaeology ; anthropology ; databases ; catalogues ; networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In the final scene of “Raiders of the Lost Ark”, a crate containing the object of Indiana Jones' quest is wheeled into an immense warehouse for indefinite storage and questionable research access. Unfortunately, this fate is not all that far from reality. Collections of archaeological and ethnographic materials ranging from stone axes, broken potsherds, and carved monuments to baskets, ceremonial masks, and skin canoes have been held by museums collections since the Renaissance. However, their inestimable value and unique conservation and curatorial requirements often conspire to remove them from the reach of all but the most diligent scholars. The potential of the Web to enhance the quality of research on archaeological and ethnographic collections is enormous. This paper will examine ways that one can use the Web to enhance research and improve access to a variety of materials; while there are many other resources for archaeology available on the Web, this paper focusses on museum-related sites. It will also explore the potential of the Web for innovative research strategies. Digitization of catalogs, associated documents, and images to help one locate and study collections and specific artifacts are just one approach. Others include the connection of devices to the Web, such as cameras and microscopes, the creation of virtual reference collections, and the establishment of research networks that will enhance the identification and analysis of material culture. This paper will also consider the role the Web could play in issues of cultural property, contributing to and in many ways intensifying ongoing debates of ownership, curation, conservation, and repatriation of sensitive materials.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; user/visitor ; technology ; WWW (World Wide Web) CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work) ; HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Internet ; ICT (Information and Communication Technology) culture ; sociology ; ethnomethodology ; situated knowledge ; local practices ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Museum is a perspicuous site for analysing the complex interplay between social, organisational, cultural and political factors which have relevance to the design and use of ‘virtual’ technologies. Specifically, the introduction of virtual technologies in museums runs up against the issue of the situated character of information use. Across a number of disciplines (anthropology, sociology, psychology, cognitive science) there is growing recognition of the ‘situatedness’ of knowledge and its importance for the design and use of technology. This awareness is fostered by the fact that technological developments are often associated with disappointing gains for users. The effective use of technology relies on the degree to which it can be embedded in or congruent with the ‘local’ practices of museum users. Drawing upon field research in two museums of science and technology, both of which are in the process of introducing virtual technologies and exploring the possibilities of on-line access, findings are presented which suggest that the success of such developments will depend on the extent to which they are informed by detailed understanding of practice-practices that are essentially socially constituted in the activities of museum visitors and the daily work of museum professionals.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 18
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    Springer
    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: museums ; technology ; education ; communication ; social change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In most existing art museum Web pages, the values of the museum dominate the values of the Web. Therefore, museum Web pages often electronically duplicate familiar museum products – floor plans, collection catalogues, event calendars – rather than transforming the idea of the museum by adapting the values of the Web. This paper will seek to show how art museums and technologists can come to understand each other and use their differences productively by: 1. Orienting museum Web sites towards projects that can only be done on the Web and not on paper. 2. Using the Web to overcome the many limitations to understanding imposed by the physical art museum. 3. Using the interactive potentials of the Web to change the one-way flow of information from art museum to visitor to a two-way flow which also moves from visitor to museum. 4. Infusing the orientation towards constant change into the art museum so that the Web helps the art museum to reinvent itself.
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  • 19
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records research ; research agenda ; research issues ; problem statements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an overview of the issues and concerns in the last decade of electronic records research. It highlights some achievement and identifies areas in which there remains a need for work, but mostly it examines the changing perception of what constituted the important questions in a field which was evolving quickly.
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  • 20
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 223-231 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: warrant-based recordkeeping ; electronic records research ; personal recordkeeping ; organizational recordkeeping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The University of Pittsburgh Electronic Recordkeeping Research Project established a model for developing functional requirements and metadata specifications based on warrant, defined as the laws, regulations, best practices, and customs that regulate recordkeeping. Research has shown that warrant can also increase the acceptance by records creators and others of functional requirements for recordkeeping. This article identifies areas related to warrant that require future study. The authors conclude by suggesting that requirements for recordkeeping may vary from country to country and industry to industry because of differing warrant.
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  • 21
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 22
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 287-292 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: digital preservation ; migration strategies ; research issues ; software dependencies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 23
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records ; business processes ; record keeping ; prototype ; user interfaces ; icons ; wirjfkiw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In June 1996, the National Archives of Canada issued its Guideline on the Management of Electronic Records in the Electronic Work Environment to all Canadian federal government institutions. Part of the Guideline contained a vision of automated record keeping in which records would be captured automatically based on the incorporation of record keeping rules in the design of automated work processes. As an illustration of this concept, the National Archives developed a demonstration prototype based on a project management work process situated within one of the operational activities of the department. This paper provides an overview of the prototype and an outline of both the lessons learned and the outstanding questions that have emerged concerning the feasibility of building an electronic work environment reflecting automated record keeping.
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  • 24
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic recordkeeping policies ; recordkeeping systems ; digital longevity ; digitale duurzaamheid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to solve the current and future problems in electronic recordkeeping the Dutch government, namely the Minister of the Interior, and the Minister of Culture, established a nation wide program: Digital Longevity (Digitale Duurzaamheid). The program is run by a bureau, staffed by consultants from the ministry of the Interior, the National Archives, and a province. By various means the bureau creates awareness at the political and senior management levels, develops policies for electronic recordkeeping, and supports implementation. The program contributes to the developing of theories in the area, supports research, and cooperates in education and training. Via pilot projects the consultants keep in touch with record creating organizations. As an opus magnum the program works on a generic design of a recordkeeping system, including a structured definition of recordkeeping functional requirements.
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  • 25
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 259-260 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 26
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: archival theory ; electronic records ; functional requirements ; recordkeeping ; records management theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is a synopsis of results achieved in addressing research questions and issues in the management of electronic records. The formulation of records management theory within the context of set theory is briefly described. Steps toward establishing functional requirements for electronic recordkeeping are summarized. The use of software prototyping to develop software techniques for classifying, profiling, and records disposition is described. New research issues and approaches to their resolution are proposed. The methods used in this research suggest the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing issues in the management of electronic records.
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  • 27
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 241-250 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: electronic records policy ; New South Wales ; Australia ; recordkeeping policy ; national standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper is in two parts. The first outlines the context in which the Archives Authority of New South Wales (State Archives) is implementing electronic recordkeeping as part of a recordkeeping regime across the New South Wales public sector. The second part is an attempt to identify what I feel are unresolved issues, which may be resolved by practical or pure research, and as they relate to electronic recordkeeping, that we are facing in implementing the regime.
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  • 28
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 29
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 11 (1997), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: Pfizer ; archive ; preservation ; migration ; retention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Pfizer Central Research, Sandwich, England has developed an Electronic Archive to support the maintenance and preservation of electronic records used in the discovery and development of new medicines. The Archive has been developed to meet regulatory, scientific and business requirements. The long-term preservation of electronic records requires that migration strategies be developed both for the Archive and the records held within the Archive. The modular design of the Archive will facilitate the migration of hardware components. Selecting an appropriate migration strategy for electronic records requires careful project management skills allied to appraisal and retention management. Having identified when the migration of records is necessary, it is crucial that alternative technical solutions remain open.
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  • 30
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 39-79 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: classification ; thesauri ; encyclopedia ; Web ; XML
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Cataloguing artworks relies on availability of classification schemes, often represented by hierarchical thesauri. After commenting on the limitation of current practices and tools, we propose a new approach for the cooperative production of multilingual and multicultural classification schemes, exploiting some features of the oncoming XML-based Web.
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  • 31
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 32
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 147-150 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 33
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 34
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 35
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 167-169 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 36
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1999), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract To see is to know to visualise information is to decide with knowledge. Visualising and understanding enables us to closer to knowledge discovery. The technology based on visual and analytical processes developed in various disciplines ranging from science to art and humanities. Limited examples such as scientific visualisation, data mining, statistics and machine learning that handle very large, multidimensional, multi-variant data set are available in practical domains. Information Visualisation is based on the methodology that characterises structure to de displayed, human perceptual power to detect patterns exceptions, trends, relationships and imperfections. Information Visualisation, IV-Series, aims to promote the theme that links Data-Information-Knowledge.
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  • 37
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 171-176 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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  • 38
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 221-234 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Issues arising from using EAD forsmall-scale retrospective conversion ofnon-standardized item level finding aids for a broadrange of materials.
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  • 39
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 12 (1998), S. 205-219 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) has ledto increased access to primary source materials such as personal and corporate papers, and government archives.Though initially developed to electronically encode such paper-based archives, EAD is now being exploredas a tool for cataloging large collections of primarysource visual materials, such as photographs and worksof art, and making them accessible on the internet.The Honeyman Collection Digital Archive project,carried out by The Bancroft Library at the Universityof California at Berkeley, was one of the first largecollections of primary source visual materials to be fullycataloged and encoded using EAD. In cataloging the collection,the project sought to incorporate cross-community descriptivestandards and practices, as well as providing highly detailedrecords for each item in the collection. This paper will describe that project and the standards that wereemployed. The resulting digital archive has demonstratedthat EAD is a viable option for handling large collectionsof primary source visual materials, and that implementationof shared standards and practices is possible and can move uscloser to the goal of improved access.
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  • 40
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 169-179 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: boundary objects ; collaboration ; cscw ; information infrastructures ; museum informatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the development of an information infrastructure involving collaborative technologies at the Spurlock Museum, a museum of world history and culture at the University of Illinois. It details a socio-technological system that was designed to pack and re-locate 45,000 artifacts across campus to a new museum facility. It addresses the question of how the information infrastructure of the Spurlock promotes collaboration among the various departments at the museum working on this move and encourages the sharing of common data resources across internal museum boundaries.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 191-198 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 181-190 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This Digital Image Archive (DIA) project involves the production of adigital archive of a collection of Nineteenth Century photographicimages and equipment. The DIA was designed to operate as a public accesscatalogue, to aid curators with information retrieval and to reduce theneed to handle some original material. Much of the William Henry FoxTalbot collection at the Royal Photographic Society can no longer beexhibited due to damage caused by handling and light. Access to thecollection is restricted because of preservation concerns over a growingpercentage of the collection and insufficient resources forreproductions and supervision. These problems led to investigations intothe possible advantages that digital technology might offer.Cross-referencing, administrative cataloguing and recording ofpreservation techniques are ideally suited to digital technology. Theshort life span of digital storage media and concerns over systemcompatibility requires the development of a complex long-term digitalstrategy that must be standardized if the archival material is tosurvive. Construction of the DIA involved investigations into softwareand hardware configurations concentrating on the ability to customizefactors such as indexing from recognized standards and practices. Thispaper concentrates on the results of a survey into standards withindigital indexing systems, which indicates that although there is growingawareness of standardization within digital cataloguing and multimedia,many organizations continue to devise independent systems.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 209-209 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 227-247 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of science-based dating methods in historic preservation contexts represents a specialized use of dating method technologies more broadly employed in prehistoric archaeological studies. This discussion focuses attention on the applications of the radiocarbon, dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, and archaeomagnetic dating in historic preservation. The employment of various analytical and technical approaches — of which chronometric resolution is only one aspect — in elucidating and extending descriptive observations is advancing more broadly-based and insightful understandings of the elements of the cultural patrimony of our nation.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 273-290 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Because of the abundant forests of the world, wood is one of the most common materials found in historic buildings. Wood is relatively easy to fabricate into beams, columns, and roof systems using simple hand tools. However, because of its biological origin, wood is one of the most complex constructions materials. It is produced by thousands of different species of trees, and each type of wood has unique properties. Wood has an affinity for moisture and this can lead to biological deterioration caused by insects and decay fungi. This chapter presents information on understanding and preventing the mechanisms of wood deterioration in historic buildings. The chapter includes a discussion of wood preservation and technology, including wood finishes and wood preservative treatments, diffusible preservatives, and naturally durable wood species. A brief discussion about the repair of deteriorated timbers in buildings is also included.
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    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: virtual museum ; hypermedia ; reuse
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The quality of content is a key attribute for assessing the globalquality of a museum application. Unfortunately, producing good content,especially in multimedia digital form, is expensive and time-consuming.One way to reduce the costs without sacrificing quality is to exploitthe concept of information reuse. The idea is to use (portions of) thesame multimedia material in different applications, possibly adapting itfor different contexts, for different categories of users, and fordifferent delivery channels (e.g., on-line and off-line). Informationreuse does not come free. To be effective, it requires a well-organizedenvironment in which information can be easily stored, inspected,retrieved, and adapted for different purposes. This paper describes theapproach adopted in the project ``The Virtual Museum of Italian ComputerScience History'', funded by the Italian National Council of Research(CNR). In this project, all the digital material (documents, images,video interviews, etc.) is stored in a digital archive based on amultimedia database with a WWW front-end. The archive is designed forspecialists only: members of the editorial board of the project;researchers in the history of science; application developers (whoare looking for interesting content to include in their CD-ROMs or Websites). Each research group involved in the project extracted andadapted from the digital archive the multimedia material needed to builda different hypermedia application in two ``versions'' – WWW andCD-ROM. These applications, both on-line and off-line, strongly reuse(portions of) the digital archive content, but organize and present itwith a totally different style, to address the needs of non-specialists(e.g., people who have some interest, or curiosity, in the history ofItalian computer science).
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 127-138 
    ISSN: 1573-7500
    Keywords: adaptive information selection ; location awareness ; nomadic information system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the electronic guide HIPS that can be used duringthe process of a visit in a museum, i.e., for preparation, execution andevaluation. Users can access the system via the Web to prepare a visitby receiving information about the content and organization of anexhibition and practical issues like location and opening hours. Thevisitor can also prepare a tour for the actual visit or define hotspotswith important exhibits. The system should remind the user when on site.Once the user is in the museum he or she has two specific options to usethe system: the visitor can walk around in the museum and remainstanding where he or she finds an item of interest. The current locationin the room identified by infrared emitters at all exhibits triggers anindicator for the information presentation. Or, the visitor can select atour prepared by a curator, prepared by the user in advance (at home) orgenerated by the user ad hoc. In the museum, the information access isprovided via wireless technologies. This allows the user to accessinformation by moving in the physical space and navigating in theinformation space concurrently. The Web-based server approach allows foradaptive information selection and presentation based on a user modelevaluating the history of the usage of the system. The user canaccelerate the adaptation by specifying interests and preferences in theuser model. Before the visit the user can define tours and hotspots andenter annotations that will be presented or activated by the system inthe appropriate physical environment. After a visit in the museum theuser can evaluate the experience at home for further own inquiries orfor communication with other interested people. Thebefore-during-after-the-visit-support of visitors via nomadicinformation system has been designed based on evidence from ourquestionnaire pre-study, which showed that visitors actually useinformation available in or about museums before and also after avisit.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 203-208 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 199-202 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 407-409 
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 211-225 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The pace of technology development in fields other than historic preservation has generally outstripped that of historic preservation, resulting in a predominant flow from those fields into historic preservation practice. This chapter summarizes some of the major trends in technology transfer and explores some of the issues that the increased use of advanced technologies brings to the practice of historic preservation. It also examines the relationship of the development of technologies for historic preservation to public policy.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 249-271 
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    Notes: Abstract Nondestructive testing (NDT) of historic structures can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, or materials characterization. Four types of physical probes are available: sound, penetrating radiation, visible light, and electromagnetism. Each of these can be utilized in several ways. Additional options involve hybrid techniques that combine probe methods. Widespread application in architectural conservation depends upon overcoming institutional barriers including the lack of standardization, fragmented decision-making, and restrictive contracting procedures that do not take into account the benefits of NDT.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 291-323 
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    Notes: Abstract Underwater archaeology is the only branch of field archaeology that is dependent upon the conservation laboratory for its ultimate success. In fact, in underwater archaeology the activities of the conservation laboratory are considered to be a continuation of the field excavations with the recording of basic data along with the stabilization, preservation, and study of the recovered material being major objectives. Commonly used procedures for conserving ceramics, glass, bone, ivory, wood, leather, and the various metals are discussed. Observation and insights are presented on the applicability of the different processes for conserving various materials.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 341-357 
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    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This chapter discusses computer software applications in the Cultural Resource Management field. It outlines some of the major areas of the field where computer applications may be productive, and discusses the nature of software development in the historic preservation field. Specific applications are identified and discussed in four areas: building support, archaeology, collections management, and multiple resource management. Each application is reviewed for its purpose, developer, technical basis and status.
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    Archives and Museum Informatics 13 (1999), S. 383-405 
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    Notes: Abstract In situ preservation of archaeological sites has long been a concern for archaeologists. In recent years, considerable effort has been expended to identify appropriate technologies from other disciplines that are suitable for field implementation to protect sites that are experiencing various physical and human-caused impacts. This chapter provides an overview of many of these technologies, along with examples of application, and covers aspects related to management guidelines for addressing in situ preservation issues.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 3-14 
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    Notes: Abstract Using the artificial example of perfectly stratified samples, we have shown the effect different sampling designs have on the determination of concentration values. More concretely, we have studied the following four cases: sampling of items in the case the number of sources is known (we have further considered the cases when there are ‘many’ items in every source and when this is not so); sampling of items in the case the number of sources is unknown, and finally, sampling of sources.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 15-36 
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    Notes: Abstract A growing science policy interest in international scientific collaboration has brought about a multitude of studies which attempt to measure the extent of international scientific collaboration between countries and to explore intercountry collaborative networks. This paper attempts to clarify the methodology that is being used or can be used for this purpose and discusses the adequacy of the methods. The paper concludes that, in an analysis of collaborative links, it is essential to use both absolute and relative measures. The latter normalize differences in country size. Each yields a different type of information. Absolute measures yield an answer to questions such as which countries are central in the international network of science, whether collaborative links reveal a centre — periphery relationship, and which countries are the most important collaborative partners of another country. Relative measures provide answers to questions of the intensity of collaborative links.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 89-110 
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    Notes: Abstract In a study of the Dutch publication output in physics we tested methods of delimitating fields by journal categories in theScience Citation Index (SCI) compared to the classification of individual publications into subfields in the subject specific databasePhysics Briefs (PHYS). Different methods of measuring national scientific output were compared as well. In this paper we report the main findings on these issues, based on a study of six selected subfields in physics. The main conclusion with respect to the use of different classification methods is that in most of the selected fields in physics the method which delimitates fields by journal categories yields an incomplete picture of the output of a country. Particularly because this method neglects a considerable number of articles published in general journals. With respect to different methods of counting publications it was corroborated by the Dutch data inPhysics Briefs that: 1. so-called ‘integer counted’ world shares are very much influenced by the degree of ‘internationalisation’ and 2. ‘first author counting’ gives a satisfactory approximation of ‘fractional counting’. Citation indicators based on ‘first author counting’, however, may be distorted in fields with a large fraction of international co-authored publications.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 111-136 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a quantitative analytical methodology which deals with perceptions of scientific experts regarding the intellectual shape and contents (‘cognitive structure’) of their scientific domain. This study examines the method's utility for studying expert views in general, and, more specifically, its strengths and weaknesses as a tool for improving validation studies of bibliometric maps involving subject experts. The main premise is that expert views are based on their internal knowledge structures (‘mental schemes’) of which relevant features can be captured in quantitative data. This approach allows a rigorous and systematic way of studying mental schemes across subject experts. Spatial representations of their data (‘mental maps’) provide insight in properties underlying those knowledge structures. Data from different experts are reconciled to construct a ‘common’ mental map which displays a group view. This study includes a test to establish the validity of individual mental maps and common mental maps. The methodology is applied to the views of 14 researchers in the field of neural network research and related areas. Key-findings are: (i) mental maps can provide valid representations of expert mental schemes, (ii) experts sharing the same subject field are more likely to share views, (iii) expert judgements of bibliometric maps are affected by the structure of their own mental schemes, as well as (iv) by their views regarding the utility of those maps, and (v) common mental maps and a bibliometric co-word map based on the same set of items differ significantly, showing a resemblance on main features only.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 183-204 
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    Notes: Abstract A rigorous analysis of the 80/20 rule is made using an index for the observed values of the variables. Three important findings are identified. First, a sufficient condition is provided for Burrell's inverse relationship between minimum holdings and average circulation rate. Second, an indexed version of Lotka's law is used to derive a sufficient condition for Egghe's finding on the 80/20 rule. Third, through the computer simulations of the Simon-Yule model of Lotka's law, we identify the entry rate of new holdings as well as the number of circulations when the entry rate is a decreasing function to be crucial factors for the pattern of the 80/20-type curve.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 217-229 
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    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on the scientific output from 1985–92 of the Less Favoured Regions (LFRs) of the European Community as recorded in theScience Citation Index. The use of postcodes makes it easier to identify papers from LFRs and they are now nearly universal (over 95%). LFR output has grown since 1985 from 5% to nearly 8% of the EC total, and there is much more trans-national co-authorship between ones in different countries though it is still at a low level. There is also increasing co-publication between scientists from LFRs and the rest of the EC (More Favoured Regions, MFRs), both within the same countries and trans-nationally. Selective retrieval of papers by their address keywords shows that the LFRs are relatively strong in the physical, rather than the life, sciences and that the major areas of growth in recent years have been engineering, earth/space sciences and physics.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 313-327 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates factors that lead state governments in the United States to spend on research and development and research and development plant. Data come from a national survey of such spending. Regression analysis is used. Findings include the following: the relative wealth of a state, as measured by its tax capacity, predicts some of such spending; the level of a state's taxation, as measured by its tax effort, predicts some of such spending; and the political party composition of a state predicts some of such spending. By contrast, a state's economic difficulty, as measured by its unemployment rate, has almost no relationship to such spending.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 329-348 
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    Notes: Abstract The literature output over one year, 1990, of 22 International Agricultural Research Centers (IARCs), including 16 Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, was examined. Total output of the IARCs was 1,694 items, of which on average 42% were primary (refereed) literature; 24% were reports and monographs; 18% proceedings papers; 8% book chapters; and 8% semitechnical/popular literature. Total literature production from the IARCs is similar in magnitude to that of FAO. There were 1,230 internationally recruited scientists in the IARCs, with an average annual productivity of 1.38 items per scientist, including 0.58 primary literature articles. There was no correlation between scientific productivity and numbers of scientists in a center. However, there was a significant positive correlation between scientific productivity and center budget, indicating higher efficiency in the larger centers. In view of the nature of IARCs' literature output, we argue that IARCs should reject the trend for scientists to be assessed only by citations in “core” primary literature; and that IARCs should set up an international standard, perhaps based on the present proportionality of types of their literature output in order to assess IARC individual scientists and the “health” of their institutional output.
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    Scientometrics 28 (1993), S. 349-373 
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    Notes: Abstract The publication and citation records of a group of 34 senior members of the faculty of the Department of Chemistry at Technion-Israel Institute of Technology over the period 1980–90 have been analyzed under the contention that dealing with a small group makes it possible for one to pay adequate attention to the methodology of the measurement and analysis processes. Choosing the most suitable index for measuring “Publications Output” has been considered in detail; it is suggested that it is essential to make allowances for both the number of co-authors and for the lengths of publications in order to obtain a more valid measure than is provided by a simple count of equally-weighted publications. Analogously it is argued that simple citation counts provide an inadequate measure of the impact that publications make on the group outside the authors' immediate circle and thus that it is necessary to subtract self citations and divide the credit for a citation among the co-authors of the publication. Results of the analysis show that in agreement with all previous findings a few members (perhaps less than 20%) produce more than half the publications and receive more than half the citations of the Group as a whole.
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    Notes: Abstract Publication and citation data are used to analyse the dynamics of the theoretical highenergy physics specialty “Monte Carlo methods in lattice field theory”. The present study is based on a comprehensive bibliography of the given subject area for the six-year period 1979–1984 and the 1979–1985 citations to these papers. The application of a recently introduced set of scientometric indicators provides clues to undertanding the growth of a new research specialty from a core body of seminal literature.
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    Notes: Abstract In the course of the study of scientific journal's rank distributions two new parameters are defined reflecting collective properties of journals in a network where the journals are linked to each other through co-usage of user profiles for which they contain relevant papers. The first, Collectivity C is a mere structure parameter whereas Selective Collectivity N·C uses C of a journal as a weight factor for the number of hits N produced in a retrospective search in a data file. The corresponding rank distributions show besides the expected reranking effect considerable deviations from a distribution where ranking is done according to the parameter Selective Journal Productivity N.
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 185-197 
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    Notes: Abstract After presenting arguments that the number of highly cited papers (HCPs, 25 or more citations) has some advantages as an indicator of an author's scientific impact, the paper discusses citation data of 338 university professors in departments of medicine in the Netherlands. An analysis of the distribution of HCPs over the years provides support for the following conclusions: (1) prolific researchers with a large number of HCPs usually manifest themselves already in their Ph.D. work, apparently almost independent of the scientific setting; (2) it cannot be taken for granted that a successful Ph.D. student with some HCPs connected with his/her doctoral thesis will become a prolific successful researcher; (3) it is unlikely that an unsuccessful Ph.D. student without HCPs connected with his/her doctoral thesis will turn out to be a prolific successful researcher; and (4) for researchers, just as for artists, sportsmen, etc., talent is the most decisive factor in being successful.
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 239-244 
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    Notes: Abstract Two separate studies have looked at the question of whether or not the sources cited by scientists when they publish in their own national journals differ somewhat from the sources they cite when they publish outside their own country. Data derived from studies of Philippine scientists and Korean mathematicians do suggest that place of publication may exert some influence on citation behavior. In particular, a scientist is more likely to cite national sources when publishing in a national journal than when publishing internationally.
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 179-191 
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    Notes: Abstract Some properties of the logarithmic-factorial distribution [the normal distribution with a substitutionx = log10 log2 (m a+1)!] are shown. This distribution was connected with the distribution of entropy inside information systems. For practical purposes, the graphical form of the lognormal distribution is recommended and deviations from linearity, at examples of distributions of patents between patentees, are explained as convolutions of distributions.
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 193-203 
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    Notes: Abstract Core journals in ecology and biogeography were identified on the basis of Bradford's Law of Scattering, and their degree of overlap measured as percentage Similarity (PS). Areas of common interest between the two disciplines, as well as of uniqueness, were determined through bibliometric analysis of these core journals.
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 241-268 
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    Notes: Abstract The main purpose of this paper is to explore why publication records differ among Dutch departments of economics. The results of a large scale performance evaluations have been used for classifying research units in subsamples of high and low performers. After collecting data on organizational characteristics of economics research units, univariate and multivariate statistics have been applied to test hypotheses regarding determinants of scientific productivity in economics. “The extreme clannishness, not to say xenophobia, of the Econ makes life among them difficult and perhaps even somewhat dangerous for the outsider. This probably accounts for the fact that the Econ have so far not been systematically studied (...) More research on this interesting tribe is badly needed”.
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  • 72
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time the impact of different ranking parameters on one and the same experimentally achieved set of 610 journals is studied. Significance of the three journal ranking parameters Selective Journal Productivity, Selective Impact, and Collectivity is established. Significant parameters cause strong re-ranking in journal rank distributions and, in the transition between individual and collective parameters, also in the shape of the comulated curves. No parameter can replace an other one, each carries essential information on the communication process. The author's concept is open for more parameters and pronounces the role of man in decision making. The connection between simple behavioral principles and scientometrics is emphasized. The holography principle and the maximum speed principle are claimed to be most promising.
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  • 73
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    Notes: Abstract The supposition for Pinski's measures of research interactivity is a size reduced form of a citation matrix, which makes it possible to compare journals of different sizes. A futher development of the measures of research interactivity can be achieved by using a complex structure measure. In addition to the relative scope of citations, which is taken into consideration by Pinski's measures, the distributions of these values on the elements of the matrix are involved in calculating new measures of interactivity whose content is different from that of Pinski's measures.
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  • 74
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 173-177 
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 205-218 
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    Notes: Abstract Against the common view that scientific output in peripheral and non-English speaking countries is largely underrepresented inScience Citation Index (SCI), this study shows that academic Brazilian scientists in chemistry and electrical engineering tend to publish in “good” international journals covered bySCI. The rate of citations they earn, however, looks rather poor. The reasons why Brazilian scientists publish in foreign journals are analysed and the policy of encouraging scientists to publish their best contributions abroad is questioned.
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 269-279 
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    Notes: Abstract Spangenberg, et al. have tested hypotheses concerning' facilitators and inhibitors of scientific performance in Dutch economics. In order to examine the external validity of the findings, a comparison is made with large scale empirical studies conducted in two other countries. In order to examine the convergent validity of the overall performance measure, the relationship with other scientometric indicators is inspected. In order to test the robustness of their univariate and multivariate tests, multiple regressions were performed on three criteria: scientific productivity, citation impact, and individual performance index.
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    Scientometrics 18 (1990), S. 445-463 
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 57-73 
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    Notes: Abstract The output of a total of 860 publications in physics for the period 1938–1987 is used to analyse the mainstream of physics research in Turkey. The productivity and growth characteristics of the research in experimental and theoretical areas as well as in different subfields and institutions in the country are briefly discussed. The total output is also assessed by its citation impact.
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  • 79
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    Notes: Abstract The research activity of chemists from the “Rugjer Bošković” Institute (RBI, Zagreb, Yugoslavia) was analyzed for the period 1976–1985, covering 2018 research years of scientific work, and 1149 SCI registered papers (0.57 publications per research year). At the average, one paper was published by 3.05 scientists. The papers were published in 235 different journals, most frequently is the nationalCroatica Chemica Acta (171 papers). The publications were divided into two groups: for the periods 1976–1980 and 1981–1985, and for each paper citations were collected in the respective time period. An average publication had 2.58 citations. Chemical papers from the second period had 2.73 citations per paper, which is 85% of the expected value, and this was considerably more than for Yugoslav papers (66%) in general. The papers were classified according to the subfields used in theJournal Citation Reports, and the results compared with the data published bySchubert, Glänzel andBraun. The distribution of citations was also analyzed.
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 35-56 
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    Notes: Abstract Descriptive capacities of a new bibliometric method, namely co-heading analysis, are investigated. The method uses the appearance and co-appearance of classification subdivisions (headings) in the document records of 1988 INSPEC database to display correspondingly the main topics of Australian geophysics and their links. The findings, in the form of inclusion maps (resulting from multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) provide new insights into geophysics national activity and into its structure.
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  • 81
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 107-126 
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    Notes: Abstract Among Derek de Solla Price's many contributions to scientometrics is a method for analysing matrices whose terms represent flow of some kind. The relative contributions of languages to the international flow of intellectual capital are analysed using this method. Translations are examined by UDC category to determine the types of capital exported by languages. It is shown that the world's major languages export across the whole spectrum of intellectual endeavour, and that minor languages tend to specialise in a few categories. An examination of the links between languages, as shown by translation flows, shows that most transmit information into only a small number of other languages.
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 153-155 
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 167-184 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the role played by the scientific journal in the citation process. It compares characteristics of journals which publish the articles cited and those which cite them. It pays attention to the regional location, degrees of specialization, and visibility of journals and investigates how these factors relate to accumulation of citations. The data consist of a subsample of Nordic cardiovascular research articles, published in 1981, and of the articles citing them until early 1988.
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    Scientometrics 19 (1990), S. 207-221 
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    Notes: Abstract References from accounting doctoral course syllabi are used to construct a data base. Some type of syllabus in the areas of financial accounting, research methodology, behavioral accounting, managerial accounting, and information economics and agency theory was obtained from 49 schools. Syllabi references are used to rank accounting departments based on the author's place of employment and institution from which the doctorate was earned.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 3-7 
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  • 86
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    Notes: Abstract Using the field of acid rain research as a case study, it was found that scientists who contribute to the popular literature are more likely than others to be called on to give Congressional testimony (and vice versa) and that the work of these same scientists is well recognized by their peers as judged by rates of citation. Indeed, scientists who contribute to the popular literature are more highly cited than those who do not whether or not they are called upon for expert testimony. Since those who give testimony are more highly cited than those who do not, some evidence also exists that scientists called before Congressional hearings are among those most influential in the science community.
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  • 87
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    Notes: Abstract The standard of research at different departments of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Kossuth Lajos University has been assessed by a scientometric evaluation of the publication activities of the departments. The essence of our approach is the consideration of the number and quality of the papers published. For a measure of this quality we regarded the impact factor of the journal, in which a paper was published. The rather different range of the impact factors of different fields were taken into account during the evaluation. As a whole, no considerable difference was found between the publication activity (impact per number of researchers) of the research institutes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the corresponding departments of our Faculty, although, significant differences occur in certain fields. Based on this study, changes in the publication strategies of the different departments were recommended.
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  • 88
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    Notes: Abstract There has been considerable interest in studying how the research output of a group of N researchers depends on the group-size, N. Several workers have studied this, but with conflicting conclusions, ranging from finding constant per-capita output to per-capita output varying linearly as N, and even exponentially with N. The present communication states afresh the author's earlier theory of productive interactions and gives analyses of the outputs of two prolific research groups: one from Dhaka University, Bangladesh, and one from Karachi University, Pakistan, each over nearly two decades. The data, obtained from published bibliographies, are sub-divided into small successive ranges of lab. group size, 1–2, 3–4, 5–6, etc., and analyzed by calculating the relevant publication-rate per person (R) for each range. Plots of the data from each group show evidence of an initial approx, linear rise of per-capita publication rate, R, up to about N=5, followed by a maximum at group-size of 6 to 8 persons. This group size would correspond to the optimum efficiency, as a balance between the benefits of increasing interaction (α N2) and Parkinsonian loss of efficiency. This is in agreement with the first peak in the author's earlier analysis (of recent U.K. and U.S.A. data) published five years ago inScientometrics, as well as his previous work published elsewhere. Possible reasons for the failure of statistical criteria to show up this phenomenon of increasing per-capita output are indicated and further indepth studies on two University research groups are planned.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 121-129 
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    Notes: Abstract Letters to the editor published in theLancet during the first half of 1980 were less cited than the corresponding papers. The average number of citations per letter was larger if the letter contained some substantive information. The longer the letter the more frequently it was cited. Letters that react to some previous publication tend to be shorter than “spontaneous” letters. “Reacting” letters tend to be less cited than spontaneous letters if they are short, more cited if they are longer. Letters with substantive information tend to originate outside the UK in which case they are also more cited.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 163-172 
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    Notes: Abstract A bibliometric online technique is applied on data from the INSPEC bibliographic file to describe some aspects of Moravcsik's publication activity (co-authorship, source journals, etc.). Separately, a co-occurrence method is used to represent the subject structure (the main topics and their links) of his papers in physics. The principle underlying this method is to develop a network based on common appearances of classification subdivisions (headings) as well as of controlled terms in Moravcsik's document records. The results, in the form of line and point graphs, give a global picture of Mike Moravcsik's research profile in physics.
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  • 91
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 333-357 
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    Notes: Abstract In 1987, an analysis of the CHI/NSFScience Literature Indicators Data-Base by the author and his colleagues suggested that the UK's percentage share of the world publication and citation totals had continued to fall over 1981–84, although at a slower rate than previously. That finding has recently been challenged byBraun, Glänzel andSchubert who, by combining 28 publication-based indicators, concluded that there was no statistically significant evidence for such a decline. This paper examines the reasons for the discrepancy. It is argued that the methodology ofBraun et al. is seriously flawed, as well as being inconsistent with work that they have published elsewhere. By adopting a more consistent and realistic set of indicators and applying them to the data ofBraun et al., one arrives at results entirely consistent with those derived from the CHI/NSF data-base.
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  • 92
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 439-449 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we discuss geometrical properties of ‘information space’ as represented by the phenomenon of co-citation clustering. More specifically, the size distribution of co-citation clusters is studied and interpreted in terms of fractal dimensions.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 427-438 
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    Notes: Abstract Citation counts often are used to measure scientific accomplishment. It is very difficult, however, to compute accurate citation counts in research where one has a list of scientists but not their complete bibliographies. At the same time, procedures are available that permit informed judgments about whether given scientists were cited at all in given years. The possibility of such judgments suggested that the number of years in which scientists were cited might be used as an alternative measure of scientific accomplishment. This possibility was explored in two studies, one based on 2,713 population scientists and the other on 135 articles published in the journalFertility and Sterility. Years cited was easy to compute, and had good descriptive statistics, satisfactory generalizability coefficients, high correlations with total citation counts, and distributions little influenced by outliers. These results supported the appropriateness of the years cited measure.
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    Scientometrics 21 (1991), S. 37-48 
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    Notes: Abstract Evidence is examined for the repeated claim that published papers with more than one author are, on average, of higher quality than those with a single author. Among published studies it is shown that no clear conclusion can be drawn, though evidence supporting the claim is stronger in astronomy and physics than among the social sciences. An empirical study of 656 papers in four Australian science journals produced negative results. Possible reasons for the differing results, and difficulties in researching the field, are highlighted.
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    Scientometrics 21 (1991), S. 87-98 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper traced an individual paper through the literature as it garnered citations. This paper was chosen because of its seminal nature in a highly controversial area of theoretical physics. The distribution of citations was tested against models suggested byPrice andKuhn as well as compared to other studies which also examined benchmark papers. The results indicate that the paper chosen behaved in a significantly different way from most of the prior models. The suggestion is made that further study of this and papers like it will add much to the theory of information transfer in science.
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    Scientometrics 21 (1991), S. 143-146 
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    Notes: Abstract Simple relations were found between Relative Citation Rate (RCR), Relative Subfield Citedness (Rw) and Subfield Publication Strategy (PS) indicators. The Rw indicator is supposed to be more characteristic of the international scientific impact of papers than RCR using mean citation rate of journals representing the respective subfield, as standard.
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    Scientometrics 21 (1991), S. 159-169 
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    Notes: Abstract The structure measure byKretschmer 1 estimates the cooperation of a scientist. It is generalized in such a way that it increases with respect to the cooperation strengh with one of the collaborators. An alternative to the hierarchical structure measure is proposed which is continuous in all cooperation strengths.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 107-111 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper1 provides further evidence for the validity of the holography and maximum speed principles. Supportive examples stem from an attempt to measure speed indicators in scientific communication processes directly; from a new scientific communication channel launched by the Institute for Scientific Information, Philadelphia, USA; from a search for correlations between scientometric indicators and socio-economic indicators; and from a study of rank distribution, phenomena occurring in the transition from individual to collective parameters for ranking of scientific journals. Examples of this kind increase the reliability of the behavioral principles when these are imposed on the design, performance and use of both the formal and informal channels of the system of scientific communication.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 173-196 
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    Notes: Abstract It is commonly stated and believed that scholarly and scientific journal literature is growing exponentially. To obtain a truer picture of the situation, a study was made of a sample of 190 journals that started life in or before 1950, 20 in each of 9 subject fields, plus 10 extra in literature. The number of articles in each journal in 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1987 was counted. The analysis showed a rapid growth in most subjects up to 1970, a much slower growth between 1976 and 1980, and a slow growth or decline between 1980 and 1987; the fields of decline included general and physical science and technology. The total number of journals is still increasing, but the rate of growth has dropped dramatically over the last ten years. Although it is possible that more recently established journals would show a different pattern, it seems likely that the overall rate of growth of the total number of journal articles is slow.
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    Scientometrics 20 (1991), S. 235-255 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we apply ‘co-author analysis’ to create from a large set of publications clusters of collaborating researchers within a faculty of chemical engineering. Results have been discussed with an expert. The co-author clusters appeared to be meaningful, with respect to the identification of research groups, the relations within these groups, as well as to relations between these groups and changes in time. Also differences between ISI-based and non-ISI based maps proved to be consistent with the expert's opinion. Many clusters represent collaborating authors grouped around a full professor, mostly the department chairman. Co-author analysis can be used, for example, as an important tool in evaluative bibliometrics in order to make a first identification of research groups in ‘unknown’ universities or organizations.
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