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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethics and cybernetics: Levinasian reflections (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 27-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: ethics ; information technology ; Levinas ; neutrality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Is cybernetics good, bad, or indifferent? SherryTurkle enlists deconstructive theory to celebrate thecomputer age as the embodiment of “difference.” Nolonger just a theory, one can now live a “virtual” life. Within a differential but ontologically detachedfield of signifiers, one can construct and reconstructegos and environments from the bottom up andendlessly. Lucas Introna, in contrast, enlists theethical philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas to condemn thesame computer age for increasing the distance betweenflesh and blood people. Mediating the face-to-facerelation between real people, allowing and encouragingcommunication at a distance, information technologywould alienate individuals from the social immediacyproductive of moral obligations and responsibilities. In this paper I argue against both of thesepositions, and for similar reasons. Turkle'scelebration and Introna's condemnation of informationtechnology both depend, so I will argue, on the samemistaken meta-interpretation of it. Like Introna,however, but to achieve a different end, I will enlistLevinas's ethical philosophy to make this case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010060128998
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rethinking the ownership of information in the 21st century: Ethical implications (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 49-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: access ; copyright ; ethics ; intellectual property ; new media ; ownership ; patent ; trademark ; trade secret
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses basic concepts and recentdevelopments in intellectual property ownership in theUnited States. Various philosophical arguments havepreviously been put forward to support the creation andmaintenance of intellectual property systems. However, in an age of information, access toinformation is a critical need and should beguaranteed for every citizen. Any right of controlover the information, adopted as an incentive toencourage creation and distribution of intellectualproperty, should be subservient to an overriding needto ensure access to the information. The principlesunderlying intellectual property regimes in the UnitedStates recognize and embody this. In addition, thephilosophical/ethical dimensions of this debate couldalso be structured to support this attitude as well. Intellectual property is fast becoming digitalproperty. New technologies allow owners to extendtheir control of both legitimate uses and misuses ofthe intellectual property. Recent trends demonstratethat the access principle has not always beenparamount in judicial or legislative applications. Thetrend rather is to allow a proprietarianism factor todominate the analysis. Finally, several principles areforwarded which would assist adjudicators and policymakers in reaffirming the basic purpose of theintellectual property law, which is to benefit thepublic at large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010064313976
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An emerging ontology of jurisdiction in cyberspace (2000)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 2 (2000), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Keywords: crime ; cyberspace ; ethics ; jurisdiction ; law ; ontology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of the new information economy hascomplicated jurisdictional issues in commerce andcrime. Many of these difficulties are simplyextensions of problems that arose due to other media.Telephones and fax machines had already complicatedjurists' determinations of applicable laws. Evenbefore the Internet, contracts were often negotiatedwithout any face-to-face contact – entirely bytelephone and fax. Where is such a contractnegotiated? The answer to this question is critical toany litigation that may arise over such contracts. Thelaws of contract are often quite different from onejurisdiction to the next.The Internet has brought with it new forms ofcommunication which make determining the loci of actseven more complicated. Where are contracts negotiatedwhen they are negotiated in cyberspace? Business isbeing conducted in chat rooms, on web sites, andthrough e-mail. Each of these is technically distinctfrom telephones and fax machines. More importantly,these tools seem ontologically different, in varyingdegrees, from traditional methods of communication.The question is, are these ontological differencessufficient to warrant new legal notions ofjurisdiction in cyberspace?Only a thorough ontological analysis of the parts ofcyberspace and acts ``in'' it can reveal the answers tothe legal questions posed by this new medium.Traditional legal analyses have relied, in part, on acrude legal ontology. That is, courts have grappledwith notions of the topology and mereology of theworld and legal objects when considering questions ofjurisdiction. There is a simpler, theoretically soundmethod for determining legal jurisdiction which isbased upon the notion of ``purposeful direction,'' andwhich treats computer-mediated transactions as justanother form of communication. I will explore thatmethod below.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010024626549
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consumer Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Indicative, Legitimation, and Regulatory Role in Agricultural and Food Ethics (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 12 (2000), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Agriculture ; consumers ; ethics ; food ; markets ; regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Disputes over agriculture and foodproduction have occurred against a background ofdisputed authority with regard to governments,experts, and single issue pressure groups. Consumershave intervened in quite significant ways with manyaltering their buying patterns. The conventionalassessment of consumer ``preferences'' throughaggregated purchases fails to reflect the ethicalnature of significant numbers of purchase decisions.Nevertheless, consumers seem to offer a wider basis onwhich to consider ethical issues. The author proposesthat a valuable inclusion of consumer opinion in thedebates would require a move away from neo-classicaleconomics and the selective inclusion of consumeropinion to unravel the complexity of (aggregated)consumer behavior. It is argued that Hirschman'sframework of ``exit, voice, and loyalty'' is a moreappropriate tool for the understanding of ethics infood consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009590630426
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Darwinian Ethics and Error (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 15 (2000), S. 713-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Darwin ; error theory ; ethics ; evolution ; evolutionary ethics ; Mackie ; naturalistic fallacy ; Ruse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Suppose that the human tendency to think of certain actions andomissions as morally required – a notion that surely lies at the heart of moral discourse – is a trait that has been naturallyselected for. Many have thought that from this premise we canjustify or vindicate moral concepts. I argue that this is mistaken, and defend Michael Ruse's view that the moreplausible implication is an error theory – the idea thatmorality is an illusion foisted upon us by evolution. Thenaturalistic fallacy is a red herring in this debate,since there is really nothing that counts as a ‘fallacy’ at all. If morality is an illusion, it appears to followthat we should, upon discovering this, abolish moraldiscourse on pain of irrationality. I argue that thisconclusion is too hasty, and that we may be able usefullyto employ a moral discourse, warts and all, withoutbelieving in it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006742813396
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Importance of Consistency in Establishing Cognitive-based Trust: A Laboratory Experiment (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 285-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: budgeting ; ethics ; trust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of two experiments onthe importance of three trust cues on establishinginterpersonal trust within a business setting. Theliterature (Lewis and Weigert, 1985; Ring, 1996) hasidentified two aspects to trust: a cognitive elementin which trust is the result of a rational calculationby the trustor about how the trustee will behave inthe future, and an emotional element in which trust isthe product of a strong positive affection between thetwo individuals. Most social relations, includingeconomic ones, are based on cognitive trust, whereasemotional trust is the basis for intense personalrelationships, such as love and friendship. Thisstudy focuses on three cognitive-based cues thatengender trust within a dyadic relationship: thefrequency with which the trustee and trustor interact,the competence of the trustee, and the consistency ofthe trustee’s previous behavior. In two experiments,using a budget setting, trust is measured as theperceived reliability of the trustee’s budgetinformation and the estimated time for the trustor tocomplete the budget task. The results reveal that theconsistency of the trustee’s previous behavior is themost important element in engendering cognitive-basedtrust within a dyad.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009870417073
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the Impact of a Business Ethics Course and Community Service Experience on Students’ Values and Opinions (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 341-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: business ethics ; business’ role in the community ; community service ; ethics ; service learning ; undergraduate business students ; values and opinions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Until now, there has been little research assessingthe impact and extent of business ethics education andservice learning upon students’ values and opinions. This paper studies the influence of these variables byanalyzing 129 junior-level students’ ethical valuesand opinions before and after these experiences. Through the use of the Students’ Values and OpinionsSurvey (SVOS) as a measurement gauge, we foundsignificant support for our hypotheses that a businessethics course and a community service experiencepositively affect students’ values and opinions. Thus, we found desirable improvement in the ethicalvalues and opinions of students after they wereexposed to service learning and business ethicseducation. In addition, we explored the impact ofservice learning by gender and prior communityservice. We did not find a significant difference inthe effect of service learning for men or women, butdid find that prior community service increased thepositive impact for students completing theircommunity service requirement in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009862806641
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Gender and Setting on Accountants' Ethically Sensitive Decisions (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 24 (2000), S. 299-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: accountants ; business ; decision setting ; ethics ; gender
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates whether gender affects ethically sensitive decisions of a personal or business nature. Data from 51 practicing accountants from both public accounting and private industry suggest that while differences exist between female and male accountants in responses to specific situations, overall responses are quite similar. Statistically significant differences were found for only five of the sixteen ethically sensitive situations. Further, when personal and business situations of a similar nature were paired together, two of the eight differences between personal and business responses were significantly different between females and males. Taken as a whole, the results refute the suggestion that the ethical decision making of organizations may be enhanced as more women enter the business field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006277331803
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; globalization ; government ; human rights ; social contract ; U.N. Declaraton of Human Rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that widely accepted understanding of the respective responsibilities of business and government in the post war industrialized world can be traced back to a tacit “social contract” that emerged following the second world war. The effect of this contract was to assign responsibility for generating wealth to business and responsibility for ensuring the equitable sharing of wealth to governments. Without question, this arrangement has resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of life in the industrialized world in the intervening period. I argue that with advance of economic globalization and the growing power and influence of multi national corporations, this division of responsibilities is not longer viable or defensible. What is needed, fifty years after the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, is a new social contract that shares responsibilities for human rights and related ethical responsibilities in a manner more in keeping with the vision captured by the post war Declaration. I conclude by suggesting some reasons for thinking that a new social contract may be emerging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006488202305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is It Ethical to Use Ethics as Strategy? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 21-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate citizenship ; ethics ; social responsibility ; strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Increasingly research in the field of business and society suggests that ethics and corporate social responsibility can be profitable. Yet this work raises a troubling question: Is it ethical to use ethics and social responsibility in a strategic way? Is it possible to be ethical or socially responsible for the wrong reason? In this article, we define a strategy concept in order to situate the different approaches to the strategic use of ethics and social responsibility found in the current literature. We then analyze the ethics of such approaches using both utilitarianism and deontology and end by defining limits to the strategic use of ethics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006422704548
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