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  • Humans  (3,501)
  • United States  (1,321)
  • General Chemistry
  • 2000-2004  (4,642)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding agri-food networks as social relations (2000)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agri-food network ; Gender ; Sustainable agriculture ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Actor network theory and supply chainmanagement theory provide suggestive researchdirections for understanding regional agri-foodnetworks. These theories claim that relationshipsbased upon trust and cooperation are critical to thestrength and vitality of the network. This means thatexploring and detailing these relationships among thesuppliers, producers, workers, processors, brokers,wholesalers, and retailers within specific regionalgeographies of these networks are critical forfurthering cooperation and trust. Key areas ofcooperation include resource sharing andapprenticeship programs. Employing food networks as akey unit of contextual analysis will deepen ourunderstanding of how to enhance their resiliency andvibrancy. Important questions can be raised about thedifference gender makes for farmers, brokers,entrepreneurs, and workers in local food networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007692303118
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary distributional analysis of US endangered bird species (2000)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 1313-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: BIOCLIM ; birds ; conservation strategies ; ecological niche modeling ; endangered species ; GARP ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first exploration of applications of ecological niche modeling and geographic distributional prediction to endangered species protection is developed. Foci of richness of endangered bird species are identified in coastal California and along the southern fringe of the United States. Species included on the Endangered Species List on the basis of peripheral populations inflate these concentrations considerably. Species without protection in the US National Park System are focused particularly in peninsular Florida. Application of this methodology to additional taxa and regions holds promise for diverse conservation applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924322405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Western migrants in central Europe: Isolated individuals or members of transnational communities? (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: community ; Czech Republic ; East Central Europe ; ethnicity ; migration ; Prague ; social exclusion ; transnationalism ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Migration flows from western Europe, the United States and Canada to east central Europe have received little attention so far. But numbers are now considerable and in the context of globalisation it seems appropriate to conceptualise communities of Westerners in terms of transnational social spaces as defined by Glick Schiller et al. Study of Americans in Prague reveals three main groups: enterprise managers, lifestyle migrants and entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises. All are engaged in a variety of different processes of community-building, often with clear trends towards a new transnationalism. Yet, the individual attempt to live in two societies is limited by the marked boundaries of the communities and by the degree of social exclusion which they experience from the majority population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007183532417
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triphenylpyrylium Tetrafluoroborate-Sensitized Photochemistry of the Terpenes Sabinene, α-Phellandrene, and α- and γ-Terpinene (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1563-1567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Triplet recombination ; Electron transfer ; Radical ions ; Photochemistry ; Terpenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The triphenypyrylium tetrafluoroborate (TPT)-sensitized reactions of several terpene donor molecules, including sabinene (1), α-phellandrene (4), α-terpinene (5) and γ-terpinene (6) give rise to significantly different products than reactions induced by other electron-transfer sensitizers, such as 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB). The divergent reactions require decidedly different key intermediates; the products obtained with TPT can be explained by dissociative recombination of the intermediate radical-radical cation pair in the triplet state, generating donor-derived biradicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ring Expansion of 2-Alkylidenedihydroquinazolines to Iminodihydro-1,4-benzodiazepines by Methanesulfonyl and Trifluoromethanesulfonyl Azide (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1577-1587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azides ; Cleavage reactions ; Cycloadditions ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Polycycles ; Ring expansion ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---2-Alkyl-1-methylquinazolinium hexafluorophosphates 9 are deprotonated by sodium or potassium hydride to afford solutions of 2-alkylidenedihydroquinazolines 10, which were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Trapping with methanesulfonyl azide (5a) of 10 in situ or subsequent treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (5b) gives mixtures of colourless (15) and intensely yellow N-sulfonylimino-1,4-benzodiazepines 16 along with products due to cleavage of the exocyclic double bond of 10, viz. 11 and 13. The ethylidene compound 10b yields the bicyclic products 18 and 19, apparently by complex sequences of reactions that are triggered by removal of the acidic proton at C-2 of 16b and 16f. The structures of the products are based on spectroscopic evidence and X-ray diffraction analyses performed on 15b, 16d, 16e, and 19.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophilic Reactivity of a 2-Azaallenium and of a 2-Azaallylium Ion (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1589-1593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Azaallenium ions ; Azaallylium ions ; Iminium ion ; Kinetics ; Linear Free Energy Relationships ; Ab initio calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The rate constants for the reactions of the 2-azaallenium ion 1b+, the 2-azaallylium ion 2a+ and the iminium ion 3+ with different nucleophiles were determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. By correlation with the Linear Free Enthalpy Relationship (LFER) lg k20°C = s (E + N), developed by Mayr and Patz, the electrophilicity parameters E(1b+) = -3.7, E(2a+) ≍ -16 and E(3+) = -10.43 were obtained. They show that the relative reactivities of these ions are approximately 1012:1:106. Quantum chemical calculations (ab initio, DFT) of the methyl anion affinities for the ions 1b+,2a+ and3+ are in agreement with the experimental E values. The X-ray structure of 3+·CF3SO3- is reported for the first time; it shows no strong interaction between the cation and the anion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxazoline N-Oxide Mediated [3+2] Cycloadditions: Application to a Formal Synthesis of a (+)-β-Methylcarbapenem (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1595-1601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Oxazoline N-oxide ; Cycloadditions ; Cycloadditions ; Lactams ; Thienamycin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---[3+2] Cycloaddition between a camphor-derived oxazoline N-oxide 9 and the γ,δ-unsaturated enamino ester 11 afforded the single adduct 6. A stereoselective reduction of the enamino ester side chain allowed the control of the absolute configuration of the two additional asymmetric centres. Nitrogen protection and oxidative hydrolysis of the resulting product 13, followed by further functional group manipulations, led to the β-lactam derivative 1, a known precursor of the β-methylthienamycin derivative2a.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Substitution Pattern in Subphthalocyanines: Regioselective Synthesis and Separation of “ortho” Derivatives (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1603-1607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Boron ; Cyclotrimerizations ; Nitrogen heterocycles ; Macrocycles ; Subphthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The regioselective preparation of ortho-substituted subphthalocyanides was achieved employing 3-substituted phthalonitrile derivatives as starting materials. A mechanistic proposal has been outlined.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under //http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2046/2000/99525_s.pdf or from the author.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New Route to 2,7- and 7-Functionalized Labdanes (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1609-1615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Terpenoids ; Natural products ; Total synthesis ; Cyclizations ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A new route for the synthesis of 2,7- and 7-functionalized labdanes starts from (R)-carvone (1). 11-Nordrim-7-en-9-one (15) is an appropriate starting material for the total synthesis of hispanone (21), a biologically active furolabdane isolated from the Mediterranean medicinal plant Ballota saxatilis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Kingiside from Aucubin (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 2000 (2000), S. 1623-1626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Iridoid glucoside ; (8S)-Kingiside ; (8S)-Loganin ; (8S)-7-Ketologanin ; Asymmetric synthesis ; Natural products ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The tetraacetyl derivative 8 of the naturally occurring kingiside (8a) was prepared from aucubin (1). Intermediates in the synthesis were (8S)-tetraacetyl loganin (6) and (8S)-tetraacetyl-7-ketologanin (7), whose free (8R)-epimers occur in many different plants (Caprifoliaceae, Loganiaceae). The 13C NMR spectrum allows the structure to be unequivocally identified.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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