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  • kinetics  (77)
  • evolution  (64)
  • crystal structure  (60)
  • Springer  (201)
  • 2000-2004  (201)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The making of a pest: recruitment of Meligethes aeneus onto oilseed Brassicas (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 141-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecology ; reproductive success ; fecundity ; intraspecific competition ; evolution ; pest outbreaks ; pest control ; chemical control ; economic threshold ; oilseed rape ; turnip rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the rapeseed pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus F. (Col., Nitidulidae) from areas with 0–16 years of history of intensive rapeseed growing were compared for key ecological characters. During the first 16 years of rapeseed cultivation the reproductive success of M. aeneus increased 200–300% over that of the beetles living on the natural host plants, cruciferous weeds. The increase was linear over time and statistically highly significant, and it did not appear to be related to food quality or to the size of the beetles. During the same period the tolerance to intraspecific competition decreased, possibly due to the relative absence of such competition on the new crop. Furthermore, the optimum population density for M. aeneus to maximize the size of its next generation on summer turnip rape was determined to be 0.5–1.0 beetles/plant, which is slightly below the economic threshold for chemical control (1 beetle/plant). Therefore the practical protection of the rapeseed yield also ensures the highest possible pest population size for the next year. These mechanisms may in part explain the particular noxiousness of the species as a pest all over Europe. In general these data show that after the introduction of a new crop plant into a region, significant changes during the recruitment process in a pestiferous insect may take place, contributing to the future pest status of the insect. It is suggested that such genetic and ecological changes in insects may be a more common mechanism than previously thought in initiating and sustaining pest outbreaks, and that conventional pest management methods may enhance that effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003947706788
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 237-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: herbivores ; predators ; parasitoids ; mutualism ; induced defence ; behaviour ; ecology ; evolution ; sensory physiology ; plant fitness ; pathogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use plant volatiles when foraging for food. In response to herbivory, plants emit a blend that may be quantitatively and qualitatively different from the blend emitted when intact. This induced volatile blend alters the interactions of the plant with its environment. We review recent developments regarding the induction mechanism as well as the ecological consequences in a multitrophic and evolutionary context. It has been well established that carnivores (predators and parasitoids) are attracted by the volatiles induced by their herbivorous victims. This concerns an active plant response. In the case of attraction of predators, this is likely to result in a fitness benefit to the plant, because through consumption a predator removes the herbivores from the plant. However, the benefit to the plant is less clear when parasitoids are attracted, because parasitisation does usually not result in an instantaneous or in a complete termination of consumption by the herbivore. Recently, empirical evidence has been obtained that shows that the plant's response can increase plant fitness, in terms of seed production, due to a reduced consumption rate of parasitized herbivores. However, apart from a benefit from attracting carnivores, the induced volatiles can have a serious cost because there is an increasing number of studies that show that herbivores can be attracted. However, this does not necessarily result in settlement of the herbivores on the emitting plant. The presence of cues from herbivores and/or carnivores that indicate that the plant is a competitor- and/or enemy-dense space, may lead to an avoidance response. Thus, the benefit of emission of induced volatiles is likely to depend on the prevailing faunal composition. Whether plants can adjust their response and influence the emission of the induced volatiles, taking the prevalent environmental conditions into account, is an interesting question that needs to be addressed. The induced volatiles may also affect interactions of the emitting plant with its neighbours, e.g., through altered competitive ability or by the neighbour exploiting the emitted information. Major questions to be addressed in this research field comprise mechanistic aspects, such as the identification of the minimally effective blend of volatiles that explains the attraction of carnivores to herbivore-infested plants, and evolutionary aspects such as the fitness consequences of induced volatiles. The elucidation of mechanistic aspects is important for addressing ecological and evolutionary questions. For instance, an important tool to address ecological and evolutionary aspects would be to have plant pairs that differ in only a single trait. Such plants are likely to become available in the near future as a result of mechanistic studies on signal-transduction pathways and an increased interest in molecular genetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004111624780
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emergence and Maintenance of Sex among Diploid Organisms Aided by Assortative Mating (2000)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sex ; sexual selection ; mate selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; assortative mating ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using computer simulations I studied the simultaneous effect of variable environments, mutation rates, ploidy, number of loci subject to evolution and random and assortative mating on various reproductive systems. The simulations showed that mutants for sex and recombination are evolutionarily stable, displacing alleles for monosexuality in diploid populations mating assortatively under variable selection pressure. Assortative mating reduced excessive allelic variance induced by recombination and sex, especially among diploids. Results suggest a novel adaptive value for sex and recombination. They show that the adaptive value of diploidy and that of the segregation of sexes is different to that of sex and recombination. The results suggest that the emergence of sex had to be preceded by the emergence of diploid monosexual organisms and provide an explanation for the emergence and maintenance of sex among diploids and for the scarcity of sex among haploid organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002765101959
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Lage der Vogelsystematik (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462236
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a new family of diphosphate compounds, AI2BII3(P2O7)2: Structures of Ag2Co3(P2O7)2, Ag2Mn3(P2O7)2, and Na2Cd3(P2O7)2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 705-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: mixed metal diphosphates ; AI 2BII 3(P2O7)2 ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Syntheses and single-crystal X-ray structural results are reported for three new mixed diphosphates of the family AI 2BII 3(P2O7)2; Ag2Co3(P2O7)2 (I), Ag2Mn3(P2O7)2 (II), and Na2Cd3(P2O7)2 (III). All crystallize in the triclinic system, space group P1 bar: (I) a = 5.351(4), b = 6.375(4), c = 16.532(4) Å, α = 80.83(6) β = 81.45(4), γ = 72.87(5)°, V = 528.9(6) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.649 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0428/0.0548 for 3949 obs. reflns; (II) a = 5.432(7), b = 6.619(6), c = 16.51(3) Å, α = 80.78(8) β = 82.43(9), γ = 72.82(7)°, V = 557.7(13) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.338 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0679/0.1303 for 2100 obs. reflns and (III) a = 5.67(3), b = 7.08(4), c = 7.90(4) Å, α = 77.0(2), β = 82.5(2), γ = 67.8(2)°, V = 286(3) Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 4.249 mg/m3, R/Rw = 0.0307/0.0342 for 1945 obs. reflns. (I) and (II) are isostructural but (III) is of a different type. All three structures are characterized by layers of P2O7 groups alternating with layers of mixed metal atoms. Differences are seen in the conglomerate bonding patterns of B atoms and in the irregular geometry of Ag in (I) and (II) compared to the octahedral bonding seen for Na in (III). The differences in structure may be understood in terms of the ratios of the ionic radii of A and B atoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012294026877
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terbium and holmium trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 777-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: terbium complex ; holmium complex ; crystal structure ; trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Novel dinuclear complexes, [REL3(phen)]2 (where RE = Tb, Ho; HL = trans-2,3-dimethylacrylic acid; phen = 1,10-phenantheoline), were synthesized and determined by elemental analysis, infrared absorption spectra (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction. The Tb complex crystallizes in space group P21/n with the cell dimensions a = 12.939(2) Å, b = 13.018(2) Å, c = 15.400(3) Å and β = 94.72(1)°. The Ho complex crystallizes in P (9) with a = 12.406(3) Å, b = 13.280(3) Å, c = 9.823(2) Å, α = 110.80(2)°, β = 103.42(2)°, γ = 63.67(1)°. The Tb atom is nine coordinate and the separation of Tb...Tb* is 3.97 Å. The Ho atom is eight coordinate and the separation of Ho...Ho* is 4.01 Å.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013220207596
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Novel Cluster Consisting of Seven Fused MX6 Octahedra, Li14(THF)8[Ni7Cl17(μ-formamidinate)3(μ-Cl)]2 (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: nickel cluster ; fluorinated formamidine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract When a THF solution made from equimolar amounts of methyllithium and N,N′-bispentafluorophenyl formamidine, C6F5NC(H)N(H)C6F5, was added to a suspension of NiCl2 in THF and the mixture refluxed for 12 h, a bright yellow-green solution was formed, from which a bright green crystalline compound was obtained in 〉60% yield upon partial evaporation of the solvent. This compound, Li14(THF)8[Ni7Cl17(μ-formamidinate)3(μ-Cl)]2·9.4THF, crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4 2/mnm (No. 136) with Z=2. The core consists of two Ni7 units bridged by two Cl atoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009008630342
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cluster Build-up Reactions using Di-gold Cationic Fragments: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of [Os7(CO)19(Au2dppm)] (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: gold ; osmium ; cluster ; carbonyl ; phosphine ; heteronuclear ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of the di-gold cation [Au2(dppx)]2+ with the heptanuclear cluster dianion [Os7(CO)20]2− affords the mixed metal cluster [Os7(CO)20{Au2(dppx)}] (x=m (1), e (2), b (3)). On standing, in solution, this complex undergoes decarbonylation to give the cluster [Os7(CO)19{Au2(dppx)}] (x=m (4), e (5), b (6)). The complexes have been characterised spectroscopically, and an X-ray structure determination of the dppm derivative shows that it contains a metal core based on an Os7 edge-bridged bicapped tetrahedron with the two μ 3-Au atoms capping adjacent triangular Os3 faces of the central tetrahedron. In an analogous reaction, the carbido anion [Os7(H)C(CO)19]− affords the neutral cluster [Os7C(CO)19{Au2(dppm)}] (7) when treated with [Au2(dppm)]2+ in the presence of base.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009025101208
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The crystal structures of two reaction products of α-halopyruvamide with nitrogen and sulfur nucleophiles (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 109-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: α-halopyruvamide derivatives ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two compounds have been prepared during the investigation of the reactivity of α-halopyruvamides. The reaction products: 3-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxamide (1) and 7-carbamoyl-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro[1,3]thiazolo[4,3-b][1,3]thiazol-4-ium chloride (2) were structurally characterized by x-ray crystallography. Compound 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca21 with a = 28.813(2), b = 9.369(1), and c = 9.361(1) Å. The structure contains two crystallographically different molecules. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the following cell parameters: a = 8.5895(8), b = 22.499(2), c = 7.4133(6) Å, and β = 110.204(1)°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009517628914
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and molecular structure of N-[3-(p-bromophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]methylphthalimide. III. (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 30 (2000), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,2,4-Oxadiazole ; crystal structure ; phthalimide derivative ; AM1 method ; STO-3G basis set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The synthesis, spectroscopic studies and crystal structure of the title compound is described. The crystallographic studies showed that the p-bromophenyl group is very nearly coplanar with the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. The nearly planar phthalimide group makes an angle of about 98° with the bromophenyloxadiazole plane. Semi-empirical (AM1) and ab initio (STO-3G, 6-31G) molecular orbital calculations have been carried out for this compound and a comparison of bond angles, bond lengths and torsion angles has been made with the experimental values, which are remarkably close to each other. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 13.6299(2),b = 13.9836(2), c = 8.4817(2) Å, β = 101.9070(10)°, V = 1581.79(5) Å3, and Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009525930732
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