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  • Chemistry
  • Electron microscopy
  • Springer  (7)
  • 2000-2004  (7)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The consequences of the mutual recognition of measurement standards for international metrology (2000)
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Metrology ; Comparisons ; Chemistry ; Standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  After stressing the importance in the modern world of accurate and reproducible measurements, the actions taken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures to set up, together with the regional metrology organizations, a series of key comparisons are described. They are the technical foundation of a mutual recognition of national measurement standards arrangement prepared in conjunction with the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This arrangement also includes the recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by these institutes. Then, the consequences of this arrangement for trade are described. The case of chemical analysis is illustrated by the application of the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases. But the global workload to be taken up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures, its Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance and the NMIs is huge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007690000228
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect structure of the low temperature α-cristobalite phase and the cristobalite ⇆ tridymite transformation in (Si-Ge)O2 (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 386-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Cristobalite ; Tridymite ; Phase transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using minimum exposure techniques, it is feasible to perform high resolution electron microscopy on the α-cristobalite phase of (Si0.9 Ge0.1)O2, which is extremely radiation sensitive. Such images reveal atomic scale information of twins and tridymite-like stacking faults on (1 1 1)β planes, as well as of domain boundaries resulting from the β→α transition. Polytype structures are formed in certain cases. Morphological features suggest that the phase transformation cristobalite → tridymite proceeds by means of a zonal dislocation mediated synchro-shear process on (1 1 1)β planes; the geometry of this process is analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002699900082
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The need for a shared database infrastructure: combining X-ray crystallography and electron microscopy (2000)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 29 (2000), S. 457-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Key words X-ray crystallography ; Electron microscopy ; Biological databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Advances in structural biology are opening greater opportunities for understanding biological structures from the cellular to the atomic level. Particularly promising are the links that can be established between the information provided by electron microscopy and the atomic structures derived from X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Combining such different kinds of structural data can result in novel biological information on the interaction of biomolecules in large supramolecular assemblies. As a consequence, the need to develop new databases in the field of structural biology that allow for an integrated access to data from all the experimental techniques is becoming critical. Pilot studies performed in recent years have already established a solid background as far as the basic information that an integrated macromolecular structure database should contain, as well as the basic principles for integration. These efforts started in the context of the BioImage project, and resulted in a first complete database prototype that provided a versatile platform for the linking of atomic models or X-ray diffraction data with electron microscopy information. Analysis of the requirements needed to combine data at different levels of resolution have resulted in sets of specifications that make possible the integration of all these different types in the context of a web environment. The case of a structural study linking electron microscopy and X-ray data, which is already contained within the BioImage data base and in the Protein Data Bank, is used here to illustrate the current approach, while a general discussion highlights the urgent need for integrated databases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002490000089
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for stable grain boundary melt films in experimentally deformed olivine-orthopyroxene rocks (2000)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 27 (2000), S. 480-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Olivine ; Grain boundary ; Partial melt ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The microstructure of olivine-olivine grain boundaries has been studied in experimentally deformed (1200–1227 °C, 300 MPa) partially molten olivine and olivine-orthopyroxene rocks. In-situ melting produced ∼1 vol% melt in all samples studied. Grain boundary analyses were carried out using a number of transmission electron microscopy techniques. The grain boundary chemistry in undeformed olivine-orthopyroxene starting material showed evidence for the presence of an intergranular phase along some, but not all, of the olivine-olivine boundaries. In the deformed samples, ultrathin Si-rich, Al- and Ca-bearing amorphous films have been observed along all investigated olivine-olivine grain boundaries. The chemistry of the grain boundaries, which is considered to be indicative for the presence of a thin film, was measured with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and energy-filtering imaging. The amorphous nature of the films was confirmed with diffuse dark field imaging, Fresnel fringe imaging, and high-resolution electron microscopy. The films range in thickness from 0.6 to 3.0 nm, and EDX analyses show that the presence of Al and Ca is restricted to this ultrathin film along the grain boundaries. Because thin melt films have been observed in all the samples, they are thought to be stable features of the melt microstructure in deformed partially molten rocks. The transition from the occasional presence of films in the undeformed starting material to the general occurrence of the films in deformed materials suggests that deformation promotes the formation and distribution of the films. Alternatively, hot-pressing may be too short for films to develop along all grain boundaries. A difference in creep strength between the studied samples could not be attributed to grain boundary melt films, as these have been found in all deformed samples. However, a weakening effect of grain boundary melt films on olivine rheology could not be ruled out due to the lack of confirmed melt-film free experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690000090
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biocompatibility of MPC: in vivo evaluation for clinical application (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of artificial organs 3 (2000), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-0904
    Keywords: Poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (MPC) ; In vivo biocompatibility ; Artificial endocrine pancreas ; Electron microscopy ; Glucose sensor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Biocompatibility is important to assure a mild body reaction to an implanted device and its long-term stability and functionality. In diabetes research, subcutaneously implanted glucose monitoring systems need biocompatible surfaces for long-term application. The biocompatibility of poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-n-butyl methacrylate) (MPC), a material similar to the phospholipid layer of a cell membrane, was compared in vivo with the biocompatibility of polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and cuprophane (CUP). Needle-type glucose sensors and hollow-fiber probes used for microdialysis were coated with these four different biomaterials and implanted subcutaneously in 18 rats and 7 healthy volunteers. At set intervals, the implants and, in the case of the rats, also the surrounding tissue were removed and characterized by light and electron microscopy. MPC-coated sensors and hollow-fiber probes showed smooth and thin deposits in flat layers, whereas the surface deposits on PU- and PVA-coated sensors and those on CUP hollow-fiber probes appeared as rough, irregular, and dense attachments of aggregated cells and protein. This study confirmed results from earlier in vitro tests by showing the biocompatibility and reliability of MPC. Even though the amount of protein and cells attached to the MPC surface was not as low as expected from in vitro experiments, the biocompatibility and long-term stability of the implanted devices were superior to those of PU, PVA, and CUP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02479925
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of photic and thermal stress on distal and proximal rhabdomeres in the crayfish eye: why are the visual membranes of the 8th retinula cell more resilient than the others? (2000)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 210 (2000), S. 156-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Photoreceptor ; Visual membrane ; Photic radiation damage ; Retina ; Crustacea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Visual membranes of the crayfish eye either belong to the small, distally placed rhabdomere of retinula cell R8 or are part of the much more voluminous proximal rhabdom, made up of rhabdomeres belonging to cells R1–R7. Under various conditions of environmental stress (e.g., prolonged darkness, elevated temperature, bright light with and without a concomitant rise in temperature, flickering lights) the visual membranes of R8 prove far more resistant to structural damage than those of R1–R7. Membrane damage is known to occur when dormant lipoxygenases become activated, for example through heat. Since R8 is the only type of visual cell in the crayfish retina that does not contain grains of screening pigment, the view that screening-pigment granules could “aggravate” or even “trigger” membrane damage in times of stress is strengthened. Functionally, R8's strong resistance to physical damage when exposed to flickering lights points to a role of the distal rhabdom in the movement detection system of the crayfish eye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276855
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shower Meteoroids: Constraints From Interplanetary Dust Particles And Leonid Meteors (2000)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 35-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Chemistry ; interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) ; Leonids ; meteor trails ; meteoroids ; meteors ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cometary Leonid meteoroids represent a size range in between largest carbon-richIDPs and the smallest CI meteorites. Their dustball structure and chemistry offer anopportunity to constrain hierarchical dust accretion inferred from petrologic studies ofaggregate and cluster IDPs. The Leonid shower meteoroids of known ``comet ejection''ages provide an opportunity to study space weathering of cometary dust over periodsof up to several hundred years. The meteors and aggregate and cluster IDPs displaycontinuous thermal modification of organics and volatile element (Na, K-bearing phases), that occur as discrete minerals and amorphous solids each different response during kinetically controlled ablation. Leonid meteoroids are not excessively Na-rich. The occurrences of Leonid meteors can now be accurate predicted and combined withknowledge better models for the settling rates, collections of surviving dust becomea comet nucleus-sampling mission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013862627781
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