ALBERT

Notes: Abstract This analysis uses an analytical frameworkgrounded in political economy perspectives of theglobalization of the agro-food sector combined with acase study approach focusing on the Marine StewardshipCouncil (MSC) to inform discussions regarding thecharacteristics of societal regulation in thepost-Fordist era. More specifically, this analysisuses the case of the emergence of the MSC toinvestigate propositions regarding the existence of,and location of, nascent forms of a transnationalState. The MSC proposes to regulate the certificationof sustainable fisheries at the global level throughan eco-labeling program. The MSC was created in 1996by the transnational environmental organization theWorld Wildlife Fund and the transnational corporationUnilever. The emergence of the MSC has generatedheated discussion in fisheries management circles thatis in general divided along North/South lines. Thisanalysis indicates that the case of the MSC providesvaluable insights into the possible characteristics ofsupranational regulatory mechanisms that might emulatethe role of the nation-State in the post-Fordist era.

Notes: Abstract  After stressing the importance in the modern world of accurate and reproducible measurements, the actions taken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures to set up, together with the regional metrology organizations, a series of key comparisons are described. They are the technical foundation of a mutual recognition of national measurement standards arrangement prepared in conjunction with the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This arrangement also includes the recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by these institutes. Then, the consequences of this arrangement for trade are described. The case of chemical analysis is illustrated by the application of the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases. But the global workload to be taken up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures, its Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance and the NMIs is huge.

Notes: Abstract The cometary Leonid meteoroids represent a size range in between largest carbon-richIDPs and the smallest CI meteorites. Their dustball structure and chemistry offer anopportunity to constrain hierarchical dust accretion inferred from petrologic studies ofaggregate and cluster IDPs. The Leonid shower meteoroids of known ``comet ejection''ages provide an opportunity to study space weathering of cometary dust over periodsof up to several hundred years. The meteors and aggregate and cluster IDPs displaycontinuous thermal modification of organics and volatile element (Na, K-bearing phases), that occur as discrete minerals and amorphous solids each different response during kinetically controlled ablation. Leonid meteoroids are not excessively Na-rich. The occurrences of Leonid meteors can now be accurate predicted and combined withknowledge better models for the settling rates, collections of surviving dust becomea comet nucleus-sampling mission.

Notes: Abstract During the last 20 years, the existence of rich systems of local knowledge, and their vital support to resource use and management regimes, has been demonstrated in a wide range of biological, physical and geographical domains, such as agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and agroforestry, medicine, and marine science and fisheries. Local knowledge includes empirical and practical components that are fundamental to sustainable resource management. Among coastal-marine fishers, for example, regular catches and, often, long-term resource sustainment are ensured through the application of knowledge that encompasses empirical information on fish behaviour, marine physical environments, fish habitats and the interactions among ecosystem components, as well as complex fish taxonomies. Local knowledge is therefore an important cultural resource that guides and sustains the operation of customary management systems. The sets of rules that compose a fisheries management system derive directly from local concepts and knowledge of the resources on which the fishery is based. Beyond the practical and the empirical, it is essential to recognise the fundamental socio-cultural importance of local knowledge to any society. It is through knowledge transmission and socialisation that worldviews are constructed, social institutions perpetuated, customary practices established, and social roles defined. In this manner, local knowledge and its transmission, shape society and culture, and culture and society shape knowledge. Local knowledge is of great potential practical value. It can provide an important information base for local resources management, especially in the tropics, where conventionally-used data are usually scarce to non-existent, as well as providing a shortcut to pinpoint essential scientific research needs. To be useful for resources management, however, it must be systematically collected and scientifically verified, before being blended with complementary information derived from Western-based sciences. But local knowledge should not be looked on with only a short-term utilitarian eye. Arguments widely accepted for conserving biodiversity, for example, are also applicable to the intellectual cultural diversity encompassed in local knowledge systems: they should be conserved because their utility may only be revealed at some later date or owing to their intrinsic value as part of the world's global heritage. At least in cultures with a Western liberal tradition, more than lip-service is now being paid to alternative systems of knowledge. The denigration of alternative knowledge systems as backward, inefficient, inferior, and founded on myth and ignorance has recently begun to change. Many such practices are a logical, sophisticated and often still-evolving adaptation to risk, based on generations of empirical experience and arranged according to principles, philosophies and institutions that are radically different from those prevailing in Western scientific circles, and hence all-but incomprehensible to them. But steadfastly held prejudices remain powerful. In this presentation I describe the 'design principles' of local knowledge systems, with particular reference to coastal-marine fishing communities, and their social and practical usefulness. I then examine the economic, ideological and institutional factors that combine to perpetuate the marginalisation and neglect of local knowledge, and discuss some of the requirements for applying local knowledge in modern management.

Notes: Die Anordnung dient zur Messung von Dampfdruckerniedrigungen verdünnter Lösungen (10-3 Mol/l) insbesondere assoziierender Substanzen. Es wurde eine Meßanordnung entwickelt, in der die durch kleine Druckdifferenzen verursachte Ausbuchtung der Wölbung des Meniskus eines Hg-Manometers nach dem Prinzip eines Photometers lichtelektrisch mit einem Vakuumthermoelement gemessen wird. Die Anordnung gestattet unabhängig vom Gesamtdruck noch Druckschwankungen von 10-4 mm Hg zu messen.

Notes: Es werden einige Regeleinrichtungen besprochen, die zum Aufbau von im wesentlichen automatisch arbeitenden Destillationskolonnen sowohl für diskontinuierlichen als auch für kontinuierlichen Betrieb führten.

Notes: Unsere wichtigsten chemischen Großsynthesen gehen von Acetylen bzw. vom Kohlenoxyd-Wasserstoff-Gemisch aus. Die Arbeiten im letzten Jahrzehnt bezweckten, diese Rohstoffe unmittelbar aus dem Ferngas zu gewinnen. Von den entwickelten Verfahren verdient insbesondere das Sauerstoff-Verfahren Beachtung. Es liefert ein Synthesegas mit nur noch 0,2% Methan und ist unempfindlich gegen den im Ferngas vorhandenen organischen Schwefel. Eine etwa folgende Umsetzung des Kohlenoxydes mit Wasserdampf zu CO2 und Wasserstoff kann in unmittelbarem Ánschluß an der Kohlenwasserstoff-Spaltung vorgenommen werden, so daß kein neuer Dampfverbrauch auftritt. Während in der folgenden Arbeit über das Verfahren zur Verarbeitung des gesamten Ferngases auf Kohlenoxyd und Wasserstoff berichtet wird, wird in einer weiteren Arbeit die chemische Verwertung der einzelnen Bestandteile des Ferngases behandelt.

Notes: Nach den verfügbaren amerikanischen Quellen wird zusammenfassend über die seit etwa 1940 in Amerika erreichten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Sauerstoff-Erzeugung und -Anwendung berichtet, besonders über Versuche an Austauschböden und Trennkolonnen für kleinere, meist leichtbewegliche Anlagen, über die Mittel zur Kälteerzeugung, über die Herstellung und den Versand von flüssigem Sauerstoff sowie über die unmittelbare Erzeugung von hochkomprimiertem Sauerstoff für die Flaschenfüllung durch Verdampfung des flüssigen Sauerstoffs im Zerlegungsapparat. Weiter wird ein neuer Austauschertyp besprochen und auf neu erschlossene Anwendungsgebiete für billigen, mäßig reinen Sauerstoff hingewiesen.

Notes: Bei Kohlenoxyd-Hydrierungen unter Drucken zwischen 300 und 1000 at und Temperaturen über 400° erwiesen sich z. T. sog. „kohlenoxydfeste“ metallische Werkstoffe, insbesondere Stähle mit mehr als 13% Chrom, für den praktischen Betrieb als ungeeignet, obwohl sie anscheinend von Kohlenoxyd nicht abgebaut wurden. Es wurden daher 20 derartige Stähle und 6 eisenfreie Metallproben gegenüber Wassergas bei 1000 at und Temperaturen zwischen 300 und 450° untersucht und aus den Ergebnissen Folgerungen für die praktische Verwendungsmöglichkeit im Apparafebau gezogen.